Review of DMDP

Review of DMDP as a Planning tool to safeguard the Flood Flow Zones from unrestrained development

Prepared by: Md. Asaduzzaman, Sohag Chandra Roy, Israt Jahan.

Prepared for: Md. Akter Mahmud, Associate Professor.


Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University. 1. Introduction Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) - the first policy plan for metro Dhaka is basically a three tier development control and growth management mechanism for Dhaka City and adjoining areas including hinterlands. Rajdhani Unnyan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) started to prepare it in 90s when Dhaka was expanding at a huge rate. Population was increasing and the pressure on land did so. Before the independence of Bangladesh, RAJUK (Former DIT) took this initiative once again and prepared a master plan. As master plan is so much rigid and it couldnt hold the uncertainties of upcoming future, the plan failed to achieve its goal. This is why; RAJUK took in hand the task of preparing a more flexible plan- The DMDP.

2. Components of DMDP DMDP is a multisectoral development plan comprised of Structure plan, Urban Area Plan and Detailed Area Plan. The projects planning component is presented as a package of plan outputs which collectively address Dhakas urban planning issues at three geographic levels; sub-regional, urban and sub-urban. The Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan therefore is composed of the three following components:

Structure Plan; Urban Area Plan and Detailed Area Plans.

Structure Plan identifies the order of magnitude and direction of anticipation of urban growth. It defines a broad set of policies in order to achieve the overall plan objectives and states that the strategies shall be subject to review preferably every five years interval. The plan is open ended, providing a broad policy framework for Urban Area Plan (UAP) and long-term development programs. The DMDP Structure Plan provides a long-term strategy for the 20 years upto 2015 for the development of the greater Dhaka sub region. For the purposes of these plans and reports the term "Metro Dhaka" refers to the 590 square mile area administered by RAJUK under the Town Improvement Act 1953. The DMDP Structure Plan consists of a written report and policy document with various supporting maps and a 1:50,000 or as appropriate scale composite map. The report identifies the order-of-magnitude and direction of anticipated urban growth and defines a broad set of policies considered necessary to achieve the overall plan objectives. Urban Area Plan is a mid-term strategy for the 10 year period for the development of urban area and defines the geographic boundaries of the extent of area that covers during the interim plan period. Besides, it includes UAP maps delineating various landuse management zones. The UAP is primarily intended to be gradually superseded various SPZ (spatial Planning Zone) plans which covers specific geographic sub areas of Dhaka.2|Page


The UAP report includes Explanatory Report, Resource Maps, Interim Management Report, Interim Planning Rules, Urban Area Plan Maps and MSIP (Multi Sectoral Investment Program). Explanatory report explaining the basis for the UAP and describes the salient features for each of the spatial planning zones proposed, records existing infrastructure locations, along with public and private sector development commitments, interim management report describing the basis and approach taken towards urban landuse management zones and interim planning development rules. As stated above, Urban Area Plan (UAP) provides an interim mid-term strategy for the 10 years to 2005 and covers for the development of urban areas within Metro Dhaka management area. The geographic boundaries comprising the Urban Area Plan are the areas within the proposed Flood Action Plan (FAP) components 8A and 8B as well as the Tongi-Gazipur and Savar-Dhamsona areas. The DMDP Detailed Area Plan provides more detailed planning proposals for specific sub-areas of Dhaka. Primarily it was declared that they do not initially cover the entire Dhaka Structure Plan area (590 Sq. mile). While all sub-areas will eventually require a DAP, only priority areas will be dealt with initially. The detailed area plans consist of reports and maps at 1:15,000 scales (or larger as appropriate) with supporting documents. They may include the area of one or more SPZ, or parts of several SPZs, depending on circumstances. Until a Detailed Area Plan is prepared for a sub-area, however, land use management functions will be exercised through the policies, guidelines, and rules found in the Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan.

