Review of Session 2000-2001

8/6/2019 Review of Session 2000-2001

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The Royal Society of Edinburgh

Review 2002 (Session 2000-2001)


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CONTENTS

Contents

Proceedings of the Ordinary Meetings .............................................3

Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting.................................7

General Secretarys Report. .............................................................. 7Treasurers Report ......................................................................... 15

Accounts for the financial year ending 31 March 2001 ................. 21

Activities

Prize Lectures .............................................................................. 41

Lectures ...................................................................................... 49

Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions .................. 79

Publications ............................................................................. 107

Fundraising .............................................................................. 109Scottish Science Advisory Committee ........................................ 111

Evidence, Advice and Comment ................................................ 113

Inquiries ................................................................................... 115

Public Policy Seminars ............................................................... 117

Links with Industry ................................................................... 119

Events for Young People ........................................................... 121

Research Awards ...................................................................... 123

Medals, Prizes and Prize Lectureships ........................................ 129

Grants Committee .................................................................... 131

International Programme.......................................................... 133

Fellows Social Events ............................................................... 135

Grants, Sponsorship and Donations ........................................... 137

Changes in Fellowship During the Session .................................. 139

Staff ........................................................................................... 141


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6 November 2000

ChairmanSir William Stewart FRS PRSE

LectureHeterogeneous catalysis: fromblack art to atomic understand-ing. Professor Gerhard Ertl,HonFRSE, of the Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin. (page 49)

4 December 2000ChairmanThe Rt Hon Lord Ross PC, VPRSE

Formal Admission to FellowshipDr Christopher Browitt

LecturePeople Flows and KnowledgeFlows: international Students andPublic Policy. Professor Lalage

Bown, OBE, FRSE, Chair of theCouncil for Education in theCommonwealth Working Groupon Student Mobility. (page 57)

8 January 2001


Formal Admission to Fellowship

Professor Kenneth ReidLectureThe Defences of Scapa Flow:

protecting the Royal Navys FleetAnchorage, 19141945. MrGeoffrey Stell, Head of Architec-ture at the Royal Commission onthe Ancient and Historical Monu-ments of Scotland. (page 59)

5 February 2001


Formal Admission to FellowshipProfessor Robert Hale.

AwardThe President presented the 30th

Award of the Gunning VictoriaJubilee Prize Lectureship toProfessorAngus Macintyre, FRS,FRSE, Professor of Mathematics atthe Department of Mathematicsand Statistics, University of Edin-burgh, for his outstandingcontribution to logic, modeltheory, algebra, analysis andtheoretical computer science.

LectureWhat Does Gdels Theorem MeanAfter 70 Years? (Gunning Victoria

Jubilee Prize Lecture). ProfessorAngus Macintyre, FRS, FRSE. (page41)

5 March 2001


Election of Fellows (see list onpage 139)

ScrutineersBishop Mario Conti and ProfessorGeorge Holmes

Formal Admission to HonoraryFellowshipProfessorLawrence Markus

Professor Lawrence Markus is adistinguished mathematician whohas made significant and lasting

contributions, both in research and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ORDINARY MEETINGS

See pp 41-78 for reports on lectures and prize lectures


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Review of the Session 2000-2001

teaching, to the University ofMinnesota-Minneapolis in theUnited States of America, and tothe University of Warwick in the

United Kingdom. In this respect heis a remarkable example of thespecial relationship between thetwo countries; for the last thirtyyears he has divided his profes-sional life between the twoUniversities, serving in researchand in administrative positionsassociated with the developmentof a number of areas of mathemat-

ics and control science. For manyyears he has held the much-coveted Regent Professorship ofMathematics at the University ofMinnesota; at the University ofWarwick he has held, at varioustimes, Nuffield and LeverhulmeChairs of Mathematics; he is nowRegent Professor Emeritus at theUniversity of Minnesota andHonorary Professor of Mathematicsat the University of Warwick.

Professor Markus is a devotedanglophile and American patriot;he was involved with the Manhat-tan Atomic Energy Project in 1943and then served in the US Navyfrom 1943 to 1946. He and hiswife Lois have for many years

divided their lives between the twocountries, with winter and summerin their apartment in Royal Leam-ington Spa, and autumn andspring in their home in Minneapo-lis.

Formal Admission to FellowshipProfessor Andrew Hook

Award5th Award of the BP Prize Lecture-ship in the Humanities toDrAdrienne Scullion, from the

Department of Theatre, Film andTelevision Studies at the Universityof Glasgow, in recognition of hersubstantial contribution to Scottishdramatic literature and contempo-rary performance in theprofessional theatre in Scotland.

LectureSelf and Nation: issues of Identityin Modern Scottish Plays byWomen (BP Prize Lecture in theHumanities). Professor AdrienneScullion. (page 45)

9 April 2001

ChairmanSir William Stewart FRS, PRSE

Formal Admission to FellowshipProfessor C Snape

LectureCancer Research Delivers - At Last.Professor Gordon McVie, DirectorGeneral, The Cancer ResearchCampaign. (page 65)

4 June 2001

ChairmanSir David Carter, FRSE, VPRSE

Formal Admission to FellowshipProfessor S Blackmore, Professor J LBrockington, Professor D Charles-worth, Dr T P P Clifford, ProfessorD H Crawford, Professor S CGarrod, Mr B G Ivory, Professor R DJack, Professor N H Keeble, TheHon Lord MacLean, Professor RMorrison, Professor R E Mulvey,Professor J A Murphy, Professor A F

Murray, Lord Patel of Dunkeld,


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Proceedings of the Ordinary Meetings

Professor D J Porteous, Professor IG Priede, Professor G E Rickman,Professor J F Roulston, Professor JE L Simmons, Professor K S Sorbie,

Professor J K Stringer, Professor GM Teasdale, Professor A J Walton,Professor A Whiten.

LectureHealth in Old Age - Dream orReality? Professor Marion E TMcMurdo, Department of Medi-cine, Dundee University, NinewellsHospital. (page 70)

2 July 2001

ChairmanSir William Stewart FRS, PRSE

Formal Admission to FellowshipMr A Cubie, Professor C T HDavies, Professor D Edwards,Professor R H Flin, Professor N A RGow, Professor C Kuo, Professor CR McInnes, Professor M J Padgett,Professor J A Sherratt and Profes-sor R Thompson.

LectureKnot Theory and Fluid Mechanics -

A Reflection on the Work of Taitand Kelvin. Professor KeithMoffatt, FRS, FRSE, University ofCambridge. (page 72)


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATUTORY GENERAL MEETING

The Annual Statutory GeneralMeeting took place in the Socie-tys Wolfson Theatre on Monday29 October 2001 at 4.45pm.

Sir William Stewart, FRS, President,took the Chair.

Presidents WelcomeThe President welcomed theFellows and then expressedgratitude to all the outgoingmembers of Council and Commit-tees for their notablecontributions to the Society. He

mentioned especially ProfessorPeter Wilson, outgoing GeneralSecretary, and Professor BobDonovan, Vice-President, whowould become Chairman of theRSE Scotland Foundation.

He noted that the ScottishExecutive had recognised theSociety as an independent learned

body by asking it to host theScottish Science Advisory Commit-tee whose Chairman was expectedto become chief advisor onscience to the Scottish Executive.

In addition the Society was beingproactive in initiating Inquiriesinto Foot and Mouth Disease,Infectious Salmon Anaemia andMediation in the Health Service.

The President was also pleased tohighlight the award, by HRH TheDuke of Edinburgh, of RoyalMedals to Sir James Black, OM,FRS, Hon FRSE; Professor Ian Scott,FRS, FRSE; and Professor TomDevine, FBA, FRSE, Hon MRIA.

Election of Officers and Councilfor the 219th Session

The Scrutineers appointed for theelection of Officers and Council

for the 219th Session were:Professor J F Cornwell FRSE, andDr M A D Fluendy FRSE. The Ballotwas held and papers counted.

The Scrutineers later reported thatall those shown on the ballotform had been elected by anoverwhelming majority.

General Secretarys Report tothe ASM.The Annual Report and Accountsfor 2001, which were includedwith the papers for this meeting,describe the main activities duringthe period April 2000 to March2001. This oral report is designedto bring the Fellowship up to datewith developments since March2001.

Since March there have been anumber of activities which arebreaking new ground. Ourinternational programme contin-

ued apace and we have madeexcellent progress in developingand enhancing our links andrelations in Europe and beyond. InEurope, positive steps have beenmade regarding the Societyobtaining membership of the AllEuropean Academies Network.We will learn the outcome of thatin Spring next year. We have alsostrengthened our links withEuropean contacts - notably theEuropean Commission, and havehosted major Scottish / Europeanevents, the most recent being thelaunch of The Future of Europedebate in Scotland. BeyondEurope, continued progress hasbeen made in establishing a

research exchange agreement


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with the National Science Council,Taiwan, which should be imple-mented next April. We also set intrain the establishment of an

agreement with the ChineseAcademy of Sciences which hasexpressed a willingness forentering into such a relationshipwith the Society.

This summer has also seen theRSE become an integral part ofthe Scottish Executives ScottishScience Strategy, with the RSEbeing charged with the setting-upof the Scottish Science AdvisoryCommittee to identify priorities,inform policy in science andtechnology and advise ScottishExecutive Ministers on issues ofscientific importance. This ScottishScience Strategy takes forward thekey recommendations of the RoyalSociety of London/Royal Society of

Edinburgh Joint Report onDevolution and Science.

