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DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

ERIK ERIKSONs PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual findings Interpretations Justification

Trust vs Mistrust

(Infancy- birth to 18

months)

As what his mother

told him, Patient L

likes sucking his

thumb. He keeps

on crying when he

feels pain, hungry

and doesn't get

what he wants.

Besides of his

personality shown,

he still cared by his

parents and

provided the things

he needed.

At this stage,

patient L had

develop a sense of

trust to his parents

especially to his

mother.

Based on the

actual findings,

patient achieved

this stage.

During this stage the

infant is uncertain

about the world in

which they live. To

resolve these feelings

of uncertainty the

infant looks towards

their primary caregiver

for stability and

consistency of

care.Children develop

a sense of trust when

caregivers provide

reliability, care and

affection. A lack of this

will lead to mistrust.

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Autonomy vs

Shame and Doubt

(Early Childhood

18months to 3 y/o)

When he was

almost 2 y/o, his

mother told him

that he was trained

to walk with

assistance (of his

mother). At this

age, he was the

one who choose of

what clothes he

wants to wear. He

was fond of playing

toy cars. According

to his mother, he

let patient L to play

Based on the

actual findings,

patient L achieved

this stage.

During this stage the

child should develop

virtue of hope.

During this stage the

child needs to develop

sense of personal

control over physical

skills and a sense of

independence.

Success leads to the

feeling of autonomy,

failure results in feeling

of shame and doubt.

During this stage the

child should develop

virtue of will.

In this stage, the child

needs to begin

asserting control and

power over the

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Initiative vs Guilt

( Preschool 3-5

y/o)

around.

According

.

Based on the

actual findings,

patient L achieved

this stage.

environment. Success

to this stage leads to a

sense of purpose.

Children who exert too

much power

experience

disapproval, resulting

in sense of guilt.

If parents are

encouraging, but

consistent in discipline,

children will learn to

accept without guilt,

that certain things are

not allowed, but at the

same time will not feel

shame when using

their imagination and

engaging in make-

believe role

plays. Virtue of

purpose.

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Industry vs

Inferiority

( School age 6-12

y/o)

At this stage,

Patient L was

encouraged by his

parents and

teachers to study

hard as well as to

participate in

joining activities in

their school.

According to him,

during his primary

days, his always

Based on the

actual findings, the

patient achieved

this stage.

During this stage,

teachers play an

increased role in the

childs development. If

children are

encouraged and

reinforced for their

initiative, they begin to

feel industrious and

feel confident in their

ability to achieve goals.

If this initiative is not

encouraged, if it is

restricted by parents or

teacher, then the child

begins to feel inferior,

doubting his own

abilities and therefore

may not reach his

potential.

Child needs to cope

with new social and

academic demands.

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Identity vs Role

confusion

interact with his

classmates.

In this stage,

Patient L was

Success leads to a

sense of competence,

while failure results to

feelings of inferiority.

Virtue of competence.

During this stage,

development depends

on what is done to a

person. At this point,

development now

depends primarily

upon what a person

does. An adolescent

must struggle to

discover and find his or

her own identity, while

negotiating and

struggling with social

interactions and fitting

in, and developing a

sense of morality and

right from wrong.

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( Adolescence 12-

20y/o)

confused about the

things he

perceived in his

environment such

as smoking and

drinking. At the

age of 15, Patient

L tried to take

those things for

him not be ignorant

though he knows

that it is not right

doing as a

teenager. He was

scolded by his

mother about his

doing and

understands their

side.

Based on the

actual findings

patient L achieved

this adolescence

stage.

Those unsuccessful

with this stage tend to

experience role

confusion and

upheaval. Adolescents

begin to develop a

strong affiliation and

devotion to ideals,

causes, and friends.

During this stage,

young adult need to

form inmate loving

relationship with other

people. Success leads

to strong relationship

while failure results tin

loneliness and

isolation.

In this stage, adults

need to create or

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Intimacy vs

Isolation

( Young adulthood

18-30y/o)

Generativity vs.

Stagnation

(30 y/o to 65 y/o)

Patient L had

committed

relationship with

the opposite sex.

At the age of 28,

he got married and

they live together

after their

marriage.

Patient L was

married for almost

30 years and they

have already 5

Based on the

actual findings,

patient L achieved

this young

Adulthood.

Based on the

nurture things that will

outlast them, often by

having a children or

creating a positive

change that benefits

with other people.

Success leads to

feeling of usefulness

and accomplishment,

while failure results in

shallow involvement in

the world.

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children. He seems

happy with his

family and they are

supporting each

other in times of

difficulties in life

especially when he

was suffering from

stroke.

actual findings, the

patient achieved

this stage.

JEAN PIAGETs COGNITIVE THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual Findings Interpretation Justