REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DATA RELEVANT TO THE MARINE … · REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DATA RELEVANT TO...

REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DATA RELEVANT TOTHE MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT OF

DAMPIER

K. J. JacksonE. I. Paling

J. A. Stoddart

Marine and FreshwaterResearch LaboratoryEnvironmental Science

Prepared for the Dampier Port AuthorityFebruary 2006

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Executive SummaryOver the past 30 years a great deal of effort has been undertaken to describe themarine and terrestrial environments of the Dampier Archipelago. This reportdescribes both the data and information that has been collected, with a focus on thenearshore environments of the Dampier Archipelago and Burrup Peninsula, andwhere it can be located. In addition, the current level of knowledge of theseenvironments is discussed and possible avenues for future tactical research to fill themajor gaps in this knowledge are suggested.

More than 300 documents containing information about Dampier, the DampierArchipelago and the Burrup Peninsula were reviewed for inclusion in this report.Approximately half of these are discussed within the report itself, while the others canbe found in the bibliography. An attempt was made to succinctly include the mostrelevant or useful studies. Thus some were not included using the criteria that betterinformation could be sourced elsewhere, or that studies were less relevant to thisdocument.

Although every effort was made to include all information available, this review is notexhaustive and cannot include every study carried out in the region. This is because agreat deal of work has been undertaken for private industries and can either no longerbe located or is access restricted. It should also be noted that any informationreviewed was current at the time of publication (February 2006). In addition to thisreport, a searchable database has been created including all studies that could belocated. This can be accessed at the Dampier Port Authority website;http://www.dpa.wa.gov.au/, or directly linked to the Marine and Freshwater ResearchLaboratory website at;(http://wwwscieng.murdoch.edu.au/centres/mafrl/Dampier/DampierPort.html).

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Table of Contents Page

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... i1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................... 32.0 Online data sources and metadata .............................................................................. 43.0 Oceanography ........................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Local and large scale processes.............................................................................. 43.2 Biological processes .............................................................................................. 6

4.0 Geology .................................................................................................................... 64.1 Terrestrial soil type................................................................................................ 64.2 Marine sediments and substrates............................................................................ 6

5.0 Marine Habitats......................................................................................................... 75.1 Coral Reefs............................................................................................................ 85.2 Seagrasses ........................................................................................................... 105.3 Mangroves........................................................................................................... 105.4 Macroalgal Reefs................................................................................................. 115.5 Intertidal (Rocky) ................................................................................................ 115.6 Intertidal sand and mudflats................................................................................. 125.7 Sub-tidal soft bottom ........................................................................................... 12

6.0 Terrestrial Environment........................................................................................... 136.1 Vegetation and flora of the Burrup Peninsula....................................................... 136.2 Vegetation and flora of areas other than the Burrup Peninsula ............................. 146.3 Terrestrial fauna .................................................................................................. 146.4 The Fortescue River ............................................................................................ 14

7.0 Marine Biodiversity................................................................................................. 157.1 Molluscs.............................................................................................................. 157.2 Algae................................................................................................................... 157.3 Sponges............................................................................................................... 167.4 Coelenterates (soft corals, sea fans, anemones) .................................................... 167.5 Fish ..................................................................................................................... 167.6 Crustaceans ......................................................................................................... 167.7 Corals.................................................................................................................. 177.8 Plankton .............................................................................................................. 177.9 Echinoderms........................................................................................................ 177.10 Large mobile marine fauna ................................................................................ 17

8.0 Users, uses and the social environment.................................................................... 188.1 Uses .................................................................................................................... 188.2 Social environment.............................................................................................. 198.3 Aboriginal and European heritage........................................................................ 19

9.0 Current level of knowledge...................................................................................... 199.1 Marine Habitats ................................................................................................... 199.2 Terrestrial environments ...................................................................................... 219.3 Marine Biodiversity............................................................................................. 219.4 Users, uses and the social environment ................................................................ 22

10.0 Suggestions for future tactical research.................................................................. 22References .................................................................................................................... 24Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 35

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1.0 IntroductionThe Dampier Archipelago lies on the Pilbara coast of northwestern Australia, which isan area of coastline characterised by gently sloping beaches, headlands and numeroussmall offshore islands (Wells and Walker, 2003). The Archipelago is an inundatedland mass consisting of a submerged plain 5-20 m deep, out of which former hillsprotrude, some reaching above the surface and forming the numerous islands(Semeniuk et al., 1982). The Archipelago is part of the tropical Indo-West Pacificbiotic region, which extends across the entire northern coastline of Australia and assuch, the marine biota are almost entirely tropical (Wells and Walker, 2003). Anumber of marine habitats are found in the area, which support a rich diversity ofmarine life and for some taxa, this richness is unmatched elsewhere in WesternAustralia. Such diversity may be largely attributed to the complex topography andgeology of the region, which provides numerous habitat types. The habitats discussedin this report include coral reefs, seagrass environments, mangrove communities,macroalgal reefs, rocky intertidal shores, intertidal sand and mudflats, and soft-bottomsubtidal habitats. The terrestrial environments of the mainland and the BurrupPeninsula will also be briefly discussed.

The Dampier Archipelago is heavily utilised for a number of purposes including portactivities, mining and exploration, recreation, commercial fishing and pearling. Inaddition, it has a rich history of Aboriginal association with the area. Therefore,environmental studies of the area are numerous and have been undertaken for manydifferent purposes, including those for private industry (which are not publiclyavailable). More recently however, due to the recognition that the area may be ofimportance from a marine biodiversity standpoint, the number of studies of the marineenvironment has increased. This work has described the habitats and biota of theregion and in some cases, knowledge of marine habitats is now quite extensive.However there are still many gaps in the general understanding of some habitats andsurvey work is still revealing species that are either new to records for the DampierArchipelago, or in some case new to science.

Thus for a more complete understanding of the marine environment in the region,research undertaken by private industry, government and other sectors, needs to bedrawn together and reviewed. This review covers all available, useful informationrelating to the marine and terrestrial environments of the Dampier Archipelago.Where possible, only studies conducted within the Archipelago are discussed.However, in some instances studies which cover a larger geographic range are alsodescribed. The main emphasis of this report is on the inshore waters of theArchipelago, although there is a great deal of information regarding large scaleoceanographic processes, sediments, flora and fauna and management issues of theNorth West Shelf. For a useful and detailed review of studies on the North WestShelf, see Heyward et al. (2000). Jernakoff et al. (1999) also provides acomprehensive bibliography of research conducted on the North West Shelf andSherwood et al. (1999) provides a less comprehensive, summarised version ofHeyward et al (2000). Further to this, CSIRO (2002) outlines the North West ShelfJoint Environment Management Study (NWSJEMS), its aims and objectives as wellas an overview of the current level of knowledge. The NWSJEMS was designed todraw together research of the greater North West Shelf area, of which Dampier is a

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part, therefore this document will not revisit such information. Additionally, furtherreferences regarding the North West Shelf may be sourced at the State ReferenceLibrary of Western Australia (1983), which lists relevant material held both at theState Reference Library and Battye Historical Library. Many of these documents aredifficult to locate outside of these libraries.