3. Concepts of Flood Flow Zone The rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land is called flood. Annual place of inundations are thus flood flow zones. A river in its flow regime maintains a width within which the flows occur during flooding time. Main flood flow zone is the cross sectional area of a river that carries the dominant flood flow whereas sub flood flow zone is that area which conveys the flood water only during high tide and storms. Flood Flow Zones are designed for control the area where the flood flows are running over the flood time or at a specified time of a year. Land development within the designated flood plain areas requires control to avoid obstruction to flood flow, which might otherwise result in adverse hydraulic effects like rise of flood water levels and change in flow direction as well as adverse environmental effects like hampering ecological biodiversity.

4. Concepts of Development Control

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Development Control is the process to make best use of the resources of land to achieve sustainable products of food as well as best possible output in the future. It covers all activities concerned with the management of land as a resource both from an environmental and from an economic perspective. It includes farming, mineral extraction, property and estate management and physical planning of towns and countryside. It embraces such matters as: -

Property conveyance including decisions on mortgages and investment Property assessment and valuation Development and management of utilities and services Management of land resources such as forestry, soils, or agriculture Formation and implementation of land use policies Environmental impact assessment and Monitoring of all activities on land that effect the best use of that land.

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(UN Economic Commission for Europe, Land Administration Guidelines, final draftJune14, 1995) Development Control can be defined as the process of managing the use and development (in both urban and rural settings) of land resources in a sustainable way. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner. Although Land is part of man's natural heritage, access to land needs to be controlled by ownership patterns. Land is divided for administrative and economic purposes, and it is used and transformed in a myriad ways. This is the reason why development control is so important for all of the associated professional groups. Land is the scarcest commodity since it is fixed in supply having ever increasing demand with the population influx. In Dhaka the scenario is even worse due to unplanned and uncontrolled development race. Development Control is basically practiced with legal powers that include FAR, Zoning and likewise mechanisms. Zoning is a form of legal power which is delegated to development authorities/municipalities through enabling legislation to ensure the welfare of the community by regulating the most appropriate use of the land. Zoning is a classification of land uses that limits what activities can or cannot take place on a parcel by establishing a range of development options. Zoning has been defined as an action through legislation provided to a development authority/municipality to control a) the heights to which buildings may be erected; b) the area of lots that must be left un-built upon; and c) the uses to which buildings and lots may be put. FAR too, is a tool to control the development that is a byproduct of Zoning. The main categories of Zoning are: Area Zoning

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The objective of area zoning is to specify which types of land use are considered appropriate for different areas or 'zones', and it therefore indicates the planning control objectives of the authority or municipality for its administrative area. The authority is obliged under the planning acts to designate in its development plan objectives for the use solely and primarily of particular areas for particular purposes. Flood Flow Zone is such type of Zoning. Density Zoning The aim of the density zoning is to provide an acceptable density which is related to the designed facilities and amenities especially in the residential areas. This will ensure a healthy community and enjoyable community life. Height Zoning This zoning provides height limits for structures and objects of natural growth and standards for use of an area which encourage and promote the proper and sound development of areas. It is also applicable to height restrictions for flight safety around airports or other similar purposes. For effective development control, in addition landuse zoning individual facility and the structures therein is to comply certain regulations imposed to ensure desirable end. Relation between ground cover of buildings and the land parcel that house it, minimum setback of building from the adjoining plot boundaries, and the maximum floor area that can be constructed in relation to plot size and the connecting road among many other details, are controlled by RAJUKs Building Construction Rules. Besides, Bangladesh National Building Code focuses on the appropriate materials, construction method, building safety and associated issues. In absence of DAP the above rules did not have scope for area specific rules and hence were common for the whole development process. According to the Building Construction Rule, 2008, minimum permissible road width for obtaining plan permit is to shown, construction is allowed on plots connected by narrow roads provided the plot owner leaves formally half of the addition area needed to make the road 6m for widening the road to the permitted minimum. Perhaps the intension behind this was that gradually the whole road would rise up to 6m in short time and it is true for new areas coming urban development as most of the structures are non permanent and they are to correct under this rule to permanent buildings making the whole road 6m in the process. But congested unplanned Dhaka represents an alarming picture. Most of the plots are occupied almost entirely by pucca structures several storied high soaring right from the property line connected by the narrow pathways, these owners did not bother for RAJUKs plan permit and a handful those who obtained a plan permit did not bother to follow them.

