Review of experimentalReview of experimentalmeasurements involvingmeasurements involving

dd reactionsdd reactionsMichael C. H. McKubreMichael C. H. McKubre

Director of the Energy Research CenterDirector of the Energy Research CenterSRI International, Menlo Park, California.SRI International, Menlo Park, California.

Presented at the Short Course on LENR for ICCFPresented at the Short Course on LENR for ICCF--1010August 25, 2003August 25, 2003

OutlineOutline

1.1. ContributorsContributors2.2. How this all started?How this all started?3.3. Issues of Pd/D LoadingIssues of Pd/D Loading4.4. Calorimetric resultsCalorimetric results5.5. Nuclear effectsNuclear effects6.6. ConclusionsConclusions

Primary ContributorsPrimary Contributorsand Collaboratorsand Collaborators

• SRI Staff: B. Bush, S. Crouch-Baker, N. Jevtic, A. Hauser, A. Riley,R. Rocha-Filho, S. Smedley, F. Tanzella, R. Weaver, S. Wing

• Consultants: W. B. Clarke, L. Case, R. George, B. Oliver, K. Wolf• EPRI: J. Chao, T. Passell, J. Santucci , M. Schreiber• Lockheed: J. Pronko, D. Kohler• ENEA (Frascati): P. Tripodi, V. Violante• MIT: P. Hagelstein, L. Smullin• NRL: G. Hubler• U of Strathclyde: L. Berlouis, P. Honner, F. McMahon, M. Taylor,

A.Wark,• Project Cobalt: K. Mullican, M. Trevithick• Osaka Univ.: Y. Arata, Y. Zhang

Low temperature nuclearactivity in solids

The recent phase of attention was stimulatedby two publications in 1989:

Fleischmann and PonsFleischmann and Pons::Principal claim is excess heat from Pd cathodePrincipal claim is excess heat from Pd cathodeelectrolyzed in heavy waterelectrolyzed in heavy water

JonesJones et alet al::Neutrons claimed as evidence of lowNeutrons claimed as evidence of low--level ddlevel dd--fusionfusionreactions from Ti cathode electrolyzed in heavy waterreactions from Ti cathode electrolyzed in heavy water

Hypothesis 1Hypothesis 1

“There is an unexpected and unexplained source of heat in the D/Pd System that may be observed whenDeuterium is loaded electrochemically into thePalladium Lattice, to a sufficient degree.”

Experiments:•D/Pd Loading studies (R/R°, interfacial Z).

- Electrochemical Impedance (kinetics & mechanism)- Resistance Ratio (extent of loading)

•Calorimetry- first principles closed-cell, mass-flow calorimeter,- > 98% heat recovery- absolute accuracy < ±0.4%

ElectroElectro--chemicalchemical

Loading of PdLoading of Pdin ain a

ThermoThermo--dynamicallydynamically

ClosedClosedCell:Cell:

Cathode Reactions (-):

D2O + e- OD- + DD + D D2DSurface DLattice

CathodeŽV I

Anode(+)

ŽV I Cathode

Anode Reaction (+):

2OD- D2O+ 1/2O2 + 2e-

Recombiner Reaction:D2 + 1/2O2 D2O

Closed Cell Net:D2 2DLattice

O2 D2

D2O

Loading and Temperature coefficient (2)Loading and Temperature coefficient (2)

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Atomic Ratio (Loading)

0

5

10

15

Tem

pera

ture

Coe

ffic

ient

ofR

esis

tanc

e[K

-1]1

0-3

H DS C-B, MM, FLT Table1 D/PdR/R° up R/R° lowTCR(H) TCR(D)

SRI QuartzSRI QuartzCalorimeterCalorimeterandand DoLDoL CellCell

Quartz AnodeCage

PTFE SpraySeparator Cone

RecombinationCatalyst in PtWire Basket

Gas TubeContainingCatheter

PTFE Cap

PTFE Base

Pt Wire Anode

Catalyst RTDPTFE TopPlate

Hermetic 10-pin Connector

Stainless SteelOuter Casing

PTFE Liner

QuartzLiner

Gasket Screws

Pd Cathode

Electrolyte

Requirements of a (CF) Calorimeter(1989)