This report will review documents relating to the oceanography, geology, marinehabitats, marine biodiversity and terrestrial habitats as well as the uses and socialenvironment of the region. Each section will outline which data and information hasbeen collected and where it can be located. A discussion of the current level ofknowledge for each section is provided, identifying the major gaps and suggestingareas in need of more research.

2.0 Online data sources and metadataA wealth of data exists in databases that while accessible online are, in mostinstances, restricted in access. The most useful site for information on the Dampierregion is the CSIRO CMR Data Trawler site at:

http://www.marine.csiro.au/warehouse/jsp/loginpage.jspThis database accesses all data collected as part of the NWSJEMS and includesbiological information, temperature, current meter, conductivity, temperature anddepth (CTD), hydrological and shipping data, as well as various models. Data is oftenavailable in geographic information systems (GIS) format and all data files have beenmade compatible with one another so that useful GIS datasets can be created.

The CSIRO Marine Laboratories Information Network (MARLIN) is also asearchable metadatabase that contains data held by the CSIRO Division of MarineResearch. It can be accessed at:

www.marine.csiro.au/marlin/

Finally, the Western Australian Museum’s Faunabase is useful for regional searchesand can return species lists for amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals and reptiles for adefined area. It is available at:

http://www/museum.wa.gov.au/faunabase/prod/index.htm

3.0 OceanographyThe oceanography and climate of the Dampier area has been reviewed by Pearce(2003), which provides a very useful summary of published and unpublished data,describing and discussing both local and large scale oceanographic processes in theregion.

3.1 Local and large scale processesWindsRaw wind data for the region is available through the Bureau of Meteorology.However, summarised data can be found in Pitt and Mills (1985), including

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anemometer data from September 1981 to July 1984 for the Dampier region. Foreach month, time series plots, percentage occurrence matrices of wind direction, dailytime range and wind speed, along with wind roses are presented. Physick (2001) liststhe permanent weather stations in the Pilbara/Dampier area, which agency operatesthem and the type of data they collect, including both surface instruments and upper-air meteorological data. Wind speed, wind direction and radiosonde data(temperature, humidity and wind data) are analysed and discussed for the Dampierregion. Additionally, Ford (1985) provides wind roses from Conzinc Island during1982-1983, with a description of wind patterns for each month during that time.

WavesHamilton (1997) provides descriptions of waves and swell in the port under variousweather conditions. For a review of wave conditions in the greater Archipelago, seeForde (1985), who analysed data from waverider buoys near Withnell Bay andLegendre Island (June 1981- March 1982) and reported on the attenuation of waveenergy from the outer reefs across Mermaid Sound to the inner reefs. Monthly meansof significant wave heights and wave periods, as well as monthly indices of specificwave energy, are presented for both offshore and inshore sites. More detailedinformation regarding wave conditions in Mermaid Sound and the Archipelago can befound in Steedman (1983) and Steedman (1988).

Currents (water movement)Mills et al. (1986) summarises current meter data from moored, internally recordingcurrent meters throughout the Dampier Archipelago with accompanying anemometerdata. Data includes time series plots, progressive vector diagrams, percentageoccurrence matrices of current directions and wind speeds, scalar and vector statisticsof currents, current roses, current direction histograms and cumulative frequencydiagrams of current speeds. Forde (1985) also describes wind driven currents causedby prevailing winds from different directions during different seasons.

CyclonesExtreme winds caused by the passage of tropical cyclones are a feature of theArchipelago’s climatological environment from around November to April each year(Pearce et al., 2003). Publications by the Bureau of Meteorology (1973a, 1973b) andLourensz (1977, 1981) provide descriptions of cyclones passing the north west ofAustralia including their names, tracks and duration, as well as pressure and windspeed values. Ford (1985), discusses the effects of different cyclones (direction,intensity and paths) on wave formation in Dampier.

TidesDampier experiences semi-diurnal tides which are described by Forde (1985). Thisreport also discusses how tidal currents contribute to total instantaneous watermovement in the region. Tidal currents in different areas of the Archipelago are alsodescribed. Mills (1985) discusses the use of a two dimensional, vertically-integrated,finite-difference, numerical hydrodynamic model to investigate the spatial distributionand evolution of water levels and currents related to semi-diurnal tides and tidalcurrents. Further information on tides and tidal currents can be found in Holloway

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(1983) and Easton (1970). These sources cover information from large geographicregions and are not specific to the Dampier Archipelago, although data from Dampieris presented in both cases, including information such as tidal amplitude values,current meter data, harmonic constants from offshore tide gauges and current meterdata, and times and heights of high and low tides.

3.2 Biological processesLiterature searches have not found any useful information regarding nutrient transportin the Dampier Archipelago. However, information regarding nutrient transport onthe North West Shelf has been collected previous to, and during, the NWSJEMS andcan be found in the references mentioned previously for that project.

4.0 GeologyMost privately-funded studies include an overview of the geology and stratigraphy ofthe Dampier Archipelago, such as Meagher and LeProvost (1979) which describes thehistorical development of the Archipelago. Kreidwalt (1964) is an excellent sourcefor a detailed account of the stratigraphy of the Dampier area.

4.1 Terrestrial soil typeKojan (1994) covers the geology of the islands and mainland in the Archipelago andalso describes lime sand and limestone resources for the main islands. Copp (2005)provides a basic overview of the geological history of the Dampier Archipelago andBurrup Peninsula with a description of various landforms and formations.

4.2 Marine sediments and substratesAs resource exploration (oil, gas, mining) and industrial activity (shipping) areimportant components of the economic development of the region, considerablesurveying and mapping of the marine sediments in the Dampier Archipelago has beenundertaken. Many of these reports are technically detailed and the material containedwithin them appears most relevant to oil, gas and other resource exploration activities.In addition most are not publicly available. However, the following reports werefound to contain information useful in understanding the ecology of the marine andterrestrial environments of the Dampier region, or detail information that may assistwith planning future dredging operations.• Talbot and Creagh (1985) analysed sediment samples from an extensive list of

sites around the Dampier Archipelago and present data on the percentage ofquartz, aragonite, magnesium with high calcium, clay, feldspars, and totalcarbonates by site.

• Forde (1985) provides a detailed account of the sediments and their suspension inMermaid Sound and other locations in the Archipelago. He reports on the organicload of suspended solids derived from seawater samples at different locations andprovides accompanying light attenuation coefficients. Data collected fromsediment traps and sediment cores are presented, along with contour maps ofvertical light attenuation coefficients. Seasonal total sediment load values forMermaid sound including: organic sediment, CaCO3 sediment, refractor sedimentand percent organic sediment loads are included, along with a discussion of

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correlations between suspended sediment load and mean specific wave energyand mean wind speed.

• Kojan (1994) reports on a seafloor sampling survey for Woodside OffshorePetroleum and describes (with maps) the distribution of various marine sedimentsin the Dampier Archipelago.

• James et al. (2004), also provides a description of the distribution and formationof marine sediments including areas further offshore.

• Geofund (1994a, 1994b) describes port development exploration and includescontoured bathymetry maps of Mermaid Straight, descriptions of the types ofmarine sediments and their likely ease of dredging. Sediment thickness maps ofHolocene calcareous sand in Mermaid Sound are also provided, as well as adiscussion of sediment migration. Racal (1994) details the collection ofbathymetric data used for mapping in the Geofund reports and provides otheruseful bathymetric information.

5.0 Marine HabitatsOne of the first studies to investigate the marine habitats of the Dampier andArchipelago was Meagher and LeProvost (1979). Previous to this, very little data hadbeen collected - with the exception of the Western Australian Museum. The studyassessed the range and distribution of habitats and their associated biotic assemblages.Mermaid Sound was the main area of study along with the coast of the BurrupPeninsula. Ten assemblages were described, based on the dominant or characterisingspecies and the substrate as follows: oyster-barnacle, coral, mollusc-coral, mangal,seagrass, macroscopic algae, mollusc-echinoderm, crustacean-mollusc, embaymentfish and pelagic fish-plankton (these assemblages are often referred to in laterreports). This report provides a good overview of marine habitats in the Archipelago,describing the assemblages and discussing the general ecology of the area and thefactors maintaining the present ecosystem (temperature regime, turbidity, turbulenceand nutrients). Semeniuk (1982) also provides a useful, although general, review ofhabitats and associated fauna in the Dampier region.

More recent work by Bancroft and Sheridan (2000) briefly describes the 16 majormarine habitats identified by CALM and used in their broad-scale habitat mappingproject. The proportion of each habitat in the study area is reported (which includesthe Dampier Archipelago and all its islands, west to Cape Preston and the shoreregions of Nickol Bay). The data sets collected by CALM for mapping are describedin the appendices, including their formats and any access constraints. Additionally,Bancroft et al. (2000b) lists the location of digital habitat mapping data stored inArcView (GIS) format, as well as the sites surveyed during mapping, their locations,features and classification for mapping purposes. A general description of sub-tidalhabitats in the Archipelago is provided by Morrison (2004), who took videorecordings of transects at 45 locations around the region. Percentage cover forvarious benthic assemblages is provided and much of this data has been converted toGIS format.

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5.1 Coral ReefsDistribution and diversityExtensive coral reefs occur throughout the Dampier Archipelago and they are usuallyassociated with shallow water near islands. A number of studies have examined thevariation in coral assemblages and species distribution between inshore and offshorereefs. Meagher and LeProvost (1979) provide a species list for corals divided byinshore, intermediate and seaward corals, as well as the percentage of live coral coverat each study site. Blakeway and Radford (2004) describe the corals of the inshorereefs - of which there are 120 species from 43 genera - which is a significantcontribution to biodiversity in the area. They describe five assemblages based on theproportional difference in species composition. They also describe factors controllingthe distribution of inshore corals and discuss whether certain assemblages are moretolerant to sedimentation than others. A species list of corals found in the DampierHarbour is provided. Paling (1986a) analyses coral community data from Dampier,including differences between offshore communities and more protected areas. Veronand Marsh (1988) provide an annotated species list of hermatypic corals from theDampier Archipelago, along with a description of the climate, oceanography,topography and other factors effecting their distribution. Griffith (2004) includes themost current species list of scleractinian corals from the Dampier Archipelago.

Environmental factors controlling growth and distributionSimpson (1988) provides a detailed overview of the environmental factors controllingdistribution and growth of scleractinian corals in Dampier. He also reports oncommunity metabolism which was studied using flow respirometry and chemical andphysical measurements. He presents values for gross annual production andrespiration, as well as annual net calcification. Additionally, Simpson (1985a)assessed growth rates of Acropora formosa for correlation with environmentalvariables such as temperature, salinity, vertical light attenuation, mean bottomirradiance and sediment load.

ReproductionSimpson (1985b) discusses an observed mass spawning event which did not coincidewith spawning events on the Great Barrier Reef, as had been previously assumed.Twenty-seven species of scleractinian corals were seen to release gametes during theevent. Environmental data for the week surrounding mass spawning is presented(temperature, salinity, depth, and light). The report discusses possible factors fortiming and suggests it may be related to seasonal changes in wind/current patterns,monthly lunar cycles, fortnightly tide cycles and daily tidal/light cycles. Larvaldistribution and settlement in the Archipelago are also discussed, highlighting the factthat during spawning, buoyant propagules are vulnerable to surface pollutants andother influences. Additionally, Simpson (1988) provides lists of reproductive statusby species for corals studied during March (Dampier mass spawn) and November(Great Barrier Reef Mass Spawn). More recent data regarding the DampierArchipelago coral mass spawning event has been collected by Stoddart and Gilmour(2004) and the reproductive status of inshore corals around the time of the massspawn is discussed. Other modes of reproduction for inshore corals are also reviewed.

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Stresses and PressuresNumerous studies have reported on the stresses and pressures that effect coral growthand survival such as sedimentation, storms and cyclones, and corallivorous species.

SedimentationGilmour (2002a) studied sediment deposition injuries in the mushroom coral Fungiafungites and reported that injury decreased with polyp size and increased with theamount and duration of sediment exposure. Stoddart and Anstee (2004) reported on amonitoring program undertaken during dredging operations to assess turbidity andsuspended sediment load. Coral mortality recorded during monitoring was thendiscussed in relation to measured sediment loads. The Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA, 2003) provides a brief description of the environment in MermaidSound and the possible impacts to corals of sedimentation caused by dredging in thearea.

Studies have been conducted in the area to discern the effect of sedimentation onreproduction in corals. Gilmour (2002b) focussed on two sites in the DampierArchipelago (one with a high sediment load) to examine variation in the number ofsexual to asexual recruits – asexual budding is related to polyp injury – as this may bea useful indication of the effects of long term exposure to sedimentation. Stoddartand Gilmour (2004) monitored coral to assess the impact of dredging on massspawning. Gilmour (1999) also studied the influence of high and low levels ofsedimentation on fertilisation, post fertilisation embryonic development, larvalsurvival and larval settlement of corals.

Storms and CyclonesStorms and cyclones are influencing factors in the survival and distribution of corals,as physical disturbance caused by waves and swell, as well as freshwater inundation,can lead to coral mortality. Gilmour (2004) discusses the effects of storms on sexualand asexual recruits in mushroom corals in the Dampier Archipelago. Blakeway(2004) analyses 20 years of monitoring data and describes patterns of coral mortalitycaused by cyclonic freshwater inundation with a discussion of the level ofsusceptibility of various coral species to such inundation. Forde (1985) providesdescriptions of cyclones Trixie, Jane, Lena and Chloe and their effect on coral reefs inthe Archipelago.

