BIOLOGY 2Review of Laboratory SafetyReview of Research PapersReview of Cell Structures

Laboratory Safety

Dress Code: Wear goggles Wear an apron Hair – have it pulled back/out

of the way Clothing – Nothing baggy,

flashy, flammable Shoes – Closed toed, no

sandals

Laboratory Safety General Rules:

Be alert Be prepared Ask permission No eating and/or drinking Know where the safety equipment is Clean up after yourself

Laboratory Safety

First Aid: Report all

accidents Know the location

of safety equipment

Laboratory Safety Fire Safety:

Wear goggles Read all Instructions Do not reach over a flame Keep flammable materials away

from flame. Point test tubes away from you

when heating them. Do not heat closed containers Assume things are hot

Laboratory Safety Chemical Safety:

No mixing of chemicals unless instructed to do so.

Careful when touching chemicals Waft when smelling something Do not taste a chemical unless instructed to. Protect your eyes with goggles. Keep lids on all chemicals Do not contaminate stock bottles Proper disposal Acid into water, not water into acid - splashes Rinse all chemicals off of your body

immediately

Laboratory Safety Glassware Safety:

No forcing glassware into stoppers.

Careful when heating – glass doesn’t look hot

Careful of broken glass No eating and/or drinking

from glassware

Laboratory Safety

Sharp Instruments: Careful when

handling Cut away from

you, not toward you

Careful with disposal

Notify instructor of any cuts

Laboratory Safety Living Organisms:

Do NOT cause Pain/discomfort/harm to any living organism

Respect all organisms (living or not)

Necessary handling only – minimal handling.

Laboratory Safety

End-of-Investigation: Clean up thoroughly Wash hands Make sure burners are off

http://youtu.be/xJG0ir9nDtc

Research Papers

How should you approach reading a Research paper?

Don’t Panic!!!

Skim the Paper - Read the items in bold (headings).

Understand vocabulary that is unknown to you.

Read section by section.

Research Papers

How should you approach reading a research paper?

What question (hypothesis) is being answered?

How is the question (hypothesis) being tested?

What was done/measured?

What do the tables/data show?

Research Papers

How should you approach reading a research paper?

What is the conclusion?

Are you left with any additional questions?

What impacts on society could this have?

Do you see anything that was left out?

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Cell Theory:

* All living things composed of cells

* Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

* New cells are produced from existing cells

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell MembraneCytoplasmRibosomes

No Nuclei

All Bacteria

Most have cell wall

Nucleus

OrganellesCytoskeleton

Plants, animalsFungi, micro-organisms

Plants have cell wall

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Nucleus of the Cell:Controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information. This is found as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Chromatin: DNA bound to protein – granular and visible in the nucleus.

Chromosomes: Chromatin that condenses in preparation for cell division.

DNA: Coded instructions for making proteins.

Nucleolus: Small Dense Region inside the nucleus. r RNA and Ribosomes are made here.

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Cell Wall: Provide support and protection for the cell.

Cytoskeleton:

Protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape. Can also aide in cell movement.

Microfilaments:

Long, thin fibers that support the cell and aide in movement of the organelles.

Microtubules:Hollow tubes of protein that support the cell and act as “tracks” to move other organelles on. They also aide in cell division, separating chromosomes (known as centrioles in animal cells). Outside a cell, these are known as flagella and cilia

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Ribosomes:

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Golgi Apparatus:

Proteins are assembled here – made up of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and protein.

Components of the cell membrane are assembled here and some proteins are modified. Rough ER (attached ribosomes) and smooth ER

Proteins made/modified by the Rough ER have carbohydrates and lipids attached to them here.

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Lysosomes:

Vacuoles:

Chloroplasts:

Mitochondria:

Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. “Pac Man” of the cell. (Common in animal cells, rare in plant cells)

Sack-like structure that stores materials such as water, proteins, salts, carbohydrates. Pressure in these provide support. Small form = vesicles.

Photosynthesis (conversion of sunlight into food) occurs here. Found mostly in plants.

“Power house” – organelle that uses food to make energy for the cell.

Cell Review (Bio 1)

PROKARYOTE CELL DIVISION

EUKARYOTE CELL DIVISION

Asexual Reproduction Growth and replacement of old and/or dying cells

DNA = One Circular Chromosome and Plasmids

DNA = 10-50 chromosomes per cell

Humans = 46 (23 identical pairs)

Cell Division called the Cell CycleCell Division called Binary Fission

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Cell Review (Bio 1)Karyotype A picture of the

chromosomes from a human cell arranged in pairs by size

First 22 pairs are called autosomes

Last pair are the sex chromosomes

XX female or XY male

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Boy or Girl?

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome

The Y Chromosome Decides

Cell Review (Bio 1)Cell Cycle:

Phase 1: Interphase

Phase 2: Mitosis

Phase 3: Cytokinesis

G1 - primary growth phase

S – synthesis; DNA replicated

G2 - secondary growth phase

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Phase 1: Interphase (Most time spent in this phase)

G1 - primary growth phase

S – synthesis; DNA replicated

G2 - secondary growth phase

Cell Matures: Growth and Organelles

DNA copied/replicated

Cell Structures needed for division made

Centrioles

Cell Review (Bio 1)Phase 2: Mitosis (Also known as M phase)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, Mitotic spindle forms and attaches to centromeres, nuclear membrane/nucleolus broken down.

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

Sister Chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Sister Chromatids completely at opposite poles, Nuclear envelope forms, nucleolus appears, cytokinesis.

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Phase 3: Cytokinesis

Division of cell into two – Division of the cytoplasm by a

cleavage furrow

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Cell Review (Bio 1)

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Cell Review (Bio 1)

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Name the Stages of Mitosis:

Interphase

Early prophase

Mid-ProphaseLate Prophase

Metaphase

Late Anaphase

Early Anaphase

Early Telophase, Begin cytokinesis

Late telophase, Advanced cytokinesis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEwddr9ho-4&feature=related

Cell Review (Bio 1)Meiosis – Formation of

Gametes(Eggs and Sperm)

Spermatogenesis (formation of sperm)

Females:

Males:

Oogenesis (formation of eggs)

Two Stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II

During Meiosis I – Homologs form Tetrads and crossing over occurs, all resulting cells are still diploid

During Meiosis II – Chromosomes are split and all cells become haploid

Why is this important?

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Homologs form Tetrads Homologous chromosomes(each with sister chromatids)   Join to form a TETRAD

Called Synapsis

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Crossing-Over Homologous

chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other

Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged

Produces Genetic recombination in the offspring

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Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types

Crossing-Over

Cell Review (Bio 1)

Lets compare Mitosis and Meiosis –

What do you know?

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Mitosis Meiosis

Number of divisions

12

Number of daughter cells

2 4

Genetically identical?

Yes No

Chromosome #Same as parent

Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Germ cells

WhenThroughout

lifeAt sexual maturity

RoleGrowth and

repairSexual

reproduction

Comparison of Divisions