Conceptually simple system based on first principles

Maintain control of operating parameters (including TCell)

On-line monitoring of all relevant variables including D/Pd

Multiply redundant measurement of parameterscritical to calorimetry

Accommodate large dynamic range of Pin and Pout (0.1 - 100W)

Closed and isolated electrochemical system to retain all products

High accuracy and precision (< 1 ppt)

Known sources of systematic error yield conservative estimatesof output heat

Flow Calorimetry (1989):Advantages

All the heat evolved by electrochemical cell is absorbed by theheat transfer fluid

Control temperature of electrochemical cell by controlling heattransfer fluid flow rate and temperature

Can accommodate large inputs of electrochemical power andlarge dynamic range of heat input and output

Calibration not required

Flow Calorimetry (1989):Potential Problems

Flow rate must be measured on-line for high accuracy

Calibration desirable for high accuracy

Flow streamlining at points of temperature measurement canlead to errors

Heat RelationshipsPheater + Pelectrochem = (Cp m/t + k') out - Tin)Cp = heat capacity of heat transfer fluidm/t = mass flow ratek' = effective heat loss constantin and Tout are inlet and outlet sensor temperatures

SRI LLSRI LLCalorimeterCalorimeterand Celland Cell

Water OutletContaining VenturiMixing Tube andOutlet RTD's

Acrylic FlowSeparator

Stainless SteelDewar

Brass HeaterSupport and Fins

Heater

LocatingPin

Gas Tube Exit toGas-handling

Manifold

AcrylicTop-piece

Water In

Water Out

Hermetic 16-pin Connector

Gasket

Hermetic 10-pinConnector

Stainless SteelOuter Casing

Stand

InletRTD's

First 25 Electrolyte: T P Max. I: Min. Max. Expt Init. PXS InputOutput-InputPd l d A mM Conc. Add. °C (psi) A / cm2 R/R° D/Pd (h) (h) (W) % MJ MJ % eV #

Differential Calorimeter(High pressure, Low temperature) 2.2 Years Pd atomP1a AECL 5.0 0.7 11 217 LiOD 1.0 none 7 650 7.5 0.68 1.20 1+ 696 369 1.8 52% 3.4 0.07 2.1% 3.4 5P1b * 5.0 0.7 11 4E-4 LiOD 1.0 none 7 650 7.5 0.68 Cu Substr. 696 299 0.2 7% 0.01 4.E+05 2P2 Series (High pressure flow Calorimeter)

P2 Engel. 4.5 0.3 4.2 36 LiOD 1.0 none 4 1000 2.1 0.50 1.65 0.95 1393 504 2.0 53% 50 1.07 2.1% 310 4P3 Engel. 4.5 0.3 4.2 36 LiOD 1.0 none 4 1000 1.5 0.35 1.70 0.90 1250 18P7 Engel. 4.5 0.3 4.2 36 LiOD 1.0 none 8 1000 1.1 0.26 Contact Prob. 145 2.1

P10 Engel. 4.5 0.3 4.2 36 LiOD 1.0 none 35 900 0.2 0.05 Contact Prob. 18 0.3P11 Engel. 4.5 0.3 4.2 36 LiOD 1.0 none 35 1050 5.0 1.18 1.65 0.95 85 1.2P4 Series (Medium Pressure)

P4 Engel. 5.0 0.3 4.7 40 LiOD 0.1 none 15 100 2.4 0.51 1.80 0.80 1165 17P5 Engel. 5.0 0.3 4.7 40 Li2SO4 0.5 none 16 100 4.0 0.85 1.70 0.90 287 4.1P6 Engel. 5.0 0.3 4.7 40 Li2SO4 0.5 As2O3 8 100 2.7 0.57 1.70 0.90 649 9.3P8 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 0.1 none 15 100 1.8 0.64 1.65 0.95 186 2.7P9 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 none 35 50 1.5 0.53 1.65 0.95 597 22

