Reviewer in Intro to Crim & Institutional Correc

8/12/2019 Reviewer in Intro to Crim & Institutional Correc

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Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having tocope without a specific person, or perhaps any person, inclose proximity.

Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that usesbody characteristics or behavioural traits and is increasingly being

used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identificationbased on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know(e.g. password or PIN).

Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result ofemotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured when he haslearned to control his emotion effectively and who live at peacewith himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which areacceptable to society. Am emotionally immature person rebels againstrules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities andexperience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority complex.

Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linkedby a common interest, religion, or trade.

Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical school of thought withincriminology.

Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italianschool of criminology, formulated the theory of anthropologicalcriminology, essentially stated that criminality was inherited, andthat someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in 1859, kicked off thescientific revolution, father of evolution.

Charles Goring - author of the influential work The English convict:a statistical study.

The English convict: a statistical study - It was firstpublished in 1913, and set out to establish whether therewere any significant physical or mental abormalities amongthe criminal classes that set them apart from ordinary men,as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He ultimately concludedthat "the physical and mental constitution of both criminal

and law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class,and intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing asan anthropological criminal type."

Classical School - based on free will; able to make decisions in alogical way; assumes people are hedonistic.

Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized


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in this theory that the multiplicity of conflicting cultures is theprincipal source of social disorganization. The high crime anddelinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained bytheir exposure to diverse and incongruent standards and codes oflarger society.

Containment Theory - criminality is brought about by the inability ofthe group to contain behavior of its member and that of effectivecontainment of the individual into the value system and structure ofsociety will minimize crime.

Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modelled orinspired by a previous crime that has been reported in the media ordescribed in fiction.

Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaningcriminal-like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright facade,in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality. This type, first

defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work"the Criminal man".

Criminal Personality - 1. the roots of criminality lie in the way inwhich people think and make decisions; 2. criminals think and actdifferently from others, even at a very young age; 3. criminals areirresponsible, 4. deterministic explanations of crime result frombelieving the criminal who is seeking sympathy.

Anti-Social Personality - characterized by patterns ofirresponsible and antisocial behavior, as well asaggressive tendencies.

Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general emotionality. An excess of thesubmissive instinct account for tendency of many criminals to beweak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to theimpulse of fear.

Determinism - belief that individual behavior is beyond the controlof the individual; opposite of free will.

Differential Association Theory - Criminal behavior is learnable andlearned in interaction with other deviant persons. Through thisassociation, they learn not only techniques of certain crimes, but

also specific rationale, motives and so on.

Edwin Sutherland - Differential association theory wasSutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology;similar in importance to strain theory and social controltheory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of theindividual's social relationships.

Imitation-Suggestion Theory - by Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency


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and crime pattern are learned and adopted. The learningprocess either be conscious type copying or unconsciouscopying of confronting pattern of behavior.

Differential-Social Disorganization Theory - This is sometimes calledSocial Disorganization. There is social disorganization when there is

breakdown, changes, conflict of values between the new and the old,when there is reduced influence of the social institution over behaviorand when there is declining influence of the solid moral and ethicalfront.

Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical activity of the brain;measures it.

Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a Frenchman, Chief amonghis claims is that society is a sui generis reality, or a realityunique to itself and irreducible to its composing parts. It iscreated when individual consciences interact and fuse together to

create a synthetic reality that is completely new and greater thanthe sum of its parts.

E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories,believed that biological factors affect the perception and learningof social behaviors.

Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.

Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlledbreeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race.

Free Will - the idea that human beings are free to choose one behavioror action over another.

Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially becauseof inability to change or achieve something.

General Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment onthose persons who have not suffered.

Specific Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishmenton those who have suffered it.

Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with heredity.

Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the expression of the mentalcontent of the individual. Frustration of the individual causesemotional discomfort, personality demands removal of pain and thepain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is the start of thecrime delinquency of an individual.


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Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-synthesis explains thereason why a person may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so.

Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is the soul good in life.

Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in

hand, crime prone traits were inherited.

Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind bars, they can't commitanymore crimes.

Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the end of the 19th centuryby Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico Ferri and RafaelGarofalo.

Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist, student of Lombroso,His work served as the basis for Argentinas penal code of 1921. His research led to him postulating theories calling for crime

prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, asopposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes hadtaken place.

Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the father of Criminology.He is a student of Cesare Lombroso.

James Q. Wilson - advocate for special deterrence; ultilitarian.

Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical school of thought withincriminology. He is a lawyer.

Jukes Family - family of criminals. Descendants are criminally mindedand committed crimes.

Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of jukes Family,descendants are good people and attained prominence invarious fields.

Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.The work was an extended case study of Goddard's for the inheritance of"feeble-mindedness," a general category referring to a variety of mentaldisabilities including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and

mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety of mental traits werehereditary and society should limit reproduction by people possessingthese traits.

Karyotype Studies - examination and comparison of chromosomes.

Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically without regardfor need or profit.


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Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, andthe bearing of grudges.

Limbic System - a set of areas in the human brain that integrate awide variety of messages from the senses and control goal-orientedresponse to environmental and internal stimuli.

Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition characterized bydelusional fantasies of power, relevance, omnipotence, and by inflatedself-esteem.

Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating culpability which is requiredby statute as an element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind.

Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory - citizens who obey thestreet rules of lower class life find themselves in conflict withthe dominant culture.

Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how adults morally represent areason about the world that they live in.

Morphology - deals with the form and structure of an organism or anyof its parts; measuring different parts of the human head; there isa meaningful relationship between certain types of physical featuresand personality.

Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the legal system shouldfocus exclusively on doing justice; respond to the crime; thecriminal made the rational decision.

Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety, impulses maybreakthrough and take control.

Amnesia - a partial or total loss of memory. Origin late 18thcentury: from Greek amnsia forgetfulness.

Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false idea. : afalse idea or belief that is caused by mental illness.

Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness")refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disordercharacterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually

beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a termfirst used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick (1851 1924),a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of CharlesUniversity in Prague.

Psychosis - severe form of mental disturbance, behaviorimpairs or gets in the way of everyday focus, Id takescontrol.


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Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal behavior,incoherent thought process, thinking is scrambled and mayhave split personalities.

Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions,and the bearing of grudges.

Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship between perpetrator andvictim of a crime. That is, both are involved in the event.

Penitentiary - repent of wrongdoing and the will to atone for it.

Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and bumps offacial features. The study of facial features.

Craniology - the scientific study of the shape and size of

the skulls of different human races. Another term forPhrenology.

Psychopatic Personality This is the most important cause ofcriminality among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It ischaracterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of conscience,deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to environmentand other people.

Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a person's character orpersonality from his or her outer appearance, especially the face.This study and science was used by Beccaria (1764) and lavater (1175)

to discover the character of a person.

Positivist School - based on determinism; human behavior is controlledby science.

Positivism - the belief that the classical school ofthought is wrong in explaining what causes crime becausethey failed to explain adequately the why portion.

Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism; medical doctor whowanted to see whether criminals were physically different,believed in atavistic anomaly.

Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental illness, emotionaldisturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human behavior. First laid out bySigmund Freud in the 19th century.

Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior; where you return back intothe criminal system.


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Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previouslife, especially through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means ofescaping present anxieties.

Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal

personality.

Schools of Thought - devices for organizing fundamentally differingviews of human nature and relating them to issues surrounding crimeand its control.

Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder characterized by apreference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by thecompulsion to display one's genitals in public.

Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, orbody parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.

Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexualdesires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.

Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.

Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure,sometimes sexual, from acts involving the infliction orreception of pain or humiliation.

Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexualgratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliationon others.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practiceof dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionallyassociated with another gender.

Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especiallysexual gratification, from one's own pain or humiliation.

Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having sex,

generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophiliaor scoptophilia.

Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species sexualactivity between human and non-human animals or a fixationon such practice.

Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime is a product of transitionalneighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict.