Corallivorous speciesThe two most well-known corallivorous species in the Dampier Archipelago areAcantha ster planci (Crown-of-thorns starfish) and the gastropod Drupella sp.Surveys in the 1980s recorded the distribution and abundance of A. planci throughoutthe Dampier Archipelago (Johnson and Stoddart, 1988, Simpson and Grey, 1989).The results of surveys to assess the distribution and abundance of Drupella on reefs inthe Archipelago are described in Hilliard and Chalmer (1992).

MonitoringCoral reef monitoring data is available from a number of sources, often funded byprivate industry and may be either short or long term depending on the original

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purpose. Useful references include LeProvost, Dames and Moore (1994) whichreports on an annual monitoring program for Woodside Offshore Petroleum anddetails changes in the distribution of coral size classes from 1991 to 1993 as well asthe proportion of colonies with partial death, sedimentation rates by site, meannumber of colonies per transect, mean cover of colonies per transect, mean number ofcolonies per transect with partial death and the number of recruits pooled by site.This report, in particular, is very useful, as annual reports after 1994 are less detailed(as it was not considered necessary to continue recording most of the informationlisted above). LeProvost, Dames and Moore (2000) report on monitoring from 1995to1999, which included videographic sampling and discussed changes in percent coralcover during the reporting period. Lastly, Stoddart et al. (2004) detail communitychange assessed during a 12 month monitoring period encompassing two dredgingprograms.

5.2 SeagrassesVery little information regarding seagrass environments at Dampier has beencollected, with the exception of some studies documenting distribution. Walker andPrince (1987) provide a species list of seagrasses at various sites around WesternAustralia including some from Dampier. Prince (1986) also discusses seagrassdistribution in association with dugong distribution. Species information can befound in Huisman and Borowitzka (2003) and Huisman (2004), while distributionaldata is present in Morrison (2004). Further to this, distribution information can befound in numerous habitat maps such as those produced by CALM (2005).

5.3 MangrovesDiversity and distributionSix species of mangroves occur in the Dampier region with most communitiesdistributed along the mainland shore and in sheltered bays on islands. Mangroves arerecognised as important primary producers of ecological and economic significance(CALM, 2005). Pedretti and Paling (2000) provide maps and descriptions of manyof the mangrove environments in the Dampier region. This report represents the mostup-to-date account of mangrove distribution in the region. Johnstone (1990)describes mangroves of the Pilbara and Semeniuk (1993) described mangroves ofWestern Australia. These are more general references although some specificmangals in Dampier are described in detail. Older studies that describe thedistribution of mangroves in Dampier include Gordon (1983), which reports the totalarea of mangroves in the Archipelago including the islands, this is also divided bydominant species and a discussion of the factors effecting distribution is provided.Gordon (1988), relates distributional control factors and describes changes in tidalexchange with lunar and seasonal cycles, as well as variation in groundwater salinityand soil properties at different locations. Semeniuk and Wurm (1987) provide adetailed description of the mangroves of the Dampier Archipelago, with descriptionsof distribution, composition and structure of mangrove assemblages. A classificationsystem based on habitat type is used and maps are provided displaying the habitats,assemblages and mangrove species distribution of selected areas (which are discussedin detail). Discussion of local factors affecting these mangroves including climate,coastal morphology, geomorphology, substrate, stratigraphy and groundwater is alsoincluded. Additionally, LeProvost Dames and Moore (2000) describe an annual

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monitoring program undertaken for Woodside Offshore Petroleum, which includessurveys of mangroves bordering Mermaid Sound. This report also includes trends inleaf area index from 1994-1999, as well as percent canopy cover and defoliationindices for this period.

Mangrove faunaThe fauna associated with Dampier mangroves has been described in a number ofdocuments; however most address specific taxa and no good general description offauna exists. Hutchings and Rechner (1982) provide a general description ofmangrove fauna in Australia, but this is not specific to Dampier, general fauna lists byregion are however provided. Blaber et al. (1985) and Blaber (1986) are goodsources for information regarding fish assemblages in Dampier mangroves. Thesearticles discuss community dynamics of mangrove fish fauna, resident status ofspecies and dietary information on predatory species. Johnstone (1990) provides a listof birds utilising mangroves in the Pilbara, describing their ecology, calls, distributionand breeding habits. More specialised studies of mangrove fauna have been carriedout and include: Brearley et al. (2003), which investigated molluscan borers inmangroves (a species list is also included); Bartsch (2003a), describes halacarid mitefauna within Dampier mangroves; and Wells and Lalli (2003a) report on the ecologyof mud whelks, along with predation, activity patterns and the physical condition ofmangrove habitats in the study. Mangroves at Dampier are thought to be ofbiogeographic significance as a centre for fiddler crab diversity (CALM, 2005).Information regarding fiddler crabs can also be found in George and Jones (1982).Work being undertaken by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) onmangroves at Dampier is described in Batterham (2001).

Mangrove associatesPaling and McComb (1994) describe cyanobacterial mats found on the saline flatsbehind mangles at Dampier and their ability to export nitrogen into the environment.Blue-green algal mat distribution and their ability to fix nitrogen are also discussed inPaling (1986b) and Paling et al. (1989). Nutrient status, chlorophyll levels, organiccarbon content, and nutrient export are described.

5.4 Macroalgal ReefsThere is little information available regarding macroalgal reefs in Dampier. TheDepartment of Conservation and Land Management (CALM, 2005) do provide a briefoverview of macroalgal communities in the Archipelago including dominant species,and macroalgal reefs are included in habitat maps in this publication. Furtherdistributional information can be found in Morrison (2004), while species informationis related in Huisman and Borowitzka (2003) and Huisman (2004).

5.5 Intertidal (Rocky)Meagher and LeProvost (1979) included a number of rocky intertidal shore sites intheir early work and consequently the flora, fauna, sedimentology and substrate typefor a number of sites around the Archipelago has been recorded. Species lists forfauna are included, as well as habitat maps and stratigraphic sections. Further to this,LeProvost, Semeniuk and Chalmer (1980) discuss a possible biological gradient along

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the rocky shores of the Burrup Peninsula. The abundance of various species withheight on shore is reported and a species list including subtidal species is provided.Monitoring reports such as LeProvost, Dames and Moore (1994), which describes thedensities of seven selected species and the presence/absence of others, and LeProvost,Dames and Moore (2000) which lists the abundance of rocky shore species from1995-1999, may also be useful.