P12 Series (Al & Si)P12 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 4He,Al 30 50 2.5 0.88 1.55 0.98 1631 316 1.0 10% 59 0.80 1.4% 346 4P13 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOH 1.0 Al 30 50 2.5 0.88 1.1* 0.98 815 12P14 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 3He,Al 30 50 2.5 0.88 1.60 0.94 692 184 0.5 5% 10 0.20 2.0% 84 2P15 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 Al 35 40 2.5 0.88 1.58 0.97 1104 684 2.4 24% 40 0.55 1.4% 238 3P16 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 3He,Al 35 40 2.5 0.88 1.70 0.90 1104 948 0.4 4% 40 0.10 0.2% 42 4P17 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 Si 29 40 1.1 0.39 1.29 1+ 1202 1040 0.2 2% 13 0.10 0.7% 42 2P18 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 35 40 Failed early due to electrical contactP20 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 Al 35 40 2.0 0.71 1.55 0.98 954 650 0.3 2% 17 0.16 1.0% 71 3P19 Series (Boron) Outlet; 2 RTD & 2 thermistors B effect, multi-humped R responseP19 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 B 35 40 1.9 0.67 1.45 0.99 1287 261 0.9 340% 23 0.41 1.8% 180 4P21 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 B 30 40 2.0 0.71 1.60 0.94 764 390 0.6 6% 14 0.04 0.3% 17 2P22 Engel. 3.0 0.3 2.8 24 LiOD 1.0 B 30 40 2.0 0.71 1.30 1+ 1480 378 0.1 30% 21 0.27 1.3% 119 3*C Series (Large Area) Last event terminated by H2O addition *C1 JM 30 0.1 9.4 27 LiOD 1.0 Al 30 50 7.2 0.76 1.65 0.93 866 390 1.4 3% 49 1.12 2.3% 437 1C2 JM foil 25 µm 60 3 LiOD 1.0 Al 30 50 7.2 0.12 1.60 0.94 356 190 3.0 10% 14 0.56 3.9% 2076 1

SRISRIFirstFirst2525

Excess PowerExcess Power vsvs. Maximum Loading (1). Maximum Loading (1)

P12, 20

P19

P17

P1

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1

Figure 1 Maximum loading, D/Pd, attained in experiment; determined by R/R°.

R/R°

P4, L11

C2, P14, P21

C1, P2, L3

P3, P5, P6, L4,

Max. ~2.0 @ D/Pd~0.725

(9,17 15

P8 - P11

6)

P22

P16

P15

T1-2,OHF1-3

T3-4

(No heat, Heat)

L1, 2, 7, 10

2

AS1.1

AS1.3

AS2

L12

Baranowski

Excess PowerExcess Power vsvs. Maximum Loading (2). Maximum Loading (2)

17%

100%

100%

38%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05Maximum Loading Obtained (D/Pd)

No Observed ExcessExcess Power Observed

<

51 Experiments Reported

Excess PowerExcess Power vsvs. Palladium Source. Palladium Source

18%

32% 36%

5%14%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05Maximum Loading Obtained (D/Pd)

JMJM*E#2-4OtherE#1

<

EXPERIMENTSREPORTED

51

D/Pd LOADING of WIRES inCALORIMETERS

P13/14P13/14 Simultaneous Series Operation ofSimultaneous Series Operation ofLight & Heavy Water Cells;Light & Heavy Water Cells;Excess Power & Current Density vs. TimeExcess Power & Current Density vs. Time

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

430 454 478 502 526 550 574 598 622

I (A/cm^2) Pxs D2O (W) Pxs H2O (W)

P13/14P13/14 Simultaneous Series OperationSimultaneous Series Operationof Light & Heavy Water Cells;of Light & Heavy Water Cells;Excess Power vs. Current DensityExcess Power vs. Current Density

