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stratified epithelium, papillae formed of connective tissue springfrom the stroma of the ovary, in each of which a loop of vesselsis formed. A series of densely-clustered villi is thus produced,which are converted into tubular glands by the growth upwardsaround these bases of the. stroma of the ovary. The glandsmay become compound at their bases by secondary villi arisingin them. They may be converted into simple cysts by theclosure of their orifices; but more commonly the upward growthof the stroma surpasses that of the villi in which their summitsend, and the glands become completely shut off and enclosedin the stroma, forming groups of a very compound form, oftubular structure, lined by a secreting epithelium embeddedin the wall of the parent cyst. When distended by furthersecretion they form the smaller and larger multilocular cystsscattered on the inner wall of the parent cyst. Other modesof cyst-formation resulting in dense cystoid masses were tracedby the author to these structures.

Class D refers to the cyst found in the cauliflower papillaryor dendritic growths which spring from the interior of parentcysts. These growths originate in a number of delicate papillaegrowing from a common basis, and uniting to form larger masses.They consist of a delicate stroma, derived from that of the pa-rent cyst-wall, a loop of vessels, and a covering of epithelium.The irregularity of their growth causes spaces to be enclosed bythem, lined by a secreting epithelium, and which, when com-pletely shut off, become cysts. Various illustrations were givenof this process. The author considers that in no case are the

secondary cysts in the cauliflower growths of the ovary derivedfrom single epithelium cells.The author then referred to the observations of Drs. Pfliiaer

and Billroth on the origin of the Graafian follicles from tubularstructures found in the embryonic condition of the ovary; andthough not able fully to corroborate all Dr. Pfluger’s views fromhis own observations, he has convinced himself that theGraafian follicles originate in tubular structures. He regardsthese cysts as resulting from a renewal in the adult of the earlymode of development of the Graafian vesicle with variousmorbid aberrations from the type of embryonic growth; andthinks they must therefore be placed in the same category withother cystic tumours growing in structures having tubular glandsand ducts, especially with those of the mamma, testicle, andthyroid gland. He regards the cysts mentioned under Class Das presenting essentially the same type, inasmuch as the largepapillary and cauliflower masses can only be regarded, similarlyto the Haversian fringes of synovial membranes, as evertedglandular structures. He has not had any opportunities ofexamining any multilocular cysts of the ovary containing der-moid structures; but, inasmuch as these have been shown tocontain both normal hair follicles and sebaceous and sudori-parous glands, -all of which structures are the frequent seat ofcyst formations,-he believes that they will be proved to followthe same laws of growth as the colloid cysts. The author,from chemical examinations of the fluid contents of the cysts,has been led to regard the so called colloid matter found inthem, as the result of alterations depending on the varying con-ditions of pressure under which they are secreted from theinner surface ; and he believes that this matter cannot be con-sidered as the result of any special form of degeneration of thetissue of the ovary.The method which the author has pursued in studying the

development of the cysts of the Classes A C D, has been tomake sections in the recent state with a Valentin’s knifethrough various parts of the sbroma. The glands of Class Care best displayed by sections made vertically to the inner sur-face of the cyst-wall. Observations on Classes C and D aremuch facilitated by hardening the tissues in chromic acid solu-tion of two per cent., and subsequently treating sections madeby a sharp razor with liquor of soda and glycerine.

Reviews and Notices of Books.Lectures, chiefly Clinical. By THOMAS.KING CHAMBERS, M.D.,

Honorary Physician to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phy-sician to St. Mary’s and the Look Hospital. London:Churchill and Son.

As we have noticed this book at considerable length on aformer occasion, we need not do so now again. Dr. Chambersis distinguished as a medical writer by several qualities : by adecided boldness in questioning old theories and laying down

bases for constructing new ones ; by regarding all diseases asessentially a deficiency of life, a step in the direction of death,and all proper treatment of disease as tending more or lessdirectly to the "renewal of life ;" by always trying to con-struct medical and therapeutical reasoning upon a basis of phy-siology ; by calling, or rather by persisting in calling, all continuedfevers indiscriminately "typh fevers;" and by a certain pecu-liarity of literary composition which he probably regards as agood illustration of " plain English," which, generally, may becommendable, but which we think occasionally not the mostaccurate and applicable, as in the discussion of such deep ques-tions as the origin of cells and the relation of the originalmaterial of such different structures as epithelium, nerve-cells,gland-cells. &c.There are few writers who give a version of the scienceand practice of medicine which more thoroughly commendsitself, on the whole, to our judgment. He is magnanimouslyabove all exclusive doctrines, and adopts what is good fromany quarter. With one hand he can practise bloodletting forthe relief of a part, and with the other introduce nourishmentfor the maintenance of the general power of the system. Onthe whole his practice of medicine seems to be a wise middlecourse between foolish extremes. His lectures on blood-

letting, on alcohol, on dietetics, on fever, on pulmonary con-sumption, on indigestion, on constipation, are excellent andoriginal pieces of writing, and we commend all his opinions to,to the study of the profession. We would especially directattention to Dr. Chambers’s treatment of fever by acids andnourishment. His success is very great; at any rate the

mortality is very small. Of 121 cases tabulated at page 91,only four died. He uses alcohol very discriminately, and it isno essential part of his ordinary treatment; the nourishmenthe administers consisting mainly of strong beef-tea and milk.