The RSE has also instigated anumber of Working Parties. InJune, prompted by a symposiumon Medical Practice and theGrowth of Litigation in the UKheld at the RSE last year, theSociety established a group,chaired by Lord Ross, that isexploring mediation as a means ofresolving clinical negligencedisputes. The Society has alsoformed a Working Party, chairedby Professor Sir Roderick Mac-Sween, to look into recentchanges to the methodology foridentifying cases of InfectiousSalmon Anaemia, and is also in

the process of establishing a

Working Party on Foot and MouthDisease.

This summer has also seen thelaunch of the RSEs fundraising

initiative. We were delighted andhonoured that HRH The Duke ofEdinburgh, who is celebrating his50th anniversary as an HonoraryFellow, agreed to be Patron of thiscampaign, which he launched atthe RSE on 6 August. The cam-paign has already benefited fromthe generous commitment of theLloyds TSB Foundation forScotland which is providing afurther 1.1 million of funding forPersonal and Support Fellowships,and PhD Studentships, concernedwith the Ageing Population.

Another important activity in Julythis year was the second round ofRoyal Medals for outstandingachievement, which were awarded

by the HRH The Duke of Edin-burgh at a ceremony in the Palaceof Holyroodhouse. This yearsmedals were awarded to: SirJames Black, Professor Ian Scottand Professor Tom Devine.

On top of all these events, theSocietys regular programme ofactivities continues to expand.

For a week in the summer, S1/S2pupils attended the new RSESummer Science Camp at Satro-sphere in Aberdeen. This was aweek-long non-residential campwith a general theme of Spaceand Time, supported by LloydsTSB Foundation for Scotland. ADiscussion Forum on MobilePhone Technology and Safety forS5-6 pupils was held at Glasgow


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Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting

bid farewell to Sir James Armour,who had provided a valuablecontribution as Vice-President,and welcomed his worthy succes-

sor, Sir David Carter.Links with Young PeopleIt has been another busy year forthe Societys Young Peoplesprogramme with events takingplace across Scotland. Since April2000 the Society has organisedten Schools Lectures throughoutScotland with titles as varied asInternational Space StationAlpha and Serpents and Synthe-sisers. As clear evidence of ourScotland-wide locus, the RSEcontributed to the Orkney ScienceFestival and organised a Discus-sion Forum, on GM foods, as partof the Moray Science Festival (inconjunction with the BA). Withfinancial support from Lloyds TSB

Foundation for Scotland, theSociety has also run StartupScience masterclasses at Satro-sphere in Aberdeen, New LanarkEducation Centre, Stirling Univer-sity, the Museum of Flight at EastFortune, Glasgow University andSt Andrews University.

Other successful events haveincluded the RSEs regular Satur-day Maths Masterclasses, thanksto Professor Jack Carr and TeresaCarr. The RSE Christmas lectureNature, Nurture or Neither - WhatGenetics Tells Us About Ourselvesat Perth High School was present-ed by Professor Steve Jones. Thislecture was heard by 300 studentsfrom eight schools in Perth and

Kinross and Fife.

Two Darwin Trust Awards werealso presented by the RSE this yearto schools teams at the Engineer-ing Education Scheme Scotlands

Annual Exhibition and Awardsand at the British Youth ScienceFair. Both winning teams exhibitedtheir research projects at the NewFrontiers in Science exhibition,held at the RSE in the summer,which was attended by the publicas well as school pupils andteachers from all over Scotland.

Unfortunately, the RSE Roadshowon Food for Thought, was totake place in Eyemouth in March2001, but had to be postponeddue to the out-break of Foot andMouth disease in the area.

Links with IndustryThe Society has continued tostrengthen the links betweenindustry and academia. Two high-

profile Foresight Seminars wereheld in June and December on thetopics of the Financial Services andHealthcare: Pharmaceuticals,Biotechnology and MedicalDevices, in partnership withScottish Enterprise and SHEFC. Anevent was also held on Danish(and European) Developmentwithin Science, Technology andInnovation with a presentationfrom Dr Ove Poulsen, DeputyPermanent Secretary, DanishMinistry of Research.

In developing its support forcommercialisation, the Society hasalso initiated a series of ScienceBase Research and Commercialisa-tion (SBRC) Workshops with the

support of Technology Ventures


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Scotland and SHEFC. TheseWorkshops are to be aimed atidentifying, and encouraging theadoption of, best-practice with

regard to commercialisationwithin the Scottish science base,and will be held throughoutScotland. The first event was heldat Glasgow University in March,covering topics such as spin-outs,licensing, Intellectual PropertyRights, job creation, challenges inengaging the Scottish industrialbase and the impact of the

Research Assessment Exercise.

Research Awards, Medals andPrizesThe Society continues to supportresearch across a broad range ofdisciplines, and to recogniseresearch excellence, through itsfellowships, prizes and prizelectureships.

The Society was honoured thisyear by two Royal visits. In July ourPatron, Her Majesty The Queen,visited the Society and awardedthe first Royal Medals to ProfessorSir Kenneth Murray, ProfessorPeter Higgs, and Lord Perry. InOctober we were again honoured,this time by the presence of HerRoyal Highness, The PrincessRoyal, when she awarded theMacRobert Trusts/Royal Society ofEdinburgh Millennium Prize at adinner at Edinburgh Castle, toAberdeen-based Tritech Interna-tional for its outstandinginnovation and commercialisation.The dinner was supported byTechnology Ventures Scotland.

Scottish Enterprise also generous-ly agreed to expand the EnterpriseFellowships scheme and fund newEnterprise Fellowships in Commu-

nication Technologies andMicroelectronics. Following alaunch event in January 2001,some high-quality applicationswere received and Fellowshipswere awarded in the new areas.

The Scottish Executive Educationand Lifelong Learning Departmenthas also awarded further fundingof 900,000 over three years tothe Society, to expand its existingScottish Executive Enterprise andLifelong Learning DepartmentPersonal and Support Fellowshipsschemes and to introduce newFellowship schemes in 2001/2002.

Evidence, Advice & CommentThe Society has been increasingly

fulfilling its role as a provider ofexpert evidence and advice toParliaments and Governments, onboth sides of the border. Thisadvice has been on topics rangingfrom Scottish National Parks,Healthcare in 2020 to the ScottishScience Strategy.

In addition to responsive evi-

dence, the Society enhanced itsrole as an important think-tank bydeveloping a series of Public PolicySeminars, entitled ScotlandsWellbeing. The series began inDecember with a seminar address-ing the Active Involvement ofOlder People and continued inFebruary and March with seminarsaddressing Education through

Inclusive Schooling and Renewa-


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dations of Professor LaversWorking Party on the Balance ofthe Fellowship. The number ofnew Ordinary Fellows was set at

an upper limit of 55 and includedextra allocations in those disci-pline areas identified as beingpoorly represented in the Fellow-ship. In addition, tenCorresponding Fellows wereelected and four HonoraryFellows. The average age atelection for Ordinary Fellowshipwas 52.

A two-stage selection process wasalso initiated in this election yearresulting in greater competitionfor places and hopefully greatertransparency of the electionprocess.

International ActivitiesThe Society continued to strength-en and promote its international

activities. In May, the Societysigned a formal agreement withthe Royal Danish Academy,promoting and strengthening co-operation between researchers inDenmark and Scotland andbetween the two Academies.European links were also en-hanced through membership ofScotland Europa - which resultedin the Society hosting an impor-tant European seminar, involvingEU Vice President Neil Kinnock,First Minister, Mr Henry McLeishand Deputy First Minister, Mr JimWallace. Professor Pieter Drenth,President of the All EuropeanAcademies (ALLEA) network, alsovisited the Society as part of the

process of seeking membership of

this important academic organisa-tion.

The Society was also active beyondthe European horizon. Interna-

tional Committee Convenor,Principal Andrew Miller, represent-ed the Society at the 220thAnniversary meeting of theAmerican Academy of Arts &Science; Fellowship Secretary,Professor John Laver representedthe Society at the United StatesCouncil for Learned Societies; healso, supported by ExecutiveSecretary Dr William Duncan, metwith the President and otherofficers of the Chinese Academyof Sciences (CAS). Alongsidethese activities the Society alsohosted a visit of Cuban scientists,lead by Dr Carlos Borroto, Head ofthe Cuban Project for Biotechnol-ogy for Animals and Plants.

Staffing MattersThe Societys external imagereceived extra thought andattention this year through theappointment of a Public RelationsOfficer, Stuart Brown. The Societywas grateful to the ScottishExecutive for seconding MrGraeme Herbert to the Society fora year to support the Societysgrowing international activitiesand the Societys Public PolicySeminar series.

The Society owes a great debt ofgratitude to its small, but hard-working staff. To most Fellows,the RSE offices are perhaps notperceived as a hive of activity, but,as with a swimming duck, a very

great deal of the action goes


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unseen under the water. In thismy final year of office, I would liketo make full acknowledgement ofthe help and support which I have

always received from all the staff,but especially from those workingdirectly with me in the conduct ofmy duties as General Secretary.

Peter WilsonProfessor Peter Wilson CBEGeneral Secretary

Treasurers Report to the ASM(presented by The Rt Hon Lord

Ross, Vice-President and ActingTreasurer)In the absence abroad of theTreasurer, Sir Laurence Hunter, Ihave been asked to present to thismeeting the Accounts for the yearended March 2001. When SirLaurence completed his report tolast years ASM, he made thefollowing observation One

thing I have learned is that no yearis likely to be without its share ofchange and surprise. Events haveshown these remarks to beespecially apposite to the year ofthis report.