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Electrochemical Current Density (A/cm2)

P14/D2O Linear P13/H2O

C1: Excess PowerC1: Excess Power vs.vs. D/PdD/Pd

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98Atomic ratio (D/Pd)

Conclusions regarding Excess HeatConclusions regarding Excess HeatProduction in Bulk Pd CathodesProduction in Bulk Pd CathodesElectrolytically Loaded with D:Electrolytically Loaded with D:

Effect Evidenced on numerous occasionsEffect Evidenced on numerous occasions (>(>5050)) TypicalTypical PPxsxs 33 -- 30%30% (±0.5%)(±0.5%) of Total Pof Total Pinin (340%)(340%) Up to 90Up to 90observation of excess power effectobservation of excess power effect Duration several hours to 1 weekDuration several hours to 1 week 100’s to 1000’s of 100’s to 1000’s of eV’seV’s/ Pd (D) atom/ Pd (D) atom (2076)(2076) Sustained, unidirectional heat burst exhibit an integratedSustained, unidirectional heat burst exhibit an integrated

energy at least 10x greater than the sum of all possibleenergy at least 10x greater than the sum of all possiblechemical reactions within a closed cellchemical reactions within a closed cell

Heat effects are observed with D, but not H, underHeat effects are observed with D, but not H, undersimilar (or more extreme) conditionssimilar (or more extreme) conditions

McKubre et al,“Developpmentof Advanced Concepts…”, EPRI, TR-104195 (1994)

Necessary Conditions for Excess HeatNecessary Conditions for Excess HeatProduction in Bulk Pd CathodesProduction in Bulk Pd CathodesElectrolytically Loaded with D:Electrolytically Loaded with D: Maintain HighMaintain High AverageAverage D/Pd RatioD/Pd Ratio (Loading )(Loading )

For times >>20For times >>20--50x50x D/DD/D (Initiation)(Initiation) At electrolytic i >250At electrolytic i >250--500500mAmA cmcm--22 (Activation)(Activation) With imposed D FluxWith imposed D Flux (Disequilibrium)(Disequilibrium)

For 1mm dia. Pd wire cathodes:For 1mm dia. Pd wire cathodes:

PPxsxs = M (x= M (x--x°)x°)22 (i(i--i°) ∂x/∂ti°) ∂x/∂t

x°x°=0.84=0.84--0.880.88, i°, i°=350=350--425425mAmA cmcm--22, t°>200, t°>200 D/DD/DMcKubre et al,“Energy Production Processes in Deuterated Metals”, EPRI, TR-107843-V1 (1998)

Hypothesis 2Hypothesis 2

“The observed excess heat originates in a hitherto unexpected and presently unexplained Nuclear Effectand that is a property of Crystalline Metals stronglyloaded with Deuterium.”Experiments:•2π, real time, “in situ” X-ray detector (Lockheed)•Gamma and X-ray spectrometer (K. Wolf)•Neutron spectrometer (K. Wolf)•Charged particles: , p+ (MIT)•Tritium•Helium: 3He and 4He (Amarillo, PNNL & Clarke)

Results:•Correlated heat and 4He.•Evidence of Tritium.

M4: Excess Power Correlation functionM4: Excess Power Correlation function[Closed, He[Closed, He--leak tight, Massleak tight, Mass--Flow Calorimeter, Accuracy ±0.35%]Flow Calorimeter, Accuracy ±0.35%]

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700Time (hours)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Ele

ctro

chem

ical

Cur

rent

Den

sity

(Acm

-2)

Measured Values

Predicted Values

Current

Pxs = M (x - x°) 2 (i - i°) Žx/Žtx°=.833, i°=.425, r=0.853 73%

M4: Correlation of Heat with HeliumM4: Correlation of Heat with Helium

Initial Value in D2

Value Expected for23.82 MeV/He

2.077±.01

0.34±.007

1.661±.0091.556±.007

104%

69%62%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450Time (hours)

[He]ppmv Sampled Values He release Approximate Error in Mass Balance

Sample 1 and D2 Make-up

Sample 2 and D2 Make-up

D2 Purge and Sample 3

Sample 4

Cathode Heating andComposition Cycling

Background Value of [4He]

Case cell Studies:Case cell Studies:DD22 Gas with Pd/C CatalystGas with Pd/C Catalyst

1 LiterStainless SteelDewars

Nupro50cc 316SSSample Flask

To Mass Spec.