5. Importance of Flood Flow Zone

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Flood Flow Zones within the DMDP area play a vital role for environmental balance as well as minimizing the flood risk in urban areas. It provides water both for agricultural irrigation and urban uses also. These areas also have agricultural value which ultimately ties with our food security. In DMDP, the flood flow zones are demarcated as special area and special attention has been given to protect these areas from different encroachment for our present and future generations. The importances of this zone are elaborated below. Firstly, Dhakas water level during monsoon is rising throughout last consecutive years. At the same time, the hinterlands that were earmarked as main flood flow zone or sub flood flow zone are being filled up. If the zones are filled up, it heightens the level of flood water. So to protect the capital, flood flow zones are very important. Secondly, these zones are crucially important for protecting the ecological biodiversity as well as the aquatic species like various kinds of fishes and microorganisms. Thirdly, the flood flow zones are the supply of citys demand for food grain. Our food security will be hampered if these zones are diminished. Fourthly, the area holds a variety of environmental beauty. It is an important issue of concern. Fifthly, ground water table is recharged through these areas during the monsoon. Sixthly, the intensity of flood is increased in the place next to the filled up area. Seventhly, if the area is filled, the water as well as silt cannot be flown over the surrounding area that results decrease in moisture and fertility of the land. Eighthly, filling flood flow zones result in diversion of main river flow. In some cases flow becomes zigzag. This causes in erosion of riverfront that results an unacceptable economic situation. Ninthly, some areas may face water logging if flood flows are filled up. Tenthly, lifecycle of fishes as well as other aquatic lives are disturbed in such types of action that may result in decrease of fish production. Furthermore, flood flow zones are mostly navigable during monsoon that is disturbed if the areas are filled up. 6. Flood Flow Zones in DMDP In DMDP, areas around the built up city has been earmarked as flood flow zone. The five river basins of Buriganga, Sitalakkhya, Turag, Balu and Dhewleswari has been earmarked as flood flow zone that includes a large area of Baktaboli, Keraniganj, Ashulia, Savar, Rupganj, Baria, Dhitpur, Murapara and Basulia. Though a huge development pressure has been seen here since 90s because of population growth and low price of land at the same time, these areas have been demarked as no development zone.7. Policy Regarding Flood Flow Zones in DMDP

There are a variety of rules and regulations in DMDP regarding the flood flow zones. Structure Plan, Urban Area Plan and Detailed Area Plan separately gave policies and regulations regarding the flood flow zones. Structure Plan came up with the following policies:Policy RS/3- Flood Flow Zones

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Land development, within the designated flood plain areas of the DMDP Structure Plan, will be controlled in order to avoid obstructions to flood flow, which might otherwise result in adverse hydraulic effects, such as, for example, the rise of flood water levels and changes in flow direction. Reason behind the policy To minimize adverse hydraulic effects, the risk to human life and economic damage. Means of Implementation Implementation of this policy will of necessity be via a range of controls, which collectively will ensure, that any development which does take place within flood plains will not restrict flood flow, or put at risk human life or infrastructure investment. JICA in its Report on FAP-8A proposals identified main and sub flood flow zones. The DMDP Structure Plan adopts the same division, whereby development restrictions are more severe in the main flood flow zone. Proposed controls are as follows: Main Flood Flow Zone Land development for residential, commercial and industrial development, including raising the level of land, via land filling, will be strictly prohibited. Permitted uses, provided that they cause no adverse hydraulic effect will be: Agriculture; Dry season recreation facilities; Ferry terminals; and Excavation of mineral deposits, including dry season brick works.