I draw attention to the Treasurersreport that prefaces the accounts.I do not propose to read this

report in full to do so would bea work of supererogation, but Iwill refer to some salient matters.As is mentioned in the Introduc-tion, during the year in questionconsiderable steps were taken tofulfil the Societys longer-termaims, and there was an upsurge ofactivity on a broad front. Unfortu-nately, serious difficulties began

to emerge before March regard-

ing payment of rent by thecommercial tenant of RSE Scot-land Foundation in the premisesof 26 George Street. I shall return

to this topic later.Our Fundraising campaign wascommenced and this requiredsome pump-priming. Someexpenditure has been incurred inraising the profile of the Society,and that has been a necessaryprelude to the Fundraisingcampaign. All this leaves theSociety at the end of the financialyear with a modest deficit.Looking to the future, it is amatter for concern that theGeneral Fund is at a low levelbecause this imposes constraintson our ability to engage inprogrammes and activities onwhich we would wish to embarkfrom time to time.

Turning to the Accounts them-selves, at page 15, you will see anincrease under Income in respectof Meetings. This is due to theNew Frontiers exhibition. There isalso an increase under Expendi-ture in respect of Meetings forthe same reason. Still underExpenditure, there is an increaseunder Promotion of Researchwhich is due to there being a fullyear of the Lloyds TSB Foundationfor Scotland funding for fellow-ships on the Ageing Population.We can take satisfaction from thefact that despite this overallincrease in volume of activity withassociated increase in expendi-ture, management & secretariat

costs have remained stable.


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Fellows will be interested to havean up-date on developments sincethe end of the financial year inMarch, because the current year

has been running for over sixmonths. I regret to report thatthings got worse as regards thecommercial tenant in 26 GeorgeStreet. The company (Houseworks)was placed in receivership and hasnow departed after the RSEScotland Foundation took steps toirritate the lease and so bring it toan end. This means the Society is

facing a continuing income lossdue to there being no tenantpaying rent to the Foundation forthese subjects. Active steps arebeing taken to find a new tenant.Two potential tenants havewithdrawn but there are encour-aging signs that we will be able tofind a suitable tenant. As negotia-tions are in hand, I would notwish to say any more about this atthe present time.

I have already mentioned Fund-raising. The launch of ourFundraising campaign is now inprocess, but in order to bringmoney in, it is necessary first toexpend money, and this will entaila significant increase in expendi-

ture for Fundraising and Publicityin the current financial year. I ampleased, however, to remind youthat in the area of Fundraising wehave had initial success, with theScottish Executive giving900,000 of additional fundingfor Fellowships, and with LloydsTSB Foundation for Scotlandgenerously agreeing to providemoney for Fellowships and

Studentships amounting to1.1m over the next three years todevelop new research intoimproving the quality of life of the

ageing population in Scotland. Allthat is very good news for theSociety. On the subject of Fund-raising, I also wish to stress thatthe aim of the Fundraising is notto meet any deficit in its Accounts,but is to enable the Society toexpand its activities and put intoeffect what is contained in theSocietys Corporate and Business

Plans.

Fellows will also observe from theBalance Sheet that Investments atmarket value appear in roundfigures at 2,279,000. That wasthe situation as at March 2001. Asat September 2001, the marketvalue had fallen to 2,096,000.Having regard to the fall in the

value of shares generally since theevent of 11 September 2001, it isgratifying that there has not beenan even greater fall in the value ofour investments. We have donebetter than the FOOTSIE or thecharity funds index. The majorityof the fall is borne by the specialrestricted funds and not theGeneral Fund.

Finally, I would draw Fellowsattention to the TreasurersConclusion in his written report.There is uncertainty due to theRSE Scotland Foundation havingno tenant for the premises at 26George Street. Under normalcircumstances, the rental fromthese premises would represent a

significant part of our annual


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income. As I have said, every effortis being made by the Foundationto conclude a lease with a suitabletenant, and we can only hope that

current negotiations have asatisfactory outcome. Also ofcritical importance is to achievesuccess in our Fundraisingcampaign. This will require a greatdeal of effort. However, unless theFundraising campaign provesfruitful, we will not be able to putinto effect all that we haveidentified in the Corporate and

Business Plans.

The Treasurer states that next yearwill be another delicate year, butsubject to certain provisos, heexpresses guarded confidence forthe future. He closes his Conclu-sion by expressing sincere thanksto Kate Ellis and William Duncanfor the support they have given

him, and I would wish to endorsewhat he says in that regard. If anyFellows have any queries on theAccounts, I will endeavour toanswer them with assistance fromKate Ellis, but meantime I amhappy, on behalf of the Treasurer,to commend the Accounts to theFellowship.

Treasurers Report for theFinancial Year ending 31 March2001The year ended in March 2001was an eventful one, in which notall went according to plan, yetconsiderable steps were taken inthe direction of fulfilling theSocietys longer term aims. Therewas a considerable upsurge in

activity on a broad front, which

brought in additional income butalso increased our expenditure.Serious difficulties began toemerge in the receipt of rental

income from the Foundationscommercial tenant in 26 GeorgeStreet. The development of theCorporate and Business Plans ledon to the commencement of aFund raising campaign, which initself needed some pump-priming.

The net effect of these events hasbeen to leave the Society with yetanother modest deficit, which isdisappointing, but almostinevitable in the circumstances ofthe effort to raise the profile andthe activity level of the Society.More worrying is the consequencethat the General Fund continuesat a low level. The health of thisFund is vital to the Societys ability

to pursue the objectives andengage in the programmes andactivities that it chooses on itsown account - quite apart fromthe objectives that it seeks toachieve in collaboration withothers. One of the longer-termaims has to be to reverse the trendof this Fund, as a demonstrationof the capacity of the Society to

take an innovative and independ-ent course of action, when it seesfit.

Overview of result for theyear:The result for the year ended 31March 2001, was a deficit of76,000 as compared to thedeficit of 193,000 last year.

However, the result last year was


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restricted funds and hence notavailable to generate income (orcapital) to be used for generalpurposes.

Net current assets of 242,000have improved from last yearslevel but much of this is due to anincrease in the money owed bythe RSE Scotland Foundation oncurrent account.

Restricted and Designated Fundsreflect the majority of the109,000 unrealised fall in the

value of investments whilst thelow level of the General Fundcontinues to limit the possibilitiesfor development. Future pro-grammes remain dependent onthe expansion of this capital base.

ConclusionThe outlook for 2001-2002 isclouded by the uncertainty that

surrounds the re-letting of thepremises at 26 George Street.What seems important in thisrespect is to achieve a let that willprovide a solid and reliable sourceof income to the RSE ScotlandFoundation, enabling it to makeits repayments to the Society.Equally important in the outlookperiod is the success of the Fund-

raising campaign, in terms both ofentering into longer term partner-ships with Charities and otherbodies and of sustaining theSocietys capacity for independentaction and choice of direction.The early signs are very promising,but a great deal of effort is stillrequired to deliver the capabilitythat the Society desires. Next year

promises to be another delicate

year, and we also have some newaccounting standard requirementsto be complied with. But I amconfident that with careful

management, we can comethrough this transitional financialperiod to one that will deliver thesort of capability to which theSociety aspires. It will remain ofimportance that we do not allowour ambitions to run ahead of ourcapability.

I would conclude by expressingmy sincere thanks to Kate Ellis andWilliam Duncan who havecontinued to provide first rateadvice and support.

Laurence C HunterSir Laurence Hunter CBETreasurer, September 2001

The reports made by the GeneralSecretary and the Treasurer wereproposed for acceptance byProfessor M B Wilkins FRSE andseconded by Professor J J Mc-Cutcheon FRSE and acceptedunanimously by the Fellowspresent.

The President proposed that

KPMG be confirmed as Societyauditors. The Fellowship endorsedhis proposal.

The President then awarded the4th Henry Duncan Prize Lecture toProfessor David McCrone andinvited him to deliver his lecture,entitled Stateless Nations in the21st Century: the Case of

Scotland.(page 46)


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Trustees report is not consistentwith the financial statements, ifthe Society has not kept properaccounting records, if we have not

received all the information andexplanations we require for ouraudit.

Basis of opinion: We conductedour audit in accordance withAuditing Standards issued by theAuditing Practices Board. Anaudit includes examination, on atest basis, of evidence relevant tothe amounts and disclosures in

the financial statements. It alsoincludes an assessment of thesignificant estimates and judge-ments made by the Council in thepreparation of the accounts andof whether the accountingpolicies are appropriate to theSocietys circumstances, consist-ently applied and adequatelydisclosed.

We planned and performed ouraudit so as to obtain all theinformation and explanations

which we considered necessary inorder to provide us with sufficientevidence to give reasonableassurance that the accounts are

free from material misstatement,whether caused by fraud or otherirregularity or error. In formingour opinion we also evaluated theoverall adequacy of the presenta-tion of information in theaccounts.

Opinion: In our opinion theaccounts give a true and fair viewof the state of the Societys affairs

as at 31 March 2001 and of itsincoming resources and applica-tion of resources including itsincome and expenditure in theyear then ended and have beenproperly prepared in accordancewith the Laws of the Society, TheLaw Reform (MiscellaneousProvisions) (Scotland) Act 1990and the Charities Accounts(Scotland) Regulations 1992.