SolidInsulation

ThermowellcontainingGas phase &Solid phaseThermocoupleSensors

Helicallywoundheatingelements

Pd on CCatalyst

ExtrelExtrel QMS: resolution of DQMS: resolution of D22 && 44HeHe

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

3.97 3.98 3.99 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05Mass / amu

Sample Pre Post

4He

D2

Peak Analysis:1.77 ppmV 4He by Area1.76 ppmV 4He by Height Increasing

BleedThroughLiquidNitrogenCooledCarbonTrap(Deliberate)

Room Air

D2 Sample

SRI Micro-Mass 5400Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer

Specifications:•Magnetic Sector Analyzer with 90° extendedgeometry ion opticsgiving a dispersion length of 54cm

•Helium SensitivityIsotope Faraday Channeltron Absolute resolution4He 3ppb 2.0pptr 1.0x107 atoms*3He 3ppb 0.05pptr 2.5x105 atoms*** Limited by background** May be reduced using different method

•Metal Analyses- still under development

Case:Case: 44HeHe vs.vs. timetime

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Time (Days)

4He in Room Air at STP

SC1SC2

SC3.1SC3.2

SC4.1SC4.2

Case:Case: 44He and HeatHe and Heat vs.vs. timetime

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 5 10 15 20Time (Days)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Exc

ess

Ene

rgy

(kJ)

ppmV SC2

3 line fit for 4He

Differential

Gradient

Case: “Q”Case: “Q”--ValueValue -- EnergyEnergy vs.vs. 44HeHe

y = 18.36xR2 = 0.99

y = 18.89xR2 = 0.95

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Helium Increase (ppmV)

Gradient

Differential

Gradient Q = 31±13 MeV/atom

Differential Q = 32±13 MeV/atom

Case ConclusionsCase Conclusions

Near quantitative correlation between HeatNear quantitative correlation between Heatandand 44He production according to:He production according to:Predicted: d + dPredicted: d + d 44He + ~24MeVHe + ~24MeV(lattice)(lattice)Measured: Q = 31 ± 13Measured: Q = 31 ± 13 MeVMeV/atom/atomDiscrepancy may be due to solid phaseDiscrepancy may be due to solid phaseretention ofretention of 44HeHeSubstantial initiation time >> D diffusion.Substantial initiation time >> D diffusion.Max [Max [44He]He]SampleSample / [/ [44He]He]AirAir > 2> 2

Production ofProduction ofTritium in aTritium in aSealed Pd cavitySealed Pd cavity

Electrolysis

D2O

OD-PdBlack

e-Beam Weld

Arata/Zhang “DS” Cathode: 6cm long, 14mm dia., 3.5mm wall

PdBulk

D

0.3M LiOD

AZ1 0.3MAZ1 0.3M LiODLiOD,, AZ2 0.3MAZ2 0.3M LiOHLiOHCathodic Current 5Cathodic Current 5 -- 7.5A7.5ACurrent Density 170Current Density 170--255mA cm255mA cm--22

PPinin 5050--317 W, Duration317 W, Duration 120120 DaysDaysPPxs,Maxxs,Max = 10 ±1.5%= 10 ±1.5%,, PPxsxs 0 ±1.5%,0 ±1.5%,

DeloadedDeloaded::open circuit and at 2V Anodicopen circuit and at 2V Anodicfor a furtherfor a further 100100 Days.Days.