5.6 Intertidal sand and mudflatsSome work has been undertaken on intertidal sand and mudflat communities,although most of this is concentrated on the Burrup Peninsula. Meagher andLeProvost (1979) describe intertidal habitats and report on the flora, fauna,sedimentology and substrate type at each study site. Species lists for fauna areprovided as well as habitat maps and stratigraphic sections. LeProvost, Semeniuk andChalmer (1980) studied intertidal flats at King Bay and Withnell Bay and their reportreviews existing information for these environments and describes the specificphysiography, stratigraphy and habitats of the two bays. Species lists of vertebrateand invertebrate fauna are also provided. LeProvost, Semeniuk and Chalmer (1981)discuss identified potential monitoring species, their abundance and distribution andalso include information on the use of burrowing organism excavations in monitoring.Kohn (2003b) reports on a census of infaunal and epifaunal macroinvertebrates onan intertidal sand flat on the Burrup Peninsula. A species list for infaunalinvertebrates in the top 5 cm of sand, as well as mean densities with varying distancesfrom shore are included.Studies addressing specific taxa include:• Morton and Britton (2003) reports on a study of scavenging intertidal gastropods

at the Burrup Peninsula, describing their distribution, biomass and activitypatterns.

• LeProvost et al. (1982) provides an annotated species list of birds observedutilising the intertidal mud flats of King Bay and describes observed food andfeeding habits and the distribution of birds between habitats.

• Blaber et al. (1985) includes a species list of fish inhabiting open shoreenvironments,

• Wells and Lalli (2003b) studied a population of Astropecten sumbawanus(Echinodermata: Asteroidea) and report on their density, tidal distribution and sizefrequency in Withnell Bay

• Glover et al. (2003) studied the distribution, abundance and foramiferal diet of theintertidal scaphopod Laevidentalium lubricum on intertidal sandy habitats aroundthe Burrup Peninsula

• Bartsch (2003b) studied mites on sandy beaches in the Dampier Archipelago anddescribed Copidognathus meridianus, which was the most abundant halacarid.

5.7 Sub-tidal soft bottomMeagher and LeProvost (1979) describe the range of sub-tidal habitats and biota, andnearshore sub-tidal substrates. Additionally, the range of organisms in these habitatsand any spatial variation in the distribution and abundance of species is discussed.LeProvost, Semeniuk and Chalmer (1980) describe deep subtidal plains in Dampierand species lists with abundances for benthic fauna from various sampling stations

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near the Burrup Peninsula are included. Meagher and LeProvost (1979) report on thesediment size variation across Mermaid Sound and list fish species captured in trawls.Species lists are also provided for macrobenthic surveys. LeProvost et al. (1985)briefly describe the sedimentology, bathymetry, water quality and habitats of theseafloor of Mermaid Sound, of which a considerable proportion is sand and silt. Theyprovide geomorphic unit descriptions, distributions and describe their relationship tophysiographic units. They also compare benthic infauna records for Mermaid Soundfrom previous studies.

6.0 Terrestrial EnvironmentThe terrestrial environment of the Dampier Archipelago, in particular the vegetationand flora has been well studied. Most work however has been restricted to the BurrupPeninsula and some of the larger islands.

6.1 Vegetation and flora of the Burrup PeninsulaBlackwell and Carla (1979) give an overview of the topography and geology of theBurrup Peninsula and Dolphin Island. They provide thorough descriptions of thevegetation, including plant associations and communities which are grouped byhabitat and structure. They list 310 plant species, 23 of which are either rangerestricted or poorly known species. Additionally, the effect of temperature, season,rainfall, winds, evaporation, humidity and dew in controlling the distribution of plantsin the area is discussed.

More recently, a major study by Trudgen and Griffin (2001) and Trudgen (2002) wasundertaken to survey the flora and vegetation of the Burrup Peninsula, DolphinIsland, Angel Island and Gidley Island. Included in the reports are descriptions of theplants surveyed and their habitats, as well as of floristic groups, which are defined indetail. Additionally, the presence of geographically restricted, rare and newlyidentified plants in the area are discussed. The project also involved vegetationmapping of the Burrup Peninsula at a 1:5000 scale, entry of all plant species into acentral database and statistical analysis of results. Welker (2002c) reviewed thestatistical analysis of Trudgen and Griffin (2001) for the purpose of providing adviceon areas of the Peninsula that may require special consideration in developmentplanning. This report also provides useful reviews of other studies in the areaincluding Beard (1975), Blackwell and Carla (1979), SKM (2001b) and Trudgen(2002). URS (2003a) discusses the regional significance of the Burrup Peninsula andthe conservation significance of vegetation in their study area near Withnell Bay. Amap of the distribution of vegetation units in Withnell East industrial area is alsoprovided. URS (2003b) provides a hydrological assessment of the proposed GTLmethanol plant site at the Burrup Peninsula. Several studies were undertaken of theflora and vegetation of the Burrup Peninsula in the vicinity of the proposed Burrupservice corridors. Although these studies cover only a very specific area, they arequite detailed and useful (Bennett, 2002b, Bennett, 2002a, Welker, 2002b, Welker,2002a). Sinclair, Knight Merz (2001b, 2001a) also contains useful informationregarding the vegetation of the Burrup Peninsula.

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6.2 Vegetation and flora of areas other than the Burrup PeninsulaBeard (1975) describes the geology and soils of the Pilbara region with relevance tovegetation. Descriptions of plant formations and communities are included. Long(1988) provides flora lists for Enderby, Rosemary, Malus, West Lewis, East Lewis,Eaglehawk, Angel and Delambre Islands. Species are listed by association for allislands studied. Associations included are: littoral, beach, sandplain, run-on,drainline, rocky slope and rock outcrop. Descriptions and notes are provided for newspecies, species needing re-identification and unidentifiable species.

6.3 Terrestrial faunaMost terrestrial fauna surveys in the Dampier Archipelago have been undertaken forthe purpose of gaining information regarding areas for possible development, and thuscover only small geographic ranges. Alternatively, they were designed to targetspecific species or genus for studies of population genetics or morphologicaldiversity. However, the following are documents that may be useful for a review ofterrestrial fauna in Dampier:• Morris (1990) provides species lists and distributional information for birds,

terrestrial mammals, amphibians and reptiles in the Archipelago.• Burbidge and Prince (1972) provide species lists for fauna from Dolphin, Angel,

Gidley, Legendre, West Lewis, Enderby and Rosemary Islands. Faunal listsinclude mammals, land birds, seabirds and waders, reptiles and amphibians.

• Tingay (1979) studied the vertebrate fauna of Burrup Peninsula and selectedislands, making records of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Thedistribution of species surveyed is discussed. Habitats are ranked in terms ofdiversity and uniqueness of species.

• Sinclair, Knight Merz (2001a) describes the terrestrial fauna of Burrup Peninsulaincluding rare and priority fauna and non-marine molluscan fauna.

• Johnson et al. (2004) discusses several endemic species of Rhagada (Gastropoda:Pulmonata) living on islands within the Archipelago. It describes the genetics ofthe species within the Dampier Archipelago from an evolutionary standpoint.

• BIOSTAT (2002) reports on a faunal assessment of the proposed BurrupPeninsula service corridors and includes a list of birds named under internationalmigratory bird agreements as well as other significant bird species, describingtheir habitats and conservation status. It also addresses mammals and herpofaunaat the site, their habitats, significance and status. Terrestrial vertebrate specieslists are provided. Information from this report can also be found in summarisedform in Bennett (2002a).