KPMG, Chartered Accountants,Registered Auditors, EdinburghSeptember 2001


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BALANCE SHEETAT 31 MARCH 2001

Note No 2001 2000

Fixed Assets

Tangible fixed assets 12 2,665,327 2,743,525

Fixed Asset InvestmentInvestments at market value 13 2,279,378 2,413,715Historical Cost : 2,203,109

(2000-2,234,478)Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation 2,171,984 2,218,792

7,116,689 7,376,032

Current AssetsRSE Scotland Foundation current account 76,815 -Debtors 14 112,188 76,040Cash at bank and in hand 44,224 109,473Money Market and other term deposits 250,000 404,279

483,227 589,792

Current LiabilitiesCreditors : Amounts falling due within one year 15 (240,886) (402,381)

Net Current Assets 242,341 187,411

Total Assets less Current Liabilities 7,359,030 7,563,443

Creditors: Amounts falling due after one year16 - (6,413)

Net Assets 7,359,030 7,557,030

FundsGeneral Fund 17 212,683 199,815Designated Funds 18 5,779,526 5,923,574Restricted Funds 19 1,366,821 1,433,641

7,359,030 7,557,030

Approved by the Council on 26 September 2001

Laurence C HunterSir Laurence Hunter, CBETreasurer

Accounts


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INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTYEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001

Note No General Designated Restricted 2001 2000Fund Funds Funds Total Total

IncomeFellows Subscriptions 4 97,287 - - 97,287 80,090Meetings 230,151 - 45,741 275,892 129,119Educational Activities 5,423 - 10,988 16,411 26,520Academic/Industry Links - - 16,152 16,152 74,504International Activities 2,567 - - 2,567 1,733

238,141 - 72,881 311,022 231,876

Promotion of Research - receipts 5 - - 825,207 825,207 634,841Other receipts 6 91,922 - 38,335 130,257 65,092Scottish Executive Grant 278,000 - - 278,000 278,000

Released from deferred income 6,413 - - 6,413 6,413Investment income 7 1,666 52,333 68,859 122,858 123,281

Total operating income 713,429 52,333 1,005,282 1,771,044 1,419,593

Appeal receipts - 13,267 - 13,267 20,041Appeal Interest Income 7 - 511 - 511 4,263

Total incoming resources 713,429 66,111 1,005,282 1,784,822 1,443,897

ExpenditurePublications 8 39,930 - - 39,930 44,506Meetings 350,016 - 47,341 397,357 257,190Educational Activities 38,718 7,364 10,988 57,070 49,207

Academic/industry links 19,163 - 16,152 35,315 91,045Fellowships Office 48,920 - - 48,920 44,995International Activities 19,907 - - 19,907 9,304Evidence, advice & comment 49,546 - - 49,546 43,670

566,200 7,364 74,481 648,045 539,917Promotion of Research 9 7,685 - 867,108 874,793 685,561Prizes and Grants 14,288 30,198 28,734 73,220 26,178Grant to RSE Scotland Foundation - - - - 208,753Buildings and Maintenance22-24 George Street -depreciation 22,061 - - 22,061 22,06122-24 George Street-other 12,947 23,139 - 36,086 11,17626 George Street-depreciation 32,949 - - 32,949 32,949

Management and secretariat 62,054 12,428 29,236 103,718 102,288Fundraising and publicity 69,813 - - 69,813 8,085

Total resources expended 787,997 73,129 999,559 1,860,685 1,636,968

Operating surplus/(deficit) (74,568) (20,796) 5,723 (89,641) (217,375)Appeal surplus - 13,778 - 13,778 24,304

Surplus/(Deficit) for the period (74,568) (7,018) 5,723 (75,863) (193,071)


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Accounts

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIESYEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001

Note No General Designated Restricted 2001 2000Fund Funds Funds Total Total

Surplus/(deficit) for the period(as set out in the Income andExpenditure account) (74,568) (7,018) 5,723 (75,863) (193,071)Transfer Between Funds 89,192 (89,192) - - -

14,624 (96,210) 5,723 (75,863) (193,071)

Gains/(losses) on investment assetsRealised gains 558 15,194 23,041 38,793 50,597Realised losses (735) (20,019) (30,358) (51,112) (17,009)

(177) (4,825) (7,317) (12,319) 33,588Unrealised (1,579) (43,013) (65,226) (109,818) 26,776

Net Movement in Funds 12,868 (144,048) (66,820) (198,000) (132,707)Balance brought forward at1 April 2000 199,815 5,923,574 1,433,641 7,557,030 7,689,737

Balance carried forward at 31 March 2001 212,683 5,779,526 1,366,821 7,359,030 7,557,030


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CASH FLOW STATEMENTYEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001

Note No 2001 2000

Reconciliation of net movement in funds to net cash outflow

from operating activities

Deficit for the year (75,863) (193,071)Appeal receipts (13,778) (20,041)

Dividends receivable (104,412) (104,942)

Interest receivable (107,551) (48,934)

Interest payable - -

Depreciation 81,517 77,873

Decrease/(increase) in debtors (28,360) 56,780

Decrease/(increase) in RSE Scotland Foundation current account (140,044) -

Increase/(decrease) in creditors (205,835) 195,249

Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities (594,326) (37,086)

Cash flow statement

Net cash outflow from operating activities (594,326) (37,086)

Appeal receipts 13,778 20,041

Returns on investments and servicing of finance:

Interest received 135,030 22,187

Interest paid - (419)

Dividends received 95,478 116,835

Capital expenditure and financial investment:

Purchase of tangible fixed assets: (3,639) (2,835)

Proceeds from sale of tangible fixed assets 320 -

Proceeds from sale of investments: 272,657 304,558

Purchases of investments (260,457) (291,596)Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation 46,808 (221,914)

Increase/(decrease) in cash (294,351) (90,229)

Reconciliation of net cash flow to movement in net funds

Increase (decrease) in cash in the year 25 (294,351) (90,229)

Net funds at beginning of year 513,752 603,981

Net funds at end of year 219,401 513,752


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Accounts

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSYEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001

1 Accounting basis The accounts have been prepared under the historical cost accounting rules as modified toinclude the revaluation of investments as required by the Statement of Recommended Practice for charities (SORP)approved by the Accounting Standards Board in October 1995. The accounts comply with the provisions of the LawReform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990, the Charity Accounts (Scotland) Regulations 1992. The

accounts comprise three primary financial statements: the Income and Expenditure Account, the Statement ofFinancial Activities and the Balance Sheet.

2 Funds The Societys funds are classified in accordance with the definitions in the SORP into Restricted funds, wherethere are restrictions placed by a donor as to the use of income or capital, Designated funds, where the Society hasset aside sums from its unrestricted funds for a particular purpose and the General (unrestricted) Fund. Theclassifications made are as follows:

a) General Fund - a discretionary Fund available to Council to meet the ordinary activities of the Society.

b) Designated Funds

Staff restructuring fund In July 2000 Council resolved that the balance of the 1994 Development Fund be used tocreate a Staff restructuring fund, to be used at its discretion to provide flexibility in staffing arrangements and indeveloping future operations.

1994 Appeal Fund - contributions from Fellows and other benefactors in response to an appeal to replenish Society

Funds following the purchase of 26 George Street and its refurbishment.Capital Asset Reserve Fund - representing the book cost of the rooms at 22-24 George Street, and 26 GeorgeStreet and an allocation in respect of funding of the refurbishment of 26 George Street.

Building Maintenance Fund - a reserve to support the future maintenance of the fabric of the Rooms.

Dr James Heggie Fund - income from this fund supports the Societys activities with young people.

Grants Fund - a fund created by contributions and legacies from Fellows and used to provide grants to supportresearch activities of Fellows.

C H Kemball Fund - income from this fund is used to provide hospitality for distinguished visitors from otherlearned societies and academies.

c) Restricted Funds

Robert Cormack Bequest

Lessells Trust

Auber BequestPrizes Fund

Dryerre Fund

Piazzi Smyth Legacy Fund

CASS Fund

Retailing Seminar Fund

3 Accounting Policies

a) Subscriptions are accounted for on the basis of the subscription year to October 2001 and includes income taxrecoverable on subscriptions paid under Gift Aid.

b) Other income and expenditure is accounted for on an accruals basis.

c) Interest and dividends are accounted for gross, tax deducted being recovered or recoverable from the Inland Revenue.

d) Publication income receivable in foreign currencies is converted into sterling at rates of exchange ruling at the date

of receipt.e) Revenue grants are credited to income in the period to which they relate; capital grants are deferred and amortised

over the useful life of the assets to which they relate.

f) Donations of a recurring nature from other charitable foundations and one-off gifts and legacies included in otherincome are taken to revenue in the period to which they relate.

g) The Societys principal assets are its buildings in George Street, Edinburgh. Under FRS 15 the Society depreciates thebuildings assuming a 50 year life. It is the policy of the Council to maintain the buildings to a high standard and anprovision is made for upkeep of the buildings through a designation from General fund. Any permanent diminutionsin value are reflected in the Income & Expenditure Account. Costs of repairs and maintenance are charged againstrevenue.

h) Minor equipment is written off to Income & Expenditure Account in the year of purchase. Computer and audio-visual equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over four years.

i) Investments are stated at their market value at the balance sheet date. Unrealised surpluses on revaluation are

credited to funds in accordance with their proportionate share of the investment portfolio. j) The Society participates in a defined benefit pension scheme which is externally funded. The cost of providing

pensions is allocated over employees working lives with the Society and is included in staff costs.