Gas SamplingGas SamplingMethod forMethod forSealed CathodesSealed Cathodes[[B.B. OliverOliver, PNNL,, PNNL,analyses performed by:analyses performed by:B.B. OliverOliver, PNNL,, PNNL,W. B.W. B. ClarkeClarke,,McMaster, Ontario,McMaster, Ontario,and byand by

V.V. ViolanteViolante, ENEA, ENEA]]

AZ1:AZ1:MeasurementsMeasurementsofof 33He andHe and 33HH

5 D2OElectrolyte

4 PdBulkSectionThroughwall

3 PdBlack

1D2, DT, He

2D2O, DTO

Arata/Zhang “DS” Cathode: 6cm long, 14mm dia., 3.5mm wall

T measured as∂T measured as∂33He/∂t at He/∂t at McMaster in Phases 1McMaster in Phases 1--44

T measured byT measured byscintillation at SRIscintillation at SRIin electrolyte (Phase 5)in electrolyte (Phase 5)

ENEA/AZ1:ENEA/AZ1:Apparatus for Gas sampling in sealedApparatus for Gas sampling in sealedcathode Voidcathode Void

ENEA/AZ1:ENEA/AZ1:Press andPress andBellowsBellows

ENEA/AZ1:ENEA/AZ1:Puncturing tip and cathodePuncturing tip and cathode

QuickTime™ and aPhoto - JPEG decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Hardened Puncturing tool

Tip and Cathode

AZ1: Tritium ResultsAZ1: Tritium Results

5 D2OElectrolyte

4 PdBulkSectionThroughwall

3 PdBlack

1D2, DT, He

2D2O, DTO

Arata/Zhang “DS” Cathode: 6cm long, 14mm dia., 3.5mm wall

•If Tritium was injected in a single event,this event occurred sometime during theperiod of cathodic electrolysis.

The total production of Tritium wasbetween 2x1015 and 5x1015 atoms.

Tritium Fractionates between the 5 Phases as follows:

0.05%0.24%0.16%97.8%1.8%54321

Clarke, Oliver, McKubre et al, Fusion Science and Technology, Sept. (2001)

AZ1: Radial DistributionAZ1: Radial Distributionofof 33He andHe and 33H:H:

Radial Position (cm)Radial Position (cm)[[33He] Thousands ofHe] Thousands ofAtoms/mg PdAtoms/mg Pd

1

76

54

3

2

109911213021

±±±±±±±

3072614861061156326564573

0.0050.0440.0440.0440.0390.0050.175

±±±±±±±

0.0050.0440.1310.2190.3010.3450.525

OuterWall

InsideBlack

InsideBlack

InsideBlack

InsideBlack

InnerWall

InsideBlack

7654321

AZ1: Radial Distribution ofAZ1: Radial Distribution of 33He andHe and 33HH

Outer Wall

Inner Wall

Pd Black in Void

y = 334.61x2 - 5.6203x + 4.5551R2 = 0.991

y = 10764x2 + 2261.1x + 157.25R2 = 0.9761

0

20

40

60

80

100

00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.50.55

Radial Position (cm)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

He-

3(t

hous

and

atom

s/m

g)

Source 3H MillionAtoms/mg

3He ThousandAtoms/mg

.

.

Tritium ConclusionsTritium Conclusions•Production of Tritium was between 2x1015 and 5x1015 atoms.

Modeled as a single event, this occurred during cathodic electrolysis.

There is definite evidence of excess 3He from Tritium decay of allsamples of Pd & Pd-black from the D2O experiment.

Samples of Pd taken from a similar and contemporaneous H2Oelectrode show low 3He levels consistent with blank Pd.

Measurements of the 3He gradient through the 3.5mm wall of the D2Oelectrode show that the 3He is the decay product of Tritium whichdiffused from a source inside the electrode.

No evidence for 4He quantitatively consistent with excess heat.