Dr. Chambers, like most original writers, has his crotchets.He can see no good in antimony. He thinks we have

possibly overrated the wholesomeness of fresh air. He isso absorbed with the notion of defective vitality that in anordinary case of acute laryngitis, when evidently he mighthave been excused for limiting his attention to the larynx andremedies likely to act upon it, and in which he has to call in asurgeon to perform tracheotomy, he must needs have out allhis usual reflections about defective vitality, his usual abuseof antimony-which would probably have been the best remedy,and the timely use of which possibly might have supersededtracheotomy,-and prescribe for the livid patient leeches tothe larynx, and tincture and decoction of cinchona every twohours.

Throughout all Dr. Chambers’s teaching there is observableone most commendable feature-viz., a firm belief in the powerof medical resources. In these faithless times this is a greatvirtue ; and though we have taken exception to what may be

: called Dr. Chambers’s crotchets, we only do him justice when! we say that he generally gives a good reason for his faith.

The book would be greatly improved by the addition of a, good index.

OUR LIBRARY TABLE.

The Roman or Turkish Bath, together with Barège, Medi-cated, Galvanic, and Hydropathic Baths. By JAMES LAWRIE,M.D., L.R.C.S.E. pp. 294. Edinburgh: Maclachlan andStewart.-In these pages may be found a full and preciseaccount of the history and nature of the Roman bath, as wellas of the baths of other countries. The prophylactic andtherapeutic powers of this agent are described perhaps in rathertoo laudatory a style. The bath is capable of effecting muchgood ; but it is not a panacea for all the ills that flesh is heir to.In the attempt to raise the Roman bath once more into adomestic institution in Great Britain, the advocates of the

sweating process have been too profuse in its praise. The

consequence has been that a reaction has ensued, and an un-

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wise attempt has been made to reduce the modern bath theoryto a mere sensation mania of the day. This is equally an error.We believe, however, that a good firm root amongst us hasbeen really taken by the bath, and which will eventually bemade all the stronger from the top-heavy and exuberantbranches of the young plant having been carefully pruned, ifnot by Dr. Lawrie, by other less enthusiastic partisans.

Ireland, Past and Present: the Land and the People. ALecture by Sir War. R. WILLS WILDE, M.D., &c.-This valu-able and interesting brochure embodies more of the ancienthistory of Ireland than any similar publication with which weare acquainted. It sets forth in the familiar form of a discourseto the Dublin Young Men’s Christian Association those re-aearches into the antiquities, traditions, natural transitions,and general characteristics of Ireland to which it is known thedistinguished author has devoted so much attention. Sir Wm.Wilde had disciplined his mind for the appreciation of the variousphases through which Ireland in its several epochs appears tohave passed, by a close study of, as well as intimate acquaint-ance with, the analogous histories of other countries, the resultof personal inspection in past years of travel. He is thus en.abled to institute comparisons between the spear-heads andstone-tools dug up in Donaghal and those he has examinedon the plains of Tyre ; and, in contrasting the present and thepast, to invite to inferences of a directly practical nature. Ithas been said that Medicine is a jealous mistress, and demandsfrom those who would successfully woo her close and undividedattention. Sir Wm. Wilde’s genius places him in an exceptionalposition, for certainly the pursuits of literature have been cul-tivated by him with an assiduity and a success which, thougharguing his writings to have been labours of love, have in nowise diminished the extraordinary value of his more serious andimportant professional works. We commend this lecture tothe perusal of those who desire in a brief rés1lmé to acquaintthemselves with the natural, social, and scientific progress ofIreland.On Dentition and the Care of the Teeth. By HENRY C.