Causeways for roads or railways will be permitted, subject to detailed geological surveys being undertaken and on condition that they are built with culverts sufficient to allow for unimpeded flood flow. Sub Flood Flow Zone Development compatible with the rural nature of these mainly rice growing areas, will be permitted on condition that the: Structures arc built on stilts, or on land raised above design flood water level; Alignment of structures and raised land to be designed so as not to disturb flood flow;

Implementing Agency: RAJUK, BWDB. NB: Ideally a Dhaka Metropolitan River Conservancy Board, linked closely to BWDB, would be established to execute such controls and enforcement procedures within the flood plains of the metro region.

Urban Area Plan came up with the following policies and regulations regarding the Flood Flow Zones:SPZ: 173 Flood Zone West (Development Management Report: Part I) Actions Committed/Required

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The area should enabled to function properly as a flood plain and a basic rural/pisciculture zone. All the development permits issued for the development of housing should be withdrawn and no new one is needed to maintain the nature of the zone. Conversion of land from rural to urban should be regulated strictly in this zone.

SPZ: 18 Dhaleshwari Flood Zone South Actions Committed/Required The area is a major flood zone, as such to avoid negative effects; flood water flow should not be disturbed. Even at this stage Container Port should be relocated in the DND Triangle on the opposite bank of Buriganga river. The RAJUK scheme and the Cantonment should not be realized and the area should be allowed to maintain its present character.

Development Management Report (Part II) The flood flow zones were determined by FAP 8A studies, and lie largely outside the present urban area. The Lands Study recommended that development in low-lying flood plain areas be restricted, since it could obstruct natural flood flow. Such restriction would cause a rise in water level and changes in flood direction; affecting the entire metropolitan area. In the Main Flood Flow Zone, now mostly agricultural land, urban development should be prohibited. Only development having no adverse hydraulic effects should be permitted. Such development includes: Agriculture Open space for recreation Ferry terminals Brickyards

The Sub-Flood Flow Zone is less affected by flood flow. It includes village and homestead areas. Development in this zone should only be allowed provided that: The developed land is raised more than the design flood water level; The slope of such land is sufficiently gentle to prevent slope failure and is protected from erosion; Structure orientation is designed to minimize flood flow obstruction; Floor elevation of structure themselves are sufficiently strong to withstand flood damage. For both types of flood zone, it is important that laws preventing land fill soon come into force, otherwise controlling development in these zones will be very difficult, and the effectiveness of flood protection measures will be seriously compromised. Policy RS\3 Flood Flow zone:

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Land development, within the designated flood plain areas of the DMDP Structure plan, will be controlled in order to avoid obstructions to flood flow, which might otherwise result in adverse hydraulic effects, such as, the rise of flood water levels and changes of flow direction. Purpose and intent: The purpose of the Sub Flood Flow zone is to generally define areas either temporarily or seasonally flooded. The intent is to protect the health, safety and welfare of the general public, to reduce negative environmental impacts within natural waterways, and to protect and preserve natural drainage systems to ensure their proper and continued functioning. Areas designated on the urban area plan map as sub flood flow zone are also designated. Permitted and conditional uses: Permitted uses Agriculture forestry & grazing Aquaculture & fisheries Brick fields Roads\Railways\ Utility ROW Farm dwellings Ferry Ghats and jetties Flood management structures Institutions Public uses and structures Recreation facilities, outdoor Religious uses & structures Repair shops, minor Ship & boat servicing Utility installations Type A Conditional Uses Dwellings, farm Dwellings, minimal housing Dwellings, single\multi family Explosives manufacture & storage Industrial class 2 Patrol\service stations Office\ services

Plan Review Required Golf courses Prisons Terminals-trains, bus, freight Utility installation type B