(1) There ARE heat effects closely correlated to theLoading:

- Stoichiometry of D/Pd- Chemical Potentialof D?- New Phase formatiion?

Initiation:- Lattice defects (vacancies and impurities)

Stimulation:-Electromagnetic, Acoustic, Magnetic…..- Flux effects (D+, e-)

Summary and Conclusions (1)Summary and Conclusions (1)

Experience teaches us that:

Summary and Conclusions (2)Summary and Conclusions (2)

Experience teaches us that:

(2) There ARE (hitherto unexpected) nuclear effects:

d + d 4He + ~24 MeV (lattice)- 3 metal-sealed cells- 3 calorimetric methods- electrochemical and gas loading experiments- 4He analyses at 4 different institutions

3H production in small dimension Pd particles

Numerous other effects…...

(3) Effects ARE amenable to conventional interpretation.

Summary and Conclusions (3)Summary and Conclusions (3)

Experience teaches us that:

Backup SlidesBackup Slides

M4: The Dynamics of D FluxM4: The Dynamics of D Flux

0.85

0.86

0.87

0.88

460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700Time (hours)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Ele

ctro

chem

ical

Cur

rent

Den

sity

(Acm

-2)

Loading

Current Density

M4:The Dynamics of FluxM4:The Dynamics of Flux (detail)(detail)

0.855

0.856

0.857

0.858

0.859

0.860

0.861

0.862

0.863

0.864

0.865

610 612 614 616 618 620 622 624 626 628 630 632 634Time (hours)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Exc

ess

Pow

er(W

/cc)

Loading

Excess Power

AZ1,2:AZ1,2: PPxsxs vsvs. P. Pinin

y = 0.0001x ±1.3W

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Input Power (W)

Exc

ess

Pow

er(W

)

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%Pxs H2O Pxs D2O fit %XS %XS Linear (Pxs H2O)

Max. Pxs/Pin = 9.9 ± 1.5%

The Pathway Forward:The Pathway Forward:

PredictivePredictive TheoryTheory––After 14 Years of Parametric Study we haveAfter 14 Years of Parametric Study we have

learned a great deallearned a great deal //// intuition and patience is thinintuition and patience is thin Simple demonstration of a novel effect having an

unambiguously nuclear origin::––Results are too numerous (>3000 papers)Results are too numerous (>3000 papers)

incomplete, complicated, unexpectedincomplete, complicated, unexpectedrequire multirequire multi--disciplinary understandingdisciplinary understanding

Results sufficiently substantial to allow evaluation ofpotential technological consequences.

Capable of independent replication..

Flow Calorimetry Details (1)

1. Operate calorimeter in constant power mode by adjustingelectrochemical power and calibration heater power to be aconstant sum. This maintains the calorimeter in near steadystate condition.

2. Temperature sensors initially two RTD's at inlet andoutlet, later two RTD's and two thermistors at the outlet.

RTD sensitivity ± 1 mKThermistor sensitivity ± 50 K

3. Flow Rate Measurement on-line, gravimetric andvolumetric

Flow Calorimetry Details (2)

4. Heat Transfer FluidSilicone oil: low Cp, insulating, non-corrosive

absorbs water (viscosity, Cp)Water: lower viscosity, Cp constant and

well determined

All connections and wire feed throughs designed to eliminateheat transfer fluid leaks.

5. All connections and wire feed throughs designed toeliminate heat transfer fluid leaks.

6. Fluid streamlining reduced by thorough mixing of exitstream.

Flow Calorimetry Details (3)

7. Electrical leads brought in through bottom of calorimeterto reduce heat transfer along the wires (later labyrinthdesign).

8. Calorimeter held in constant temperature bath tominimize cooling losses and maintain them constant, also tomaintain constant inlet temperature.

9. Calorimetric parameters measured via computercontrolled multiplexer using a single calibrated DMM(periodically interchanged).

10. Series cell operation

SRI Micro-Mass 5400Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer

3He+/3H

HD+

H3+

3.0218 3.02353.01603/05| | |