6.4 The Fortescue RiverThe Fortescue River is the largest in the vicinity of Dampier. An overview of thehydrology of northern Australian rivers (including the Fortescue) is given by Dameset al. (1979). Flow duration (days/year) for different flow ranges (m3 s-1) arepresented. Kay et al. (1999) reports the distribution of macroinvertebrate families innorth-west Australian rivers including the Fortescue.

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7.0 Marine BiodiversityMany studies have been undertaken to explore biodiversity in the DampierArchipelago. One of the main bodies of work representing this exploration is Jones(2004b), which resulted from a partnership between the Western Australian Museumand Woodside Energy Ltd. GIS spatial datasets were collected as part of this projectand include video transects and GPS locations of sampling stations withaccompanying species lists and metadata. These are available from the WesternAustralian Museum upon request. The following sections will review the currentlevel of understanding of marine biodiversity in the Dampier Archipelago.

7.1 MolluscsConsiderable work has been undertaken on the taxonomy, distribution and ecologicalsignificance of marine molluscs. Slack-Smith and Bryce (2004) recorded 695 speciesof molluscs during intertidal and sub-tidal surveys and found the greatest diversity insubtidal habitats. Species lists are presented including habitat information. Gloverand Taylor (2004) recorded 422 specie of macromollusc, including 227 species ofgastropod, 188 species of bivalve, four scaphopod species and three chiton species.Results of community analysis are presented and shallow, muddy, inshore waterswere noted for their high diversity and abundance of suspension-feeding bivalves.This report indicated that sub-tidal molluscan fauna is the least well known for theregion. Meagher and LeProvost (1979) provide a species list of molluscs encounteredduring survey work which is divided by habitat (encrusting, cryptic, infaunal) andassemblage (oyster-barnacle, coral, algae).

Other studies that targeted specific genera or species include Britton and Morton(2003); which discusses intertidal chitons at Dampier, including their distribution,taxonomy, ecology and biogeography; Hickman (2003) discusses two species oftrochoidean gastropod endemic to tropical and subtropical Australian sandy shoresand includes a discussion of complex dissipative macrotidal beach habitats, which arepoorly known worldwide; and Kohn (2003a, 2003a) describes the biology, habitats,distribution and general ecology of the genus Conus on the shores of Dampier.

7.2 AlgaeA taxonomic account of the marine benthic flora of the Dampier Archipelago ispresented in Huisman and Borowitzka (2003), while Huisman (2004) provides achecklist of marine benthic flora. At the time of publication, Huisman (2004) statedthat the checklist was ‘temporary’ and that there was still a lack of understandingregarding marine benthic flora for the region. Further information can be found inMeagher and LeProvost (1979) who examined the floral characteristics of marinebenthic algal communities and reports percentage cover of plants in benthos,percentage of leafy vs. encrusting species, percentage of plants from the varioustaxonomic divisions in each sample and more. Creagh (1985) reviewed literatureregarding the blue-green algae of the genus Trichodesmium and included informationabout blooms in Dampier.

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7.3 SpongesFromont (2004) studied the biodiversity (distribution and habitats) of sponges in theDampier Archipelago. Previous to this, only 14 species of sponge had been recordedfor the area. Fromont (2003) places the taxonomic and biogeographical affinities ofthe sponge fauna in the context of other regions. Sponge data can also be found inSalotti et al. (2004). As a result of these three studies, 275 species of sponge havenow been recorded, indicating high species richness for the region.

7.4 Coelenterates (soft corals, sea fans, anemones)A preliminary list of coelenterates collected during dredge surveys is provided bySalotti et al. (2004); however, many had not yet been identified to species at the timeof publication.

7.5 FishHutchins (2004) presents the most up to date list of fish species for the area. Listing650 species of shallow water fish (< 30 m) including: coral reef fauna (465 species),mangrove fauna (116 species), soft bottom inhabitants (106 species) and pelagics (67species). Hutchins (2003) includes fish to 45 m depth. Meagher and LeProvost(1979) provide a reef fish species list consisting of existing museum records and newfindings from their study. The list is divided by habitat (Archipelago, BurrupPeninsula reefs, embayments and the Mermaid Sound seafloor). Fish were studied indetail for spatial variation between embayments, seasonal variation in distribution andabundance, and the use of nursery habitats by juveniles. In addition, they report onthe gut content analysis of fish caught in the shallow flats of Withnell Bay. Specieslists for embayment fish are also provided and are listed by site along withaccompanying abundance and biomass data. Fox and Beckley (2005) report 1012species of neritic fish from the Damper Archipelago which, when compared to otherareas, indicates the region is a species richness ‘hotspot’.

7.6 CrustaceansDiving and dredging surveys by Hewitt (2004) resulted in the identification or 381crustacean taxa, bringing the total to 426 for the area, including 361 species ofDecapoda. The surveys resulted in 120 new species recorded for the DampierArchipelago, 14 species not previously recorded in Western Australia, five speciesnew to Australia and three species new to science. Species diversity was found to begreatest in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats around islands and lowest insubtidal waters between islands. Species lists are also provided. From survey work,Peart (2004) identified 68 species of amphipod from 21 families in the DampierArchipelago. Ten of those families were new records for Western Australia,suggesting there are probably many gaps in our current knowledge of amphipoddiversity. Jones (2004a) reports 49 species of littoral and shallow water barnacle asbeing currently recorded for Western Australia. Barnacle distribution is discussed,noting that species richness is highest in intertidal waters and very low in deeperareas. A checklist of species is provided. For further information on barnacles inDampier see Jones (2003).

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7.7 CoralsA significant amount of work has been completed on corals in the DampierArchipelago and most of this has been presented previously in the marine habitatssection. Griffith (2004) provides the most up-to-date species list of scleractiniancorals, which includes 229 species from 57 genera, 14 of which were new recordsfrom that study. This high number of species places the Dampier Archipelago secondonly to Ashmore reef in terms of coral species diversity. Although older, Vernon andMarsh (1988) provides a very useful annotated species list of corals from the area.

7.8 PlanktonMeagher and LeProvost (1979) provide tables of biomass and density by phylum forzooplankton. No other studies of plankton specific to the Dampier Archipelago havebeen found, although more data exists for the greater North West Shelf from theNWSJEMS.

7.9 EchinodermsDiving and dredge surveys that included more than 170 sites throughout the DampierArchipelago by Marsh and Morrison (2004) brought the total number of recordedspecies of echinoderms to 286. This is extremely rich for echinodermata fauna and iscurrently unmatched by other parts of Western Australia. Possible reasons for this arediscussed. Considerable differences were seen in the echinoderm fauna acrossdifferent areas of the Archipelago. A species list is provided which includes thenumber of individuals caught at different depths.

