Review : The Motives for US Expansion:. CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER : signaled the end of progress, expansion and opportunity; high expectations end; catalyst for democracy gone; urban problems and social unrest prove the Turner “thesis” to be true. Find new frontiers! “Follow the Sun!” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Review : The Motives for US Expansion: CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER : signaled the end of progress, expansion and opportunity; high expectations end; catalyst for democracy gone; urban problems and social unrest prove the Turner “thesis” to be true. Find new frontiers! “Follow the Sun!” ECONOMIC MOTIVES: mercantilism/favorable balance of trade, new markets, access to raw materials, and cheap labor SOCIAL/RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL MOTIVES: Christian (Anglo-Saxon) mission, social Darwinism, superior race/culture, superior (democratic) government, an extension of Manifest Destiny beyond the shores of the United States, “Follow the Sun” POLITICAL and MILITARY MOTIVES: national security, 2 naval fleets (Atlantic & Pacific), Monroe Doctrine, compete w/European powers, Mahan’s “Sea Power” premise, establish colonies for creation of harbors, stepping stones to China US won war with Spain and now had new territories This put on China’s doorstep with just one more thing to do to complete the job.
Transcript
Review:The Motives for US Expansion:
CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER: signaled the end of progress, expansion and opportunity; high
expectations end; catalyst for democracy gone; urban problems and social unrest prove the Turner “thesis” to be true. Find new frontiers! “Follow the Sun!”
ECONOMIC MOTIVES: mercantilism/favorable balance of trade, new markets, access to raw
materials, and cheap labor SOCIAL/RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL MOTIVES:
Christian (Anglo-Saxon) mission, social Darwinism, superior race/culture, superior (democratic) government, an extension of Manifest Destiny beyond the shores of the United States, “Follow the Sun”
POLITICAL and MILITARY MOTIVES: national security, 2 naval fleets (Atlantic & Pacific), Monroe Doctrine,
compete w/European powers, Mahan’s “Sea Power” premise, establish colonies for creation of harbors, stepping stones to China
US won war with Spain and now had new territories This put on China’s doorstep with just one more thing to do to complete the
job.
The Election of 1900McKinley (R-pro Imp) vs. Bryan (D-anti Imp)
No. 1 Issue: IMPERIALISM
McKinley was elected and the continuation of an aggressive foreign policy of expansionism and
intervention continued.
Sept. 6, 1901: McKinley assassinated Theodore Roosevelt became president…who was TR?
TR’s Three Guiding Diplomatic Principles 1901 to 1908:
All are Essential for US Progress
US needed markets to export its goods to WHERE?
US claimed its right to intervene wherever its interests were threatened WHERE?
US had to keep areas of the world open to US products, people and principles/ideas WHERE?
Who was Theodore Roosevelt? - His Foreign Policy: 1901-1908
“The US should never exercise restraint in international affairs.”
TR was aggressive, confident, combative and self-centered.
TR is considered: the “first modern US
president” an “American original”
Precedents set by TR: No president before him was like
him Every president after him is
expected to be just like him.
Analyze the following image…
Opening the Door to China
The US solution: The “Open Door Notes”
US Secretary of State John Hay
Provisions of OPEN DOOR: China is an “open door”…any nation can enter Nations agree to preserve China’s “territorial integrity” –
no colonial claims allowed - ONLY “spheres of influence” Obey and respect China’s tariff policies so that China benefits No discrimination between nations within China Extraterritoriality – China governs its land and its people, but not foreigners. Nations neither accept nor reject the policy…which means…?
Intent of OPEN DOOR: To balance POWER in China; no nation assumes more power than others
Precedents set by OPEN DOOR: US is setting policy for other nations to follow US is in a role of being mediator in cases of policy violations US prestige has increased and is recognized as a world power Increased US “influence” in international affairs
“the 20th century will be the ‘American Century’” -Sen. Albert Beveridge
By-Products of the Open Door Policy
The BOXER REBELLION – Brotherhood of the Righteous Fists (1899-1901):
Chinese rebellion against foreigners that was “put down” by a coalition of foreign forces (“8 Nation Alliance”)
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904)1. Russian troops had been in Manchuria to fight the Boxers and
refused to withdraw them afterwards; WHY would they do this?2. *Superior Japanese forces attacked (and DESTROYED) the
Russian navy3. forced the retreat of Russian forces from Manchuria4. upset the balance of power in China 5. Teddy Roosevelt (TR) negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth, in
which:1. Even though Japan won the war, TR asked both to
compromise. WHY?2. This restored a balance of power in China3. 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for TR
6. Who wins? Who loses? What are the consequences of this treaty?
KEY ISSUE: Latin American nations were frequently in debt to European nations.
This caused disorder, instability and poverty in these nations. TR’s wanted to maintain order, create stability and promote prosperity in the
Western Hemisphere. The corollary: US would INTERVENE as a “policeman” in the event of:
(1) activities “harmful” to the US and the region (2) potential collapse of a nation’s government (3) possible intervention by stronger nations - intervene to prevent
intervention” Instrument of intervention: US military (navy). Bottom line:
US will use the Monroe Doctrine and its military to intervene in Latin America nations. Our Latin neighbors must be good neighbors and play by our rules…or else… If nations don’t abide by these rules, the US will intervene to enforce the rules Sovereign nations not entitled to complete sovereignty.