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2001 2000

4 Subscriptions

Contributions from Fellows

Admission Fees 5,500 4,000Annual Subscriptions 82,225 76,090

Income tax recoverable under gift aid 9,562 -

97,287 80,090

5 Promotion of research - receipts

Scottish Executive grant - research fellowships 304,507 263,703

British Petroleum Research Fellowships Trust 139,045 169,691

Caledonian Research Foundation 35,115 21,185

Scottish Enterprise 188,130 158,763

PPARC Enterprise Fellowships 54,619 -

Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland 103,791 21,499

825,207 634,841

Further information relating to grants, donations and receipts and their application is set out in note 24

6 Other receipts

Fleck additional receipt 1,419 2,116

Lessells Trust additional receipt 13,335 11,680

Retailing Seminar Fund - 8,000

Legacy from Professor Frank Alexander - 12,000

Other income 667 3,749

Sales of ties (net) 240 262

Sales of sundry publications 412 952

Rent of rooms 590 -

Grant from MacRobert Trust for Millennium Prize 25,000 -

Interest receivable from RSE Scotland Foundation 88,594 26,333

130,257 65,092

In addition to the donations set out above, the Society receives donations made specifically in support of meetings

which are included in meetings income (see note 24(c))

7 Investment income

Dividends (Net) 90,326 88,381

Income tax recoverable on dividend income 14,086 16,561

Interest arising on term deposits (Gross) 18,446 18,339

Interest arising on Money market deposits 511 4,263

123,369 127,544

Less: Appeal fund interest 511 4,263

122,858 123,281

8 Publications

Editorial & management costs of journals 18,437 13,584

Support of journals published by RSE Scotland Foundation 7,380 11,060

Other publications 7,972 9,784

33,789 34,428

Proportion of central costs (note 10) 6,141 10,078

39,930 44,506

The RSE Scotland Foundation became publisher of the Societys journals and Year Book with effect from the 1997

volumes. The Society retains copyright and incurs editorial costs in respect of these publications. The Society has made

a donation to the RSE Scotland Foundation equivalent to the Foundations net deficit on publications.


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Accounts

2001 2000

9 Promotion of Research

Direct Costs : Restricted Funds

SEELLD Research Fellowships - Support 60,093 55,831SEELLD Research Fellowships - Personal 206,900 171,916

266,993 227,747

BP Research Fellowships 125,869 153,941

CRF European Fellowships 31,262 17,311

Scottish Enterprise Fellowships 168,547 147,741

PPARC Enterprise Fellowships 48,304 -

Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland Fellowships 92,292 20,499

Robert Cormack Bequest 5,770 6,838

John Moyes Lessells Scholarship 22,860 7,112

Auber Bequest Awards - 3,400

Henry Dryerre Scholarship 13,271 6,030

D S McLagan Travel Grant - 1,485

775,168 592,104

Direct costs : General Funds

Library 1,304 1,196

776,472 593,300

Proportion of central costs (note 10) 98,321 92,261

874,793 685,561

10 Central Costs

Total Payroll: 462,128 426,067

Less paid by RSE Scotland Foundation (83,578) (81,522)

Salaries (note 11) 378,550 344,545

Other Costs:

Staff training, agency and recruitment costs 15,159 18,768

Establishment expenses (22-24 George St) 24,571 21,415

Establishment expenses (26 George St) 110,458 71,487

Computer and equipment costs 12,039 8,951

Communication, stationery and printing costs 39,115 29,813

Travel and subsistence, hospitality 23,617 17,663

Miscellaneous 5,991 1,214

Professional fees 14,172 22,112

Audit fee 5,875 5,288

Depreciation 26,507 22,863

Publicity 7,852 11,241

285,356 230,815

Total Central Costs 663,906 575,360


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31

Accounts

Proceeds on MarketValue at Investments sale of Gain/(loss) value at 31

1 April 2000 made at cost investments on sale Revaluation March 2001

13a Fixed Asset InvestmentsManaged Funds 233,478 - (72,025) 4,742 14,383 180,578

Fixed interest 567,502 72,714 - - (21,825) 618,391

UK equities 1,163,595 95,366 (200,578) (1,587) (43,555) 1,013,241

Overseas equities

(managed funds) 285,100 - (54) (15,474) (58,821) 210,751

Cash deposits 164,040 (168,080) 260,457 - - 256,417

2,413,715 - (12,200) (12,319) (109,818) 2,279,378

The deficit on sale of investments measured against their historical cost was 19,172 (2000 - surplus 59,848). The

investment management fee of 12,200(2000 12,962) has been deducted from the proceeds of sale of investments.

2001 200013b Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation

Due within one year 46,808 46,958

Due after one year 2,125,176 2,171,834

2,171,984 2,218,792

The Loan initially bears interest at 4% per annum, capped at the amount of rent received by the Foundation, and is

repayable over the period to 30 June 2047, the expiration of the lease of 26 George Street.

2001 200014 Debtors

General debtors 45,478 49,727

Stock of ties 3,653 3,728

Prepayments and accrued income 51,203 19,665Income Tax Recoverable 11,854 2,920

112,188 76,040

15 Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year

Bank overdraft 74,823 -

General creditors 81,672 36,109

Accruals and deferred income 59,935 256,243

RSE Scotland Foundation Current Account - 63,229

University of Glasgow (note 19) 13,828 12,347

Symposia income deferred 4,215 28,040

Deferred capital grant 6,413 6,413

240,886 402,381


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2001 2000

16 Creditors: Amounts falling due after one year

Deferred capital grant - 6,413

- 6,413

17 General Fund

At 1 April 2000 199,815 204,452

Net movements in funds for the year from Statement of Financial Activities 12,868 (4,637)

At 31 March 2001 212,683 199,815

Capital Asset Building Staff 1994 Appeal CH Kemball Grants Dr JamesReserve Maintenance Development Fund Fund Fund Heggie Fund Total

Fund

18 Designated FundsAt 1 April 2000 4,914,288 120,449 7,831 8,884 17,607 641,152 213,363 5,923,574

Investment income - 6,925 3,518 511 846 30,796 10,248 52,844

Other income - - - 13,267 - - - 13,267

Less

Direct expenditure - (18,771) - (4,368) - (13,765) (3,629) (40,533)

Investment

Management Fees - - (370) - (89) (3,240) (1,078) (4,777)

RSE admin and

staff costs - - (3,923) (8,046) - (13,193) (2,657) (27,819)

Surplus/(deficit) forthe year - (11,846) (775) 1,364 757 598 2,884 (7,018)

Transfers between

funds

Re building

depreciation (55,010) - - - - - - (55,010)

Re loan repayment (46,808) - - - - - - (46,808)

From General fund - - 12,626 - - - - 12,626

(101,818) - 12,626 - - - - (89,192)

Net gains on investment

assets

Realised - - (374) - (90) (3,272) (1,089) (4,825)

Unrealised - - (3,333) - (801) (29,171) (9,708) (43,013)

At 31 March 2001 4,812,470 108,603 15,975 10,248 17,473 609,307 205,450 5,779,526


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33

Accounts

RobertCormack Lessells Auber Prizes DryerreBequest Trust Bequest Fund Fund Others Total

19 Restricted FundsAt 1 April 2000 123,701 414,080 317,907 77,986 462,445 37,522 1,433,641

Investment income 5,941 19,889 15,269 3,746 22,212 1,802 68,859

Other income - 13,335 - - - - 13,335

Less

Direct Expenditure (5,770) (22,860) - (2,052) (13,271) (1,599) (45,552)

Investment Management (625) (2,093) (1,607) (394) (2,337) (190) (7,246)

RSE Admin and staff (2,043) (6,837) (5,249) (1,288) (7,636) (620) (23,673)

Surplus/(deficit) for year (2,497) 1,434 8,413 12 (1,032) (607) 5,723

Net gain on investment assets

Realised (631) (2,113) (1,622) (398) (2,360) (193) (7,317)Unrealised (5,628) (18,840) (14,464) (3,548) (21,040) (1,706) (65,226)

At 31 March 2001 114,945 394,561 310,234 74,052 438,013 35,016 1,366,821

Prizes Fund comprises The Keith Fund, The Neill Fund, The Makdougall-Brisbane Fund, The Gunning-Victoria Fund,

The James Scott Prize Fund, The Bruce-Preller Lecture Fund, The W.S. Bruce Memorial Fund, The Dr D.A. Berry Fund, The

Henry Duncan Prize Lecture Fund and The BP Prize Lecture in the Humanities Fund. Others comprise the Piazzi-Smyth

Legacy Fund, the Retailing Seminar Fund and the CASS Fund. The Retailing Seminars Fund arises from the donation of

the surplus from an earlier series of meetings that publicised research in the retailing sector. The fund is to be used to

support meetings in this area.

Under the terms of the Lessells Trust the University of Glasgow is entitled to 10% of additional amounts received by the

Society from the Trust. The balance included in Creditors at 31 March 2001 represents the total sum apportioned but

not yet paid over to the University (note 15).