7.10 Large mobile marine faunaBecause of their conservation value, cetaceans, turtles and seabirds are addressedseparately below, although information on them is scarce in some cases. Mscience(2005) lists endangered and vulnerable species known to occur in the DampierArchipelago as classified by the Environmental Protection Biodiversity ConservationAct 1999 and the World Conservation Union 2004 Red List of Threatened Species.

WhalesThe Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM, 2005) lists eightspecies of toothed whale, including five species of dolphin and four species of baleenwhale that have been recorded in the Dampier Archipelago. A brief discussion of theirconservation and management is provided. Jenner and Jenner (1991) detailhumpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) observations in the Archipelago duringthe 1991 season, in which 218 whales were observed. A discussion of the whales’locations, direction of migration, age classes and intra-season resightings areincluded, as well as population estimates. See also Jenner and Jenner (1994) forfurther population estimates including data from other years of study. Descriptions ofhumpback whale migratory paths and timing of migrations can be found in Jenner etal. (2001). Bannister et al. (1996) describes all whale species occurring in Australia,including the blue whale (Balaenptera musculus) and the humpback whale whichhave both been sited near Dampier. Descriptions include a biological overview,taxonomic status, survival status, distribution, migration patterns and habitat.

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Bancroft et al. (2000a) contains appendices that describe the datasets availablethrough CALM which describe humpback whale migration routes.

TurtlesThe Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM, 2005) lists fivespecies of turtle as being recorded for Dampier. A list of the sites used for nestingand breeding is also included. Bancroft et al. (2000a) describe the datasets compiledby CALM that show turtle nesting beaches and common aggregation sites, whileBowman, Bishaw and Gorman (1994) include maps of turtle nesting beaches.

DugongsVery little information is available about the use of the Archipelago by dugongs.However, Prince (1986) discusses sightings from aerial surveys conducted in 1984.Bancroft et al. (2000a) describes the datasets collected by CALM revealing thelocations of sightings and feeding grounds.

Sea birdsSixteen species of seabird have been recorded utilising the Dampier Archipelago,CALM (2005) describes the areas within the Archipelago that are important forbreeding, nesting and refuge. Storr (1984) describes birds of the Pilbara includingtheir distribution and whether they are permanent of migratory. Bowman, Bishawand Gorman (1994) provide maps of seabird nesting locations.

8.0 Users, uses and the social environment8.1 UsesMorris (1990) provides an overview of the uses of the Dampier Archipelago includingrecreational, research, aquaculture, mining and industry. Aboriginal and Europeanheritage are also discussed along with a history of land use since 1860. Driscoll(1996) also provides a summary of the main uses along with the issues arising fromthem.

Fishing and pearlingThe 2005 State of the Fisheries report (Penn et al., 2005) outlines the commercial andrecreational fisheries in the area, their boundaries, management and catch statistics.The Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM, 2005) providesmaps of commercial fishing locations within the Archipelago and a brief discussion ofrecreational fishing activities with maps highlighting the intensity of fishing atdifferent sites. Fraser (1996) gives an overview of pearling and pearl oysteraquaculture operations including lease holding maps and a list of public concernsregarding these operations.

RecreationThe Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM, 2005) providesdescriptions of the recreational activities commonly undertaken in the Archipelagoand provides maps highlighting common locations for various pursuits.

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Oil and gas explorationPurcell and Purcell (1988) give a detailed overview of oil and gas exploration andproduction on the north west shelf.

8.2 Social environmentURS (2003a) describes the social environment of the Pilbara region includingeconomic development and population characteristics. Recreational and heritagevalues, register of natural estates and conservation values are also discussed. SinclairKnight Merz (SKM, 2001b) describes the social environment of the Pilbara includingpopulation characteristics, community infrastructure and economic development ofthe various shires, including Roebourne, of which Dampier is a part.

8.3 Aboriginal and European heritageThe Dampier Archipelago has a rich history of Aboriginal and European habitationand numerous studies have investigated heritage sites in the area. While a great dealof data has been recorded on the location and nature of heritage sites, much of thiswas recorded before exact location techniques (i.e. GPS) and it appears that manysites have not been re-located. The Department of Conservation and LandManagement (CALM, 2005) provides a brief overview of Aboriginal heritage in theregion with maps showing the locations of identified Aboriginal heritage sites andnative title claims. Vinnicombe (1987) includes detailed descriptions of thearchaeology of the Burrup Peninsula with descriptions and locations of historical siteswith artefacts i.e. engravings, grindings and shelters. The Western AustralianMuseum (n.d.) is an unpublished report detailing the results of a survey for Aboriginalsites in the Dampier Archipelago which focused on Withnell Bay, Noname Point,Searipple Passage and the construction workforce camp near Hearson Cave.Aboriginal sites are divided into the following categories: rock engravings, shellmiddens, stone artefact quarries and factories, habitation sites, stone arrangements andburials. An anthropological survey by Australia Interaction Consultants involvingconsultation with the Yaburarra, the Mardudhenera, the Nagarluma and the Injibandipeople regarding aboriginal heritage sites in the area is included; a further appendixrefers to consultation with the Wong-goo-tt-oo people.

9.0 Current level of knowledgeThis section outlines the current level of knowledge for the various areas reviewed inthis document focusing on gaps in our understanding. It is not realistic, within theconfines of this document, to discuss all specific knowledge gaps relating to allsections. Instead a general description is presented of areas requiring further researchto enhance understanding of the marine and terrestrial environments of Dampier.

9.1 Marine HabitatsIn general, the marine habitats of the Dampier Archipelago have been described andtheir distribution has been documented in numerous publications. A solidunderstanding of the ecology of these habitats and their relationships to other habitatsin the area is however less well known.

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Coral reefsConsiderable work has been undertaken on coral reefs in the Archipelago, describingthe distribution of coral species and differences in species richness and diversity in thearea. An annual mass spawning event has been seen in March/April in Dampier, withsuggestions of a second smaller event in spring. Adverse environmental andanthropogenic stresses at key times such as this may decrease the changes of larvalsurvival and settlement. Although work on the mass spawning event has been donethere are still some questions as to which species take part and more work has beenconcentrated on the inner, rather than outer, reef. Other modes of reproduction havebeen less well studied and may need to be addressed.

SeagrassesSeagrasses have not been well studied in Dampier and little information exists outsideof general benthic habitat studies, mapping projects and benthic floral taxonomicaccounts. The importance of seagrass beds to marine fauna has not been studied andthere is virtually no information available as to the species utilising seagrass beds.The importance of seagrass beds in sediment stabilisation, nutrient uptake, asnurseries for juvenile fish and crustacean species and other benefits to theenvironment of the presence of seagrass has been well established in other areas, butnot in Dampier. A study of Dampier Harbour seagrasses conducted through theUniversity of Western Australia as a student project in 2005/6 will provide some dataon these issues.

MangrovesMangrove diversity and distribution and the factors affecting them have been welldocumented for the region. Mangrove fauna has been fairly well described for birds,fish and other specific groups. General descriptions of mangrove fauna found inDampier are however not available. Some understanding is available on therelationship of mangrove communities with other habitats, including nutrienttransport and diel changes in fish distribution between habitats.