The Detailed Area Plan came up with more specific regulations and delineation of the Flood Flow Zones and specified the categories for use permits. The area over which the flow of floodwater during monsoon passes through is termed there as flood flow zone.Purpose The intent of the Flood Flow Zone is to protect adverse hydrological impact, human life and health, minimize property damage, encourage appropriate construction practices, and minimize public and private losses due to overflow of water. Additionally, this zone is intended to maintain the sound use and development of flood-prone areas and to restrict potential home buyers by notifying that property is in a flood area. The provisions of this zone is intended to minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains, electric, telephone, and sewer lines, street and bridges located in the floodplain, and prolonged business interruptions; and to minimize expenditures of public money for costly flood control projects and rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding. Landuse Permitted In the zone, uses permitted by the Authority are:9|Page


Table: Landuse Permitted for Flood Flow Zone Aquatic Recreation Facility (Without Structure) Dry Season Play Field Marina / Boating Facility Plantation (Except Narcotic Plant) Static Transformer Stations Transmission Lines / Utility Lines Landuse Conditionally Permitted The following uses may be permitted or disallowed in this zone after review and approval by the authority / committee. Table: Landuse Conditionally Permitted for Flood Flow Zone Communication Tower Within Permitted Height Poultry Restricted Uses. All uses except permitted and conditionally permitted uses.

8. DMDP as a tool of development control to safeguard flood flow zones a. RAJUKs Legal Base to make such plan and controlling the development

TI Acts (E.B. Act XIII of 1953) section 73 (Preparation of Master Plan by the Kartripakkha), 74 (Publication of Master Plan) and 75 (Permission for use of land contrary to the Master plan) gave RAJUK the power to make plan document and control the development of the jurisdiction area.b. Associated Policies and legal instruments

Through this plan (DMDP), RAJUK will be able to satisfy the aims of the following policies related to environmental conservation and wetland protection:

National Environmental Policy, 1992

The Environmental Policy, 1992 gave a lot of importance to protect waterbodies and environment. It states in the part of Policies for Housing and Urbanization that In every planning, Environmental Consideration will be given due priority,-

Controlling such kind of Housing and Urbanization that has negative impact over environment-

Waterbody will be given priority in enhancing the beautification of

cities. National Land Policy, 200110 | P a g e


One of the objectives of National Land Policy, 2001 was to ensure maximum use of land resource according to the natural difference by introducing Zoning and controlling the process of unplanned Residential Expansion and Industrial placement rationally. Food production has been given highest priority in using the land resource in this policy. Creation of a new Zoning law was given a great priority in this policy but in the landuse classification, it didnt give due emphasis on the flood flow zones though a great amount of land in our country falls under this classification. It rightly addressed the incidence of land fill here and there but regarding this phenomenon it suggested one thing only- the local administration to control this.

National Agricultural Policy, 1999

This policy aimed at Increasing production and supplies of more nutritious food crops and thereby ensuring food security, Preserving existing bio-diversity and Taking necessary steps to ensure environmental protection as well as 'environment- friendly sustainable agriculture. Following steps were suggested to ensure planned utilization of land for crop production: Land zoning programme will be taken up by the Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI) on a priority basis. Integrated approach of SRDI will be further strengthened for this purpose. To ensure maximum utilization of land, bottom up planning through people's participation and its implementation will be started from the mouza or village level. Fertile agricultural land is going out of cultivation due to its use for non-agricultural purposes such as private construction, house building, brickfield, etc. Appropriate measures will be taken to stop this trend in the light of the Land Policy of the government.

National Water Policy, 1999

National Water policy, 1999 in its every part emphasized usage of water and the water basin management very seriously as most of the part of our country is situated in the area.

National Fisheries Policy, 1998

Fisheries policy, too, aimed at maintaining ecological balance, conserve biodiversity, ensure public health provide recreational facilities and obviously, at increasing the total amount of fish production. Besides, RAJUK will have an additional act to protect the wetlands and to execute the policies of the plan in the field level.