Unrestricted Designated Restricted 2001 2000

Funds Funds Funds Total Total

20 Analysis of Assets between Funds

Fund balances at 31 March 2001

are represented by :

Tangible fixed assets 24,842 2,640,485 - 2,665,327 2,743,525

Investments 80,327 832,230 1,366,821 2,279,378 2,413,715

Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation - 2,171,984 - 2,171,984 2,218,792

Current assets 58,422 899 52,867 112,188 76,040

RSE Scotland Foundation

current account 76,815 - - 76,815 (63,229)

Deposits 60,708 134,826 54,466 250,000 404,279

Bank overdraft less cash 23,166 (898) (52,867) (30,599) 109,473

Current liabilities (111,597) - (54,466) (166,063) (339,152)

Creditors over one year - - - - (6,413)

212,683 5,779,526 1366,821 7,359,030 7,557,030


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21 Pension Costs

a) USS

The Society participates in the Universities Superannuation Scheme, a defined benefit pension scheme which is

externally funded and contracted out of the State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme. The assets of the Scheme areheld in a separate trustee-administered fund. The fund is valued every three years by a professionally qualifiedindependent actuary using the projected unit method, the rates of contribution payable being determined by thetrustee on the advice of the actuaries. In the intervening years the actuaries review the progress of the scheme. Itis not possible to identify each institutions share of the underlying assets and liabilities of the scheme and hencecontributions to the scheme are accounted for as if it were a defined contribution scheme. The cost recognisedwithin the deficit for the year is equal to the contributions payable to the scheme for the year.The latest actuarial valuation of the scheme was at 31 March 1999. The most significant assumptions, those relatingto the rate of return on investments and the rates of increase in salary and pensions, are as follows:

Past Service Liabilities Future Service Liabilities

investment return 4.5% 5.5%

Salary Increase 3.6% 3.5%

Pension Increase 2.6% 2.5%

At the valuation date the market value of the schemes assets was 18,870 million and the value of past serviceliabilities was 17,427million. The value of the assets represented 108% of the benefits that had accrued to members,after allowing for expected future increases in earnings. The contribution rate payable by the Society was 14.0% of

pensionable salaries.

b) Lothian Pension FundThe Society also participates in the Lothian Pension Fund, a defined benefit pension scheme established under localgovernment pension fund regulations. The assets of the Scheme are held in a separate trustee-administered fund.The fund is valued every three years by a professionally qualified independent actuary using the projected unitmethod, the rates of contribution payable being determined by the trustee on the advice of the actuaries. In theintervening years the actuaries review the progress of the scheme.

The latest actuarial valuation of the scheme was at 31 March 1999. The major assumptions used by the actuary werethat, over the long term, the return on the schemes assets would be 6.1% per annum, salary increases would

average 4.3% per annum and present and future pensions would increase at a rate of 2.8% per annum.

At the valuation date the market value of the schemes assets was 1,483 million and the value of past serviceliabilities was 1,571 million. The value of the assets represented 94% of the benefits that had accrued to members,after allowing for expected future increases in earnings. The contribution rate payable by the Society was 205% ofemployees contributions of 6% of pensionable salaries, amounting to 12.3%. The actuary has confirmed that it isappropriate to take the pension charge to be equal to the actual contribution paid during the year.

The total pension charge for the year was 35,785 (2000 -26,321).

22 Transactions with Council membersNo member of Council received any payments other than reimbursement of expenditure on travel and subsistence costsactually and necessarily incurre in carrying out their duties as Councillors and Officers. The aggregate of such

reimbursement amounted to 6,273 (2000 -6,172).

23 RSE Scotland FoundationRSE Scotland Foundation is a charitable trust, recognized in Scotland as Scottish charity number SCO24636. It wascreated in March 1996 with the object of advancing the education of the public in Scotland in science and engineeringand in so doing to conserve the scientific and cultural heritage of Scotland. The President, General Secretary, Treasurer,Curator and a Vice President of the Society are ex officiis Trustees of the Foundation, which draws on the resources ofthe Society in carrying out its objects. The Foundation also has five nominated Trustees. The Foundation becamepublisher of the Societys journals under a Publications Rights Licence effective from 1 January 1997. The Foundationhas also carried out work in support of the Societys involvement in the Scottish Science Trust and the implementation ofthe Technology Ventures Strategy.

On 1 July 1997 the Society granted to the Foundation a 50 year lease over 26 George Street carrying an obligation torefurbish the building within a three year period. The Council of the Society agreed to make funding of up to 2.3million available to the Foundation in support of the refurbishment. The agreed terms of the loan are as described in

note 13(b).


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Accounts

At 31 March 2001 the financial position of the RSE Scotland Foundation was as follows:

2001 2000Net Liabilities

Fixed assets 2,105,629 2,147,522Current assets 170,300 118,045RSE Current Account (76,815) 63,229Current liabilities

Loan from Royal Society of Edinburgh (46,808) (46,959)Other (144,977) (178,473)

Creditors over one year:-Loan from Royal Society of Edinburgh (2,125,176) (2,171,833)

Represented byIncome and Expenditure Account (117,847) (68,469)

The Income and Expenditure for the year ended 31 March 2001 was as follows:

2001 2000

IncomePublications 99,895 87,804Academic/Industry Links 3,525 75Other receipts - grant from Society re publicatioons 7,380 11,060Grant from Society re brought forward deficit - 208,753

LEEL - 4,495Licence fees 98,063 62,582Rent of Rooms 35,229 54,348

Rent and service charge receivable 153,702 54,211Investment Income 2,383 1,238

400,177 484,566

Expenditure

Publications 107,513 98,865Academic/Industry Links 3,500 -Public understanding of science 1,000 -Conference Facilities Hire 38,234 32,662Depreciation of leasehold improvements 42,742 41,507Building management 129,997 113,445Management and Secretariat 30,095 31,471Provision for bad debts 7,880 -

Total Operating Expenditure 360,961 317,949Interest payable 88,594 26,333

Total resources expended 449,555 344,282

Operating (deficit) /surplus for the year (49,378) 140,284

Balance brought forward (68,469) (208,753)Balance carried forward (117,847) (68,469)

The Council of the Society has confirmed to the Trustees of the Foundation that they will continue to support the

Foundation and will not call for the repayment of the current account balance in the foreseeable future.

2001 200024 Supplementary Information; grants, donations, receipts

a) Scottish Executive /(1999-Scottish Office) GrantsIncomeEELL Department

Promotion of Research 304,507 263,703Public Policy Seminars 9,974 -Exhibition 10,000 -Other activities 278,000 278,000Department of Health 6,996 6,378

609,477 548,081


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24a) Supplementary Information; grants, donations, receipts (contd)Direct Staff and 2001 2000Costs other costs Total Total

Allocated to Functional ActivitiesMeetings office 26,970 53,732 80,702 88,759Educational activities - 40,659 40,659 22,686Publications office 7,380 27,111 34,491 32,226Promotion of research 266,993 37,514 304,507 263,703Evidence advice and comment 494 49,052 49,546 43,670Management and secretariat - 62,054 62,054 64,446Buildings- Establishment expenses 24,571 - 24,571 21,415- Maintenance - 12,947 12,947 11,176

326,408 283,069 609,477 548,081

The Scottish Executive provides grant-in-aid under the powers of S.23 National Heritage (Scotland) Act 1985 to meetthe costs of SEELLD Research Fellows, and costs of activities including the cost of maintaining the Societys premises anda share of the Societys staff and other costs.

The grant from the Department of Health is from the Chief Scientist Office for an oral health seminar.

BPResearch Caledonian Scottish Lloyds TSB Wellcome

Fellowship Research Enterprise Foundation TrustTrust Foundation for Scotland

b) Donations IncomePromotion of research - receipts 139,045 35,115 188,130 103,791 -Education - - - 10,988 -Meetings Income - - - 15,500 9,144

139,045 35,115 188,130 130,279 9,144

CostsPromotion of research 125,869 31,262 168,547 92,292 7,033Education - - - 10,988 -

Prize lecture - - - 3,000 -Conference - - - 12,500 -Workshops - - - - -

RSE administration and staff costs 13,176 3,853 19,583 11,499 2,111

139,045 35,115 188,130 130,279 9,144

The BP Research Fellowship Trust supports postdoctoral fellowships in Scottish HEIs. The Trustees of the Trust are thePresident, General Secretary and Treasurer of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

The Caledonian Research Foundation supports postdoctoral fellowships in biomedical sciences and European visitingfellowships, a prize lecture and an international conference.

The Wellcome Trust sponsors a series of research workshops.

The Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland supports postdoctoral Fellowships, postgraduate studentships and lectures andconferences to fund and disseminate research aimed at improving the quality of life for an ageing population.

c) Donations in Support of MeetingsThe Society gratefully acknowledges all those who make donations in support of meetings. The companies, trustsand other bodies that made donations of 1,000 or more in the year ended 31 March 2001 are as follows:

Applied Materials plc Archibald Campbell & Harley BAE Systems plcBinks Trust BNFL plc BT plcFaculty of Advocates Glaxo Wellcome plc Health Services Research CouncilICIAM 99 Kymata plc MDDUSMedical Defence Union Medical Protection Society Royal Academy of Engineering

Royal Society Russell Trust SchlumbergerScottish Council for Postgraduate Scottish Natural Heritage SHEFC

Medical and Dental Education Sir Halley Stewart Trust Standard LifeUKAEA


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37

Accounts

25 Analysis of net funds/(debt)At At

31 March Cash 1 April2001 flows 2000

Cash at bank 44,224 (65,429) 109,473Deposits 250,000 (154,279) 404,279Overdraft (74,823) (74,823) -

219,401 (294,351) 513,752

26 Main Activities 2000/01 1999/2000Meetings and Education

Lectures 17 15Symposia/Conferences/Seminars 17 12Policy seminars 3 -Debates 1 -Workshops 2 3Technology Ventures Seminars 4 7

Young Peoples eventsScience Masterclasses 16 10Maths Masterclasses 16 16Schools Lectures 10 11Christmas Lectures 2 2Discussion Forum 1 2RSE Roadshow 0 1

Publications (issues)Proceedings A 6 6Transactions 2 3Year Book and miscellaneous publications 1 1

RSE News 4 4RSE FellowsNumber of Fellows 1287 1241Candidates for Fellowship 156 245

Research Fellowships and ScholarshipsPostdoctoral Research Fellows in post 15 12Support Research Fellows 7 4European Visiting Research Fellows 7 8Enterprise Fellows in post 8 5Applications for Research Fellowships 80 96Studentships appointed 2 -

Prizes and GrantsPrizes awarded 8 6Grants awarded 18 31

Central AdministrationSubmissions to Government and public agencies 30 32External events held at RSE - 22 George Street 1 1

- 22-26 George Street 150 125


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RoyalSocietyofEdinbur

ghScheduleofinvestments-movementsatvalua

tion.

Yearended31Mar

ch2001

Inves

tmen

t

Clos

ing

Num

ber

Open

ing

Marke

t

Va

lue

Purc

hase

Cos

t

Sa

les

Procee

ds

Ga

in/(Loss

)

on

Sa

le

Reva

lua

tion

foryear

Clos

ing

Marke

t

Va

lue

Astr

azeneca

2,100

-

64,706

5,854

70,560

AutonomyCorp

400

-

13,397

(10,453)

2,944

BankofScotlandStk25p

6,000

42,600

(600)

42,000

BPA

mocoOrdUS$0.25}

6,000

34,410

510

34,920

BPB

IndustriesOrd50p

15,250

47,771

(11,018)

36,753

BritishTelecomOrd25p

1,850

21,738

(12,303)

9,435

Cab

le&WirelessCommsOrd

50p

2,544

58,300

(6,999)

(10,460)

(24,727)

(4,030)

12,084

CGU

Ord25p

2,600

22,750

2,457

25,207

Elec

trocomponentsOrd10p

6,500

41,308

(5,688)

35,620

GlaxoSmithKline

2,801

-

102,504

(52,825)

1,201

687

51,566

GlaxoWellcomeOrd25p

-

35,900

(39,128)

3,228

-

-

HSB

CHoldingsOrdUS$0.50

}

3,300

24453

3,399

27,852

IMIOrd25p

16,000

36,320

5,280

41,600

Legal&GeneralGroupOrd

2.5p

}

20,800

33852

(156)

33,696

LimitOrd25p

-

16,363

(24,500)

8,137

-

-

Lloy

dsTSBGroupOrd25p

5,000

33,100

1,475

34,575

Mar

ks&SpencerOrd25p

-

30,060

(26,739)

(3,321)

-

-

MisysOrd1p

-

-

-

-

NationalExpress

3,000

-

14,813

11,437

26,250

NBrownGroupOrd10p

22,000

77,990

(24,970)

53,020


41/145

39

Schedule of Investments

Inves

tmen

t

Clos

ing

Num

ber

Open

ing

Marke

t

Va

lue

Purc

hase

Cos

t

Sa

les

Procee

ds

Ga

in/(Loss

)

on

Sa

le

Reva

lua

tion

foryear

Clos

ing

Marke

t

Va

lue

NextOrd10p

-

24,518

(41,790)

17,272

-

-

NTLInc

-

-

6,999

(6,127)

(872)

-

-

Pilla

rPropertyInvOrd297/17p}

7,650

22,606

6,388

28,994

PrismRailOrd5p

-

33,200

(14,813)

(22,600)

4,213

-

-

ReedInternationalOrd12.5p

6,500

29,754

12,691

42,445

Reckitt&BenckiserOrd10

10/1

9p

4,500

26,831

13,579

40,410

RotorkOrd5p

7,500

20,625

4,013

24,638

SageOrd1p

9,500

66833

(43,368)

23,465

Sain

sbury(J)Ord25p

9,500

26,885

9,690

36,575

Salv

esen(Christian)Ord281/8p

50,000

65,750

(6,500)

59,250

Scottish&SouthernEnergyOrd

50p

5,000

25,650

5,425

31,075

SSL

InternationalOrd10p

-

19,390

(15,536)

(3,854)

-

-

ShellTransport&TradingOrd

25p

8,000

41,600

1,920

43,520

SmithklineBeechamOrd6.25p

-

66,240

(63,376)

(2,864)

-

-

Spirent

2,779

-

17,263

(7,398)

9,865

UnileverOrd1.4p

}

7,142

28693

7,553

36,246

Virid

ianOrd25p

5,000

34,075

(3,025)

31,050

Vod

aphoneAirTouchOrd5p

8,750

30,494

(13,606)

16,888

WhitbreadOrd25p

3,500

21,236

(1,058)

20,178

Wils

onBowdenOrd10p

4,000

22,300

8,260

30,560

255,466

1,163,595

95,366

(200,578)

(1,587)

(43,555)

1,013,241


42/145

40


Inves

tmen

t

Clos

ing

Num

ber

Open

ing

Marke

t

Va

lue

Purc

hase

Cos

t

Sa

les

Procee

ds

Ga

in/(Loss

)

on

Sa

le

Reva

lua

tion

foryear

Clos

ing

Marke

t

Va

lue

BankofScotland9.25%IRPF

48,000

62,760

4,200

66,960

CorusFinance6.75%2008

100,000

102,456

(10,808)

91,648

CarltonComms6.5%Conv

201

0

30,000

59,550

(23,475)

36,075

HSB

CHoldings11.69%2002

70,000

81,332

(553)

80,779

ICIInvestments7.625%2007

100,000

106,785

2,249

109,034

Pow

ergen8.5%2006

70,000

78,892

2,913

81,805

RoyalBankofSc7.387%

201

0/49

70,000

-

72,714

4,295

77,009

Trea

sury9.75%Stock2002

70,000

75,727

(646)

75,081

558,000

567,502

72,714

0

(21,825)

618,391

Abe

rforthSmallerCoTrustPLC

30,000

74,850

16,650

91,500

GartmoreGlobalBondFund

-

67,283

(72,025)

4,742

-

-

Sma

llerCompaniesITULS2003

32,392

91,345

(2,267)

89,078

62,392

233,478

(72,025)

4,742

14,383

180,578

CazenoveEuropeanFundAcc

UT

25,881

110,978

(40,394)

70,584

CFS

AsiaPacific

36,370

-

41,196

11,108

52,304

Flem

ingAmericanITOrd25p

4,000

29,960

1,320

31,280

Flem

ingJapaneseITOrd25p

20,000

78,200

(29,300)

48,900

Stew

artIvoryAsiaPacificFund

Inc

-

56,722

(41,196)

(53)

(15,473)

-

-

Tem

pletonEmergingMarketsIT

7,000

9240

(1,557)

7,683

93,251

285,100

(53)

(15,473)

(58,823)

210,751

TOT

ALS

969,109

2,249,675

168,080

(272,656)

(12,318)

(109,820)

2,022,961


43/145

41

The 30th Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lecture5 February 2001 - ProfessorAngus Macintyre

What Does Gdels Theorem Mean After 70 Years?

Professor Macintyre reminded theaudience that Gdels Incomplete-ness Theorem was published in1931, when the author was 25.He noted that probably no othertheorem of pure mathematics hasbeen more written about inpopular literature, and the ex-tremes of its misrepresentation aremind-boggling.

Professor Macintyre felt that,contrary to a widespread impres-sion, Gdels proof is not difficult.It has an unrivalled ratio of generalinterest to mathematical difficulty.Gdel apparently agreed withKreisels opinion that others wouldprobably have got to the sameresult soon, but were hampered by

ideology. As it turned out, Gdelspaper was quickly understood and

improved, culminating in Turingsdefinition of effective calculability.

What Gdel showed was thatputatively universal formal systemsfor mathematics (anachronistically,idealised mechanical devices forgenerating theorems) do not havethe power to generate simpletheorems about themselves. The

generality of his method is such asto leave a permanent gulf inprinciple between the informalnotion of mathematical truth andthe precise formal notion ofmechanical output from a blackbox. At various points in the lastseventy years, Gdels Theorem hasfigured prominently in discussionsof creativity and consciousness,

(notably in the controversial workof Sir Roger Penrose).

PRIZE LECTURES

Angus Macintyre is one of the main exponents of model theory, particularly inits interaction with algebra, number theory and algebraic geometry. Modeltheory is a branch of mathematical logic which has developed during the 20thcentury into an independent and fundamental area of mathematics. Theleaders of this development were Alfred Tarski (1901-1983) and AbrahamRobinson (1918-1974); Angus Macintyre continues the line, indeed he suc-ceeded Abraham Robinson at Yale where he worked for 12 years. Hisprofessorial career continued for a further 12 years at Oxford and more re-cently at the University of Edinburgh. Over the last seven years he has played

an important leadership role across the mathematical spectrum as ScientificDirector of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences.

Because of its technical nature, its volume and diversity, it is impossible toreview his scientific work briefly. Overall, his work has extended enormouslythe areas where model theory is used. Recent publications have involved suchvaried subjects as neural nets, the cohomology of algebraic varieties andSchanuels conjecture on transcendental numbers. His erudition and enjoy-ment of life are additional factors that attract logicians worldwide to collaboratewith him.


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The universal system singledout for mention by Gdel in 1931was Principia Mathematica ofRussell and Whitehead, a system

almost obsolete at that time.Subsequently Gdel obtaineddeep results about the deductivepower of specific modern systemssuch as ZFC (Zermel-Fraenkel withChoice), here revealing the possi-bility that problems which hadresisted solution were in factindependent of the only axiomsabout which there is widespread

agreement (a possibility amplyconfirmed by the last forty years ofwork on ZFC). Gdel proposed ascheme for finding new axioms atleast for this part of mathematics.

Despite the extensive popularliterature, and the undoubtedbeauty of Gdels proof, ProfessorMacintyre observed that the

mathematical enterprise seemslittle affected. No objective ofmainstream mathematics has beenshown to be out of reach ofcurrent axioms due to the Gdelphenomenon. Though we knowthat the phenomenon affects evenequations in number theory, it isnot known to bear at all on thehigh theory of modern arithme-

tic algebraic geometry, which hasyielded a series of spectacularresults (notably the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture and FermatsLast Theorem). Gdels theoremwas the first about some primafacie reasonable model of theoremproving, and it revealed glaringoversights in the foundationalpositions most prominent around1900. Professor Macintyre

concluded that it is a memorableexample, in the tradition ofEinstein, of what can be achievedby a combination of philosophical

analysis and undemandingmathematics. It has encouragedthe growth of mathematical logic,nowadays useful in more tradition-al areas of mathematics. But thereis no reason, for now, for it toaffect the practice of mathematics.

In the ensuing discussion ProfessorMacintyre was asked whether theevery day reasoning by mathemati-cians maps onto a logical system.He felt that in general it does not.A lot of careful work has beencarried out on the basis of settheory but it is rarely used!Referring to the Russell paradox,he was challenged to explain whoshaves the barber and to discussthe issue of the set of all sets. His

brief answer was that there is notany set of all sets. Finally thedifference betweenprovabilityandtruth was raised. He respondedthatprovabilitycan be defined buttruth is more difficult. Gdelbelieved there is a mathematicalreality and that this is not aparadox.

Professor Allan Sinclair proposedthe vote of thanks, noting thehighly impressive character of theexposition - notwithstanding thefailure to define truth! He con-cluded that the audience wasindebted for such an excellentlecture and thanked ProfessorMacintyre for providing such agood example to the many young

people present.


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Prize Lectures

5th BP Prize Lecture in the Humanities

5 March 2001

DrAdrienne Scullion, Department of Theatre, Film and

Television Studies, University of GlasgowSelf and Nation: Issues of Identity

in Modern Scottish Plays by Women

Dr Adrienne Scullion has been a lecturer in the Department of Theatre, Filmand Television Studies at the University of Glasgow since 1996, an appoint-ment which followed her term as British Academy Postgraduate Fellow.

It is indicative of the renewed vitality of Scottish theatre over the past decadethat it has attracted scholarly interest in its dramatic literature, in its institu-

tions and in a revision of its history. In each of these areas, Dr Scullion hasbeen a pioneer.

She has written seminal essays on drama and theatre in Scotland in the eight-eenth and nineteenth centuries, on contemporary dramatists (with a focus onwomen playwrights) and on the impact of social and political change ontheatrical culture. Her work extends to radio, film, and television. The qualityof her research and writing has helped to promote Scottish theatre and dramaas important subjects for international, as well as national, scholars.

But Dr Scullions commitment to Scottish theatre is not confined to the acad-

emy. She is an active member of the boards of management of a number ofcompanies, ranging from the Citizens Theatre to the East Glasgow YouthTheatre, and is an adviser in Performing Arts to the Scottish Arts Council.

She has promoted the study of theatre, and specifically theatre in Scotland, inSecondary Schools by her work for the Scottish Consultative Council on theCurriculums Review of Scottish Culture in the Curriculum, and by her involve-ment in the curriculum design and implementation of Higher and AdvancedHigher Drama.

Dr Adrienne Scullions contribution to professional theatre in Scotland, to

theatrical education in Scotland and to theatrical scholarship, both nationallyand internationally, has led the Royal Society of Edinburgh to award her theBP Prize Lectureship in the Humanities in 2000.

Dr Scullion began by saying thatthe creation and implementationof the devolved Scottish parlia-ment marked a radicalreorganisation and recreation ofBritish political structures. Shesaid devolution would affect how

we create, imagine and representScotland, and the HolyroodGovernment would result in shiftsin how we understand andparticipate in the dynamic proc-

esses of Scottish national identity.


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44


responding to the nation. DrScullion proceeded to discuss thisthrough close analysis of ZinnieHarris Further than the Furthest

Thing, Sue Glovers Shetland Sagaand Nicola McCartneys Home (all2000).

All three plays offered differentversions of community empire,nation, island, family anddifferent dramas of inclusion andexclusion. Analysis focused onlanguage, on the recurrent motifof the return of the native andon the role of external andunpredictable forces in thecreation of belonging. Thelecturer argued that the context ofdevolution affords the opportuni-ty to rethink the rigid lines ofidentity and move towards smallerand more flexible connections.

These plays met the challenges of

a devolved Scotland by adopting adramaturgy, by telling stories thatare both international andoutward looking andessentiallyand immediately committed towork within and about Scottishsociety. It was political devolutionand the creation of the newScottish Parliament that insistedthat these two dynamics can nolonger be interpreted as mutuallyexclusive.

The lecturer concluded by askingwhere next for cultural criticism inScotland. If it was agreed thatdevolution matters in terms ofrepresentation and that devolu-tion might just impact on the typeof art being made; and if it was

agreed that feminist art and

Her lecture argued that, if repre-sentations and images andidentities are evolving withinmodern Scottish culture, then so

too must critical language, criticalrhetoric and discourse.

This argument was contextualisedin relation to the ideas andengagements with nationalidentity within modern criticalliterature and, in particular,within Scottish critical literature.In recent years the wider criticalliterature around the idea ofidentity and in particularnational identity has shifted. Itis commonly argued that the re-emergence of political and ofethnic nationalism in Europe andbeyond has led to a reconsidera-tion of issues of identity, and aninterrogation of critical orthodox-ies. The ideas of nations as

imagined communities and ofidentity as fragmentary and fuzzymatter when considering theevolution of identity politics andits impact on our critical vocabu-lary. Dr Scullions lecturequestioned how these develop-ments are tested in relation tointerpretations of gender and theidea of national within Scottish

cultural criticism.

The lecturer then consideredissues of identity and representa-tion in the drama that emergedfrom that system. Because of theorthodoxies of Scottish culturalpractices and criticism, whenartists challenge the conventionsof narrative or of gender represen-

tation, they also challenge theconventions of representing and


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Prize Lectures

ing: a concern with observation,causation, experimentation,connecting with and not beingembarrassed about the real

world. A Scottish way of doingsociology would deal in thelanguage of universals whiledoing so in the grammar of theparticular, comparing and con-trasting social processes as theyemerge and impact differentiallyin different territories, and atdifferent scales.

There is something analyticallyvaluable about studying smallsocieties like Scotland. Desperate

jibes about parochialism arereally far from the truth. Compari-son, and the comparative method,so fundamental to human as wellas natural sciences, is de rigueurbecause no one in their rightsenses thinks Scotland (or Ireland

or Denmark, for that matter) areunique or universal.

There is another and crucialreason why Scotland has beenresurrected as a suitable case forsociological treatment. The worldof the so-called nation state iscoming to an end, or at least, isbeing thoroughly problematised.

Just as a small boat is the first tosense changing tides and cur-rents, so small societies confrontsocial change most immediately,and have to react quickly or go

under. Larger societies can holdout for longer but ultimately haveto change, often with bad grace.Instead of being an odd, ill-fitting

case, Professor McCrone conclud-ed that Scotland should be movedto the centre of the social sciencedilemma about the autonomy andboundaries of societies.

In the subsequent discussionProfessor McCrone was asked ifthere is something coercive aboutattaching the notion of nation toan imagined community? Inreplying he observed that civicnationalities do not necessarilycarry coercion, unlike, say, ethnicgroups. Overlapping nationsexist, giving people more oppor-tunity to choose where they fit.

Professor Tom Devine gave a voteof thanks, congratulating Profes-sor McCrone on the award of his

prize and the quality of hispresentation. The clear deliveryand cogent analysis was suitablefor the audience, which rangedwidely beyond social scientists. Itwas apparent that there is a bodyof academics thinking throughwhere their subject stands andwhy the sociology of Scotlandmatters in the broader context oftheir discipline. He had providedthe audience a strong basis forfurther discussion. He thankedProfessor McCrone for an enlight-ening and stimulating lecture.


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observation of surface processesdown to the atomic scale.

Professor Ertl illustrated this bydiscussing some of the elementary

steps involved in a very simplereaction, the oxidation of carbonmonoxide to carbon dioxide,CO+O

2CO

2, as catalysed by

platinum metals in a car exhaustconverter.

Typically, a catalyst is operated in aflow reactor and represents anopen system far from equilibrium.

For fixed external conditions, thereaction rate is expected to beconstant (provided there are nochanges of the properties of thecatalyst). This is, however, notalways

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