Macroalgal reefsVery little work has been conducted on macroalgal reef environments at Dampier.Nearly all information regarding the taxonomy of benthic floral species can be foundin only two references. Additionally little information is available regarding the faunathat inhabit these reefs. There is also no information regarding the importance of suchhabitats for primary production and their position in the general ecology of the area.

Intertidal (rocky)There have been several useful studies of the rocky intertidal shores at Dampier;however nearly all of these address only a few specific sites along the BurrupPeninsula. Surveys indicate that rocky intertidal shores support a large range ofinvertebrate organisms and may therefore be important for preserving biologicaldiversity.

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Intertidal sand and mudflatsSeveral studies have addressed sand and mudflat environments although many ofthese were concentrated on the Burrup Peninsula. These habitats have been reportedto be of high importance from a biodiversity standpoint, due the high species richnessfound in the infauna, suggesting further study of infaunal organisms may be required.Surface films of micro-algae may be an important food source for invertebrates whichin turn may support larger fish and shore birds which feed in these areas on high tide.

Sub-tidal soft bottomSub-tidal soft bottom habitats are the least well studied environments at Dampier.Physical characteristics such as sediment size distribution are well known, howeverthe biotic components are not. Such habitats make up a large proportion of thebenthic environment yet the fauna (particularly infauna) inhabiting these areas are notwell described.

9.2 Terrestrial environmentsThe vegetation and flora of the Burrup Peninsula and some of the major islands canbe considered well known. With the exception of searches for rare or priority speciesin specific areas prior to development activities, further work may not be required.

9.3 Marine BiodiversityAlthough the Woodside/Western Australian Museum (WAM, Jones, 2004b)partnership project enhanced our understanding of marine biodiversity of the DampierArchipelago, many groups are still less well known from a taxonomic point of view.Fish and corals are the most well described groups for the region; however newspecies were recorded from both these groups during the Woodside/WAM surveys.Marine flora is also well described; however at the time of publication of theWoodside/WAM surveys several species were still unidentified. Considerable workhas been completed on mollusc taxonomy in the region, yet sub-tidal molluscan faunastill requires attention. Few studies have addressed sponge taxonomy and distributionin the region. Considering the Dampier Archipelago may be of significance inregards to sponge diversity, further work in this area may be needed. Very littleinformation is available regarding the coelenterates of the Dampier Archipelago. TheWoodside/WAM surveys provided a preliminary species list that is limited andfurther work is needed. One hundred and twenty new species of crustacean wererecorded for Dampier during the Woodside/WAM surveys, while this greatlyincreased the level of knowledge regarding crustacean taxonomy, several groups arelikely to be poorly described, for example the amphipods. Although considerablework on the echinodermata of the Dampier Archipelago has been conducted throughWAM, this group has very high species diversity in comparison to other regions andtherefore probably warrants further study. Information regarding plankton in theArchipelago is altogether scarce. However, plankton studies that aim to understandchanges in distribution and the role of plankton as a food source to other organismsmay be more beneficial than taxonomic studies. Lastly, considering their highconservation value, large mobile marine fauna such as cetaceans, turtles, dugongs andseabirds are not well understood in terms of their distribution, habitat usage patternsand habitat requirements. More information is required in these areas to better

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understand the effects of anthropogenic activities on the ability of such animals tocontinue to utilise the region for resting, breeding and nesting, in the case ofmigratory animals, and general daily activities in the case of permanent residents.

9.4 Users, uses and the social environmentThe social environment of the region is fairly well understood. The economicdevelopment and population characteristics of Dampier have been studied andreported in several sources. The various users and uses of the Archipelago have alsobeen reported including the issues and concerns of the general public regarding thoseuses. The Dampier Archipelago (including the Burrup Peninsula) is an important areafor Aboriginal heritage sites. Although considerable effort has been exerted inlocating and documenting such sites, many of the earlier records can no longer beused to locate described sites. Therefore survey work undertaken without the use ofGPS may need to be repeated.

10.0 Suggestions for future tactical researchIn some areas there appear to be large gaps in our knowledge of the Dampier marineenvironment. It should also be highlighted that, although a great deal of work hasbeen undertaken in studying the marine environment, a great deal of the informationcollected is held in reports that are neither easily located nor generally accessible. Forthis reason and others, it is not uncommon for studies to expend resources gatheringpreviously collected data, rather than on areas that may add to our understanding ofthe region. It was the purpose of this document to review as much of the informationthat has been previously collected as possible and provide guidance to direct futureresearch. The following is a list of suggestions for future research in areas that aremost in need of study to enhance the general understanding of the marineenvironment at Dampier. This list is not exhaustive and no attempt has been made tosuggest avenues to fill all mentioned gaps.• Introduced marine pests – considering the high risk level of the area due to

shipping activities, surveys for marine pests are lacking. Thorough surveys forintroduced marine pests currently in the area should be undertaken and programsto monitor introduced pests put in place.

• Sub-tidal soft bottom habitats – such habitats are the least well studied atDampier. Considering the potential impacts to these habitats of dredging andspoil disposal, further work should be undertaken. The sediments of thesehabitats have been generally well studied; however, the fauna has not, particularlythe infauna. Further understanding of the species inhabiting these environmentsand their importance to the ecology of the area should be established

• Cetaceans and dugongs – shipping and development activities are likely tointerfere with the activities of large marine fauna such as whales, dolphins anddugongs. Dugongs are the least well studied in the area. Their populationcharacteristics, activity patterns and habitat requirements should be betterestablished. The effect of shipping and port activities on the movements ofmigratory cetaceans also requires further attention.

• Coral reproduction – the various modes of reproduction for different species andthe timing of reproductive events (other than the mass spawning event) needs to

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be firmly established to avoid engaging in activities that may potentially affectcoral larvae during times of reproduction.

• Seagrasses – species lists of the fauna inhabiting seagrasses should be more firmlyestablished, as well as the importance of these habitats to such species. Theimpact of anthropogenic activities on seagrasses in Dampier has not been wellestablished. The effects of sedimentation and increased nutrient input, forexample, might be better understood.

• Macroalgal reefs – faunal studies are required to establish species lists of animalsutilising such habitats.

• Intertidal biodiversity – as the intertidal zone (including the rocky intertidal aswell as sand and mudflats) is considered to be of importance from a biodiversitystandpoint, further work should be undertaken to better establish the diversity oforganisms in these habitats, their abundance, biomass and distribution.

• Coelenterates – very little work has been completed in describing this group oforganisms and even less in describing their distribution, abundance or any otheraspects of their biology or ecology - this should be addressed.

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Bancroft, K. P., Sheridan, M. W. and Davidson, J. A. (2000b) Developing abroadscale habitat map of the Montelbello/Barrow Islands and the DampierArchipelago/Cape Preston regions. MARINE CONSERVATION BRANCH -DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND LAND MANAGEMENT,Fremantle, Western Australia. 59pp.

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