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Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his approach: crime is butone form of deviance.

ID - contains the inner world of the individual's inborninstincts and reflexes.

Ego - represents the real world of the individual'sconscious reason and common sense.

Superego - inner world of the individual's idealexpectations and conscience; the conceptions of what theindividual considers to be morally good.

Social Bond Theory - relation between social factors and individualactivities; individuals become free to commit crimes when their tiesto society are broken.

Spiritual School - based on determinism; human behavior is determinedby God or demons or Satan.

Stanton Samenow - convinced that there is such thing as acriminal personality.

Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is egotistical and self-centered;if he thought he could get away with it, then he would commit the crime.

Type of Physique

Ectomorph - a person with a lean and delicate body build. Are

tall and thin and less social and more intellectual.

Mesomorph - a person with a compact and muscular body build.Have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance. Theyare active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and more likelyto become criminals.

Endomorph - a person with a soft round body build and ahigh proportion of fat tissue. Have heavy builds and areslow moving. They arte known for lethargic behaviorrendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and morewilling to engage in less strenuous criminal activities such

as fencing stolen property.

Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses or offenders accordingto some criteria of relatedness or similarity.

Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments serve two vitalfunctions: 1. deterring persons from committing the crimes and2. protecting society from those wholes acts threaten the social order;


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the greatest good for the greatest number.

William Sheldon - an American psychologist who created the field ofsomatotype and constitutional psychology that tried to correlate bodytypes with behavior,intelligence, and social hierarchy through hisIvy league nude posture photos.

TemperamentViscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon, from viscera + -o- +tonic. Designating a personality type characterised associable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.

Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks, gesturesassertively and behaves aggressively.

Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of functional complaintsto allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomia,insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from crowds.

XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and disproportionate;more inclined to commit crimes.


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is Director.- BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest ranking

BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendationof the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

- BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest rankingBJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation

of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.- BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest BJMP

officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation ofthe DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.

Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain fordelinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with theGladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young offenders. The firstinstitution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbolor ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, withthe intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a punishmentor imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person.

Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional institutionin England and was a precursor of the modern prison. Built initially asa royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given to the city ofLondon to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of Correctionknown as Bridewells. These institutions, eventually numbering 200 in Britain, housed vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders,disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and colonists sent

to Virginia.

Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a former royal palacein 1553 with two purposes: the punishment of the disorderly poor andhousing of homeless children in the City of London.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the rehabilitationof national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of imprisonmentof more than three years.

- has 7 prison facilities- 1 prison institution for women

- 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.- Classification Board - classifies inmates according totheir security status.

- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives, studiesand classifies inmates committed to Bureau of Corrections.

- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances withregard to violations of prison rules and regulations.

- Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon orders of Gov.Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and police.


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- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in MuntinlupaCamp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison

- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA 3732)- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27, 1954

(Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro

- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.

designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in 1865.

Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the victimin a vertical post and burning him/her.

Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher andpolitician best known for his treaties On Crimes and Punishments (1764),which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding workin the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expressionof justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separationof powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Code of Justinian - formally Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), Justinian I the collections of laws and legal interpretations developedunder the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD529 to 565.

Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means ofsuch a warrant or order.

Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a system ofmanaging jails and prisons and other institut ions concerned with thecustody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically carried outby government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, andsupervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced todeath and are awaiting execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of theclassical theory, that punishment is to prevent others fromcommitting crime.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthlyaverage population of ten or less inmates, and is located in thevicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th century


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BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by awritten code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used formerlyto plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.

Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a prison openedto contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It becameknown as a death camp because of the squalid conditions and high death rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory,in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in thereformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for young felons.The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners,gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and

industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attachedto work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to othersto deter further commission of crime.

Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or publicly forthe purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group vengeanceas distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatorymodel.

Four Classes of Prisoners 1. Insular or national prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term

of three years and one day to death;2. Provincial prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of six

months and one day to three years;3. City prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day

to three years; and4. Municipal Prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of one

day to six months.

Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banksof oars, chiefly used for warfare or piracy and often manned by slavesor criminals.


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Goals of Criminal Sentencing 1. Retribution2. Punishment3. Deterrence4. Incapacitation5. Rehabilitation

6. Reintegration7. Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting thehead.

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and criminal

law. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized andcomprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones (an eyefor an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of thesatisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the penetrationof an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by

complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central body mass.Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons housed in securecorrectional facilities.

Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigationor undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences

Gaol - old name/term of jail.

Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and3. those awaiting final judgment

Jails - holdsa. Convicted offenders serving short sentencesb. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prisonc. Offenders who have violated their probation or paroled. Defendants who are awaiting trial


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James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prisonadministrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in themovement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it witha new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when

it closed.

Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to separate women andchildren from hardened criminals.

Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that the prisoner shouldsuffer a severe regime, but that it should not be detrimental to theprisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.

John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive

justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by thecriminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishmentinflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours.A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.

Mamertine Prison - was a prison (carcer) located in the Comitium

in ancient Rome. It was originally created as a cistern for a springin the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered throughan opening into the lower dungeon.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, wherebycredits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number ofmarks being required for release.

Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after conviction to carryout the final judgment, such as commanding a prison warden to hold theaccused, in accordance with the terms of the judgment. Mittimus isoften attached on the commitment order issued by the court whenever the

convict is to be transferred to prison for service of sentence.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a definedpopulation during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act ofphysical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any l ivingbody, sometimes causing death.


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National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Neo-Classical - children and lunatics should not be punished as theycan not calculate pleasure and pain.

Classical Theory - pain must exceed pleasure to deter crime.

All are punished regardless of age, mental condition, socialstatus and other circumstances.

Positivist Theory - criminal is a sick person and should betreated and not punished.

Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various stylesor ideas.

Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine ofSimsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground (Black holeof horrors).

Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodatedbased on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Panopticon - a prison design, allowed a centrally placed observer tosurvey all the inmates, as prison wings radiated out from thiscentral position.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally releasedfrom prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in thecommunity.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant toPresidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer theprobation system. Under Executive Order No. 29221, the ProbationAdministration was renamed as the Parole and Probation Administration,and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after servingpart of their sentence in jails are released on parole or grantedconditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole arethe agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.

Penal Management - refers to the manner or practice of managing orcontrolling places of confinement such as jails and prisons.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment ofyouth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the terminationof the case.

Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minoror youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years ofage at the time of the commission of the offence.

Pennsylvania and New York - pioneered the penitentiary movement by


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developing two competing systems of confinement. The Pennsylvaniasystem and the Auburn system.

Pennsylvania System - An early system of U.S. penology inwhich inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they couldstudy religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and

perform handicraft work.(Solitary System).

Auburn System - An early system of penology, originatingat Auburn Penitentiary in New York, under which inmatesworked and ate together in silence during the day and wereplaced in solitary cells for the evening.(Congregate System)

Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison managementand reformation of criminals.

Poene (latin) - penaltyLogos (latin) - science

Pillory - a wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, in whichoffenders were formerly imprisoned and exposed to public abuse.

Prison - which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managedand supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under theDepartment of Justice.

Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in the Thames,and at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them were employed in hardlabour during the day and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship at night.

Prison Reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons,aiming at a more effective penal system.

Probation - Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision overan offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison.

John Augustus - Father of Probation. Augustus was born in Woburn,Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent residentof Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making business.

Father Cook - a chaplain of the Boston Prison visited the courtsand gained acceptance as an advisor who made enquiries into the

circumstances of both adult and juvenile offenders

Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the imposablepenalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same wascommitted within the municipality, the offender must serve his or hersentence in the provincial jail.

Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offendershall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of


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the Bureau of Corrections.

Punishment - the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retributionfor an offence.

Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a

family of religious movements collectively known as the ReligiousSociety of Friends. Many Quakers have worked for reform of the criminal

justice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can alwayschange: their focus has been on reforms that make positive change morelikely, such as increased opportunities for education, improved prisonconditions, help with facing up to violent impulses, and much else.