Some of the Over 35 US Interventions in Latin America
Hemisphere necessary? Clayton-Bulwar Treaty (1850-US and
GB)– Agreement by both to never build a canal in central America WITHOUT another nation.
The US wanted the rights to build, operate and control the canal and the land surrounding it.
Challenge: find a way to get the rights to
build the canal, then build it while keeping control over every aspect of the canal and Canal Zone.
Securing the Panama Canal Zone
Canal’s importance was more about US national security than anything else…
The “Diplomatic” Approach – 3 treaties and 1 revolution: 1. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty(Nov. 1901)
US bought the rights to build a canal from GB for $40M. 2. Hay-Herran Treaty (Jan. 1903)
offered to pay $10M and $250,000 a year to Colombia to build canal in Panama, which was a part of Columbia
Colombia rejected the treaty. Hay’s “message” to Colombia. Panamanian “Revolt” (Nov. 1903)
The US “promoted” and supported this revolt against the Colombian government by Panamanian “revolutionaries” using “gunboat” diplomacy. Revolution is a success!
3. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Nov.1903) Panamanian independence guaranteed by the US; canal would be
controlled by the US “in perpetuity” under the same terms of the Hay-Herran Treaty.
We build Panama Canal Zone (500 square miles) for trade, have a presence in Latin America and bring our “ideals” to Latin America.
1977 – The Panama Canal Treaty The canal zone was returned to Panama on 31 Dec 1999.
Evaluating TR’s Presidency Treaty of Portsmouth, Treaty of Algeciras,
Gentlemen’s Agreement and the Root-Takahira Treaty:
TR wanted a geographic empire and promoted the principles of liberty, order, stability and prosperity.
Roosevelt Corollary became the instrument of Monroe Doctrine, thus aggressively enforcing its original intent.
Under it, nations in Latin America were not sovereign unless they obeyed the rules made by the USA.
TR’s foreign policy has had a great impact on US-Latin American relations since 1900 (both positive and negative).
TR’s efforts contributed greatly to the power and prestige of the presidency and the United States.
Had you lived during the era, would you have supported TR as president?
Would you have considered him a “great president”?
President William Howard Taft
US Foreign Policy: President William H. Taft 1909-1913– DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
(pages 683 and 684 in American Pageant)
“hand picked” by TR; expected to follow in his path.
Remember: Latin American nations had defaulted on loans from European countries – led to “Big Stick Policy”
Taft’s FP: “Dollar Diplomacy”: Promoted US economic
investment in Asia and Latin America.
Wall St. bankers and wealthy investors were encouraged to preempt foreign investment in Asia and Latin America.
The US military would be used to protect US economic interests as the US dollar replaced the US Navy as the primary instrument of the policy.
Use $, not bullets…
Increased: commercial and investment
opportunities for the US US financial power
Counterbalanced other nation’s financial power in the world
Resentment in Europe and Latin America towards the US.
Created new “enemies” as nations competed for new markets.
*Accordingly, the US became increasingly isolated from the European powers.
Under Taft, US “economic imperialism” replaced Roosevelt’s expansionism in Asia and Western Hemisphere.
TR’s response to this?
The Election of 1912A “defining moment in US politics”
Upset by Taft’s betrayal, TR, a Republican, decided to run for president…again…
Taft won the Republican nomination for president. Undeterred, TR formed his own party, “the Bull
Moose” or “Progressive” Party and ran for president. Woodrow Wilson won Democratic party nomination.
You already know who wins the election and why…
The winner: Woodrow Wilson
US Foreign Policy: 1913-1916 - A SHARP Contrast...
Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
• “Moral Diplomacy”: • US foreign policy should conform to our traditional democratic
principles.• US should:
remain out of foreign entanglements/conflicts and remain neutral in international affairs (ESPECIALLY European affairs).
help foster the development of constitutional liberty in the world, advance human rights, create economic opportunity and promote justice.
• This approach to diplomacy would restore our prestige around the world and would be true to our own traditions.
• Panama Canal Tolls Act - Open use of canal by all nations on an equal basis (1912)
• Jones Act (1913) - promised Philippines their independence “as soon as a stable government could be established” and defined status of Puerto Rico (1917).
• Haiti and Dominican Republic (1915) – Put down rebellion and stabilized both governments – US remained there for 20 and 10 years respectively to protect US interests and keep France from intervening to protect its interests there.
• Mexican Revolution (1913)-US did not intervene to defend our “material interests” in Mexico, but Mexican-American relations deteriorated to the point of near war.
Panama Canal and US Intervention in the Americas Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” TR as an “American original” and “1st modern
president” Which of these 3 presidents (and their foreign policy) Which of these 3 presidents (and their foreign policy)
would you have supported over the other 2? would you have supported over the other 2?
Test will cover Chapter 28 (TR); 25 MC questions and 5 historical significance questions.