QUINBY. pp. 47. Liverpool: Walmsley.-Fifty pages of use-ful matter, such as is not always to be met with beneath thegreen-polished paper-covers of those very suspicious pamphletsconnected with dentists and their art. As this is the workof one who informs us that he has no secrets, no wonderful andhitherto unknown specifics for preserving and restoring theteeth, and who would rather seek to secure a practice basedon merit than upon flaming advertisements of impossible thingshe alone has discovered and patented, we may recommend theessay for perusal. We have read it ourselves, and have foundit instructive and sensible.On the Economical Use of Fuel and the Prevention of Smoke

in Domestic Fireplaces; with Observations on the Patent Laws.By FREDERICK EDWARDS, Jun London: Hardwicke. -Thereader will here meet with a cursory review of the principalsuggestions which have been made during the present centuryfor improvement in the use of a coal fire, and certain conclu-sions relative to the principles which we are now warranted insaying should govern us in the construction of our fire-grates.To all about to provide new stoves to their rooms we recom-mend this essay of Mr. Edwards for perusalOn the Advantages derivable to the Medical Profession and

the Public from the establishment of Village Hospitals. ByALBERT NAPPER, M. R. C. S. &c. London : Lewis. —Mr. Napper,the founder of the system commenced at Cranley, here givesin a condensed form a variety of information connected withit, and for which he has been frequently asked by personalapplication. The public may now obtain, therefore, throughthe medium of the press, all that can be desired, and thusspare the valuable time and labour of one who has alreadyenough upon his hands, without adding thereto the work of anextensive correspondence.

Classification of Skin Diseases. By W. TILBURY Fox, M.D.,physician to the Farringdon General Dispensary. London :

Hardwicke.-This is a clear and useful review of the various

systems of classification adopted by modern writers on derma-tology by one of whom we have already had occasion to speakin terms of commendation. Of course Dr. Fox has a mode of his

own, and which is here illustrated. We fear that it will notbe found simple enough for ordinary employment; but it isscientifically to be recommended.

VENTILATION OF SHIPS OF WAR.To the Editor of THE LANCET.

SiR,—You will be doing a national good if you do not allowthis subject (to which you drew attention in your number ofthe 9th inst.) to drop, and if you will use your influential pento urge it upon public attention by the expression from timeto time of your own opinion on its importance, and also bydrawing out the results of the experience of those best qualifiedto give us instruction-namely, the medical officers of the navy.That the crowding of the crews in the unventilated between-decks of ships of war is a most fruitful cause of the excessivesickness, too often fatal, among our seamen is universally re-cognised by them. Even the official administrators of the

service, who are generally the last to admit the necessity of achange, are now fain to avow that the existing state of thingsis defective. Lord Clarence Paget, two years ago, told the

,

House of Commons that " everybody who has been on boardship in the lower decks will know that the atmosphere there isoften sufficient to provoke almost any kind of disease, especiallyconsumption and fever, as has been shown by the returns fromthe fleet." No additional testimony can surely be needed, aftersuch a declaration from a Secretary to the Navy. The annualstatistical reports abound with illustrations of the painful truththat a very large amount of the loss of health, sickness, anddeath in the service is engendered on board ship independentlyof any injurious external influences, whether of climate, ex-

posure to weather, &c. And the fact is the more serious if wefind, as there is strong reason to believe, that this unsatisfac-tory state of things has of recent years been actually becomingworse instead of better. Certain it is that thirty or forty yearsago no such destructive outbreaks of yellow fever, for example,were known as have occurred within the last ten or twelveyears in the West India squadron; when a fourth, and even athird part of an entire crew has been swept off within a coupleof months; and a ship has arrived at Halifax, after a ten days’run from Jamaica, in such a disabled state that there werescarcely hands enough in health to bring her safe into harbour ! eThen look at the enormous amount of sickness, endingeither in death or in invaliding, in the East India and Chinafleet of late years-considerably greater too than it used to be.Dr. Nelson, B,.N., has drawn attention to the startling fact thatthere was more disease and a larger mortality in our navalforce during the last Chinese war than during the first oneseventeen years before; and this notwithstanding many advan-tages in respect of food, clothing, &c., possessed by the tleet inthe former case. Has any searching official inquiry been madeto ascertain the cause or causes of so unlooked-for an occur-rence ? It could scarcely fail to lead to useful practical results.If further evidence on this head were wanted, reference mightbe made to the extraordinary amount of sickness in some ofthe ships of the Mediterranean squadron detailed in the lastnumber of the Navy Medical Returns, and of which an accountappeared in THE LANCET two or three months ago.

It may be asked, What is being done to improve the venti-lation and general sanitary condition of our ships of war ?Lord C. Paget has more than once alluded in Parliament to acommission or committee appointed by the Admiralty to exa-mine and report on the subject. But it is said that the medicaldepartment of the service at Somerset House know nothingabout such a committee ; and a writer in The Times (Dec. 31,1863) roundly asserted that it consists only of a captain, anengineer, and a shipwright, without a single medical officer.If such really be the fact, can it reasonably be expected thatany satisfactory solution of this most important hygienic pro-blem will be arrived at? Some of your correspondents atPortsmouth or Plymouth will perhaps be so good as to statewhat they know about the " Ventilation Commission " of thenavy, and either confirm or contradict the assertion in The Times.

I am, Sir, yours &0.,July 14th, 1864. G. MILROY.G. MILROY.