Wetland Protection Act, 2000

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A legal instrument that will enable RAJUK as well as the concerned organizations to protect the waterbodies that includes Flood Flow Zones. According to this law, no waterbody (Declared in Master Plan) can be transformed or converted to other use except permission of the concerned authority.c. Strength of DMDP to safeguard flood flow zones

DMDP could be an excel tool to control the development in flood flow zones. Here, it is to be mentioned that, in Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan there are notions of two flood flow zones but in DAP there is a single flood flow zone. The regulation or control in subflood flow zone is less strict than the main flood flow zone in both structure plan and urban area plan. The land grabbers took this opportunity to develop in sub-flood zones around the city. As the regulation of main flood flow zone is more strict, the consultants of DAP suggested similar restrictions in both of the flood flow zone and thus the two zones of structure plan and urban area plan became one in DAP. This made much more strict restriction on development within the area. In DMDP, the recommended policies that are given ever, were intended to promote an uninterrupted flood flow over the zone and to do this, structure plan in its policy map earmarked an area of approximately 71995.41 (9.14% of total DMDP Area) acres of land as main flood flow zone and 29971.29 acres (21.96% of total DMDP Area) of land as subflood flow zone. The composition of landuse of DMDP is given here for an instance: Table: Structure Plan Proposed Landuse Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total Landuse Proposed Public Facility Area Special Areas Retention Pond Established Urban Area Urban Fringe Areas Sub Flood Flow Areas Main Flood Flow Areas Agricultural High Value Areas Agricultural Areas New Urban Land Development Peripheral Urban Development Cantonment Security Zone Waterbody Quantity of Land Acre Hectare 1980.41 801.46 3809.68 1541.76 8527.78 3451.15 47531.79 19235.85 8236.15 3333.12 29971.29 12129.22 71995.41 29136.14 47391.62 19179.13 49470.47 20020.42 23258.02 9412.39 25929.01 10493.33 849.93 343.96 8886.55 3596.34 327838.10 132674.26 Percentage 0.60 1.16 2.60 14.50 2.51 9.14 21.96 14.46 15.09 7.09 7.91 0.26 2.71 100.00

Source: DMDP Composite Policies Map, 1997

In DAP too, the area is given due importance declaring 81024.21 acres (24.71% of total DMDP area) of land as Flood Flow Zone [It is to be mentioned that the Rural Homestead Zone is situated within the area of Flood Flow Zone and Agricultural Zone and this is12 | P a g e


demarcated in DAP as no further invasion is possible in these environmentally and economically crucial areas]. The composition of landuse declared in DAP is as below:

Table: DAP Proposed Landuse Sl. Landuse No. 1 Urban Residential Zone 2 Commercial Zone (Business) 3 Commercial Zone (Office) 4 General Industrial Zone 5 Heavy Industrial Zone Mixed Use Zone (CommercialGeneral 6 Industrial) 7 Mixed Use Zone (Residential-Commercial) Mixed Use Zone (Residential-Commercial8 General Industrial) Mixed Use Zone (Residential- General 9 Industrial) 10 Institutional Zone 11 Administrative Zone 12 Agricultural Zone 13 Flood Flow Zone 14 Open Space 15 Non Conforming Use 16 Rural Settlement Zone 17 Water Retention Area 18 Water Body TotalSource: Composite Map, DAP

Quantity of Land Acre Hectare 64807.96 26227.42 1193.32 482.93 6.88 2.78 3866.68 1564.82 2012.86 814.59 327.65 8098.03 3733.12 739.21 3879.25 980.49 89471.10 81024.21 3080.09 8114.34 31982.89 5737.88 18782.14 327838.1 0 132.60 3277.23 1510.77 299.15 1569.91 396.80 36208.46 32790.05 1246.50 3283.83 12943.30 2322.09 7601.03 132674.2 6

Percentage 19.77 0.36 0.00 1.18 0.61 0.10 2.47 1.14 0.23 1.18 0.30 27.29 24.71 0.94 2.48 9.76 1.75 5.73 100.00