William Penn - founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, theEnglish North American colony and the future Commonwealth ofPennsylvania.was the first great Quaker prison reformer.In his Great Experiment in Pennsylvania in the 1680s he abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder.

He also stated that prisons shall be workhouses, that bail should be allowed for minor offences, and all prisons shall be free, as to fees, food and lodgings. He provided for rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should behelped to learn a trade, so that they could make an honestliving when they were released.

John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend topay serious and systematic attention to social reform. Hepleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the firsttime this plea had been made. He argued that criminals werethe creation of society itself and urged that when in prison

there should be work for prisoners so that they might returnto the world with an urge to industry.

Elizabeth Fry- (1780-1845) was the most famous of Quakerreformers, though others were equally influential in raisingpublic awareness. Reforms such as the separation of women andchildren from men and the development of purposeful activityof work or education came about through pressure frominformed people.

RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.

RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted toto the body through stretching.

Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a ratingofficial to institutions within the jurisdiction.

Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to correct


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and reform the offender.

Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was based on principlesadopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison Association.

The reformatory was designed:

a. for younger, less hardened offenders.b. based on a military model of regimentation.c. with indeterminate terms.d. with parole or early release for favorable progress

in reformation.

Rehabilitation - to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life inwhich they contribute to themselves and to society.

Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrongor criminal act.

Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe themeasures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

The simplest security level categorization is:a. maximumb. mediumc. minimum

Maximum - security facilities are characterized by verytight internal and external security.

Common security measures include: (Maximum)

- A high wall or razor-wire fencing- Armed-guard towers- Electronic detectors- External armed patrol- A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence

and the community.- Restrictions on inmate movement- The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or

disruptions.

Houses the following inmates:- Those sentenced to death

- Those sentenced with min. 20 years- Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years sentence- Those whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20 years)- Those whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)- Those with pending cases- Those who are recidivist

Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison - house notoriousoffenders and problem inmates from other institutions.


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These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates,Constant lockdowns

Medium-security institutions - place fewer restrictions oninmate movement inside the facility.

Characteristics often include:(Medium)- Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters- No external security wall- Barbed wire rather than razor wire- Fences and towers that look less forbidding

Houses the following inmates:- Those sentenced to less than 20 years

Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and more open.

They often house inmates who:

- Have established records of good behavior- Are nearing release

Characteristics often include:(Minimum)- Dormitory or barracks living quarters- No fences- Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the day

to work or study.- Some inmates may be granted furloughs

Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State. It isa maximum security prison.

Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator andreformer, and founder of the Borstal system.

Sir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his program,known as the Irish system, prisoners progressed through three stages ofconfinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first portionof the sentence was served in isolation. After that, prisoners wereassigned to group work projects.

Stocks - instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame withholes in which the feet and sometimes the hands of an offender can

be locked.

Three major government functionaries involved in the Philippinecorrectional system:

1. DOJ2. DILG3. DSWD

DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the


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Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probationsystem through the Parole and Probation Administration, andassists the President in the grant of executive clemency throughthe Board of Pardons and Parole.

DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal

jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau ofJail Management and Penology, respectively.

DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centres foryouth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported fromtheir home nation to one of that nation's colony to work.

Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges DuodecimTabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stoodat the foundation of Roman law. Established basic procedural rights

for all Roman citizens as against one another

Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids, underground tankfor storing water. This was also used prison in ancient times.

Utilitarianism - a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-centuryEnglish philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Millthat an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong ifit tends to produce the reverse of happiness not just the happiness ofthe performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.

Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.

Walnut Street Jail - opened in 1790 in Philadelphia. Considered the 1ststate prison. Inmates labored in solitary cells and received largedoses of religious training.

Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison, whereoffenders were sent to learn discipline and regular work habits.

Zebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes regarded asthe Father of prison reform and Father of American Parole in theUnited States.

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