In Urban Area Plan, the use regulations that are accommodated, if followed strictly, one cannot convert the rural characteristics of flood flow zone into urban or others. The recommended policies of DMDP, the affirmed use permissions of Urban Area Plan and DAP is very strict to safeguard the flood flow zone. As for example, nothing is permitted in flood flow zone which are associated with any kind of hydrological change of that area.d. Limitations of DMDP to safeguard flood flow zones

From the point of view of us, the planning vision of DMDP policymakers was not so clear and farsighted. According to their forecast the priority had been given for accelerated growth in Badda or DND area but they couldnt realize that, the growth in flood plain at13 | P a g e


savar, ashulia and keraniganj could be taken place so swiftly. This lacking in vision resulted in some serious conflict of Real Estate Developers with Environmentalists. The applicably of DMDP decreased at a great extent because of consuming more time to complete the DMDP (Structure Plan, Urban Area Plan and DAP). Till today, DAP is nothing but a detailed landuse plan that has not been Gazetted yet (It is on the process now). Before DAP, as the flood plains were not earmarked at the ground level, some of the developers (both large and small scale, even individuals) filled the low lands of flood plains finding this gap in Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan. Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan suggested that, the development of rural nature could be done in flood flow zone which is not a good policy. If we spread our development or give the opportunity to develop in flood flow zone (i.e. on flood plain and agricultural land) consecutively, after some year we will lose our very valuable flood flow zone as well as agricultural land. In DMDP, the flood flow zones are earmarked according to FAP study but DMDP study team did not conduct detailed study on it. In some cases DMDP conflict with Dacca Master Plan 1959. As for example, Dacca Master Plan59 suggested raising the land of keraniganj over the flood level, but DMDP earmarked the area as Flood Flow Zone. Sometimes, such types of land are earmarked as flood flow zone in Structure Plan that had been grown as a growth centre in the past. As for example, Kashimpur, which is earmarked as flood flow zone in Structure Plan was a growth centre in that time.

e. Conclusion As the first two tiers of the DMDP are policy plans, it became very difficult to effectively control Dhakas development. This has resulted in the sprawl development and development in the areas of drainage corridor, flood plain and agricultural land. Wherein, it was expected that development would be directed towards preferred areas of urban expansion. DAP is going to provide the necessary legal instrument to steer development according to the guidelines provided in the Structure Plan and the Urban Area Plan. It will safeguard the Flood Flow Zones from further deterioration. To save Dhaka from further deterioration there is no alternative of the application of the plan in letter and spirit and as Planning is a continuous process, there are scopes for reviewing and furnishing the plans from the weaknesses of previous plans.

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DAP Landuse Proposals for Dhaka & Adjoining Areas

LEGEND

Administrative Zone Agricultural Zone Existing Road Flood Flow Zone General Industrial Zone Heavy Industrial Zone Institutional Zone Mixed Use Zone Non Conforming Use Open Space Overlay Zone Rural Homestead Transportation Facilities Urban Residential Zone Water Retention Area Waterbody Proposed Road Network Commercial Zone

N W S E3 0 3 6 Kilometers

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DMDP Landuse Proposals for Dhaka & Adjoining Areas

LEGENDEmbankments Proposed Flood Wall Proposed Embankment Existing Embankment Existing Flood Wall Bridge Roads Bridge Eastern Highway Existing Primary Road Existing Railway Existing Secondary Road Existing Tertiary Road Poposed Road Proposed Bridge Proposed Primary Road Proposed Railway

Proposed Railway Station Railway Station Landuses Agricultural Areas Agricultural High Value Areas Cantonment Security Zone Established Urban Area Main Flood FLow Areas New Urban Land Development Peripheral Urban Development Proposed Public Facility Area Retension Pond Special Areas Sub Flood Flow Areas Urban Fringe Areas Waterbody

N W S E3 0 3 6 Kilometers

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Review of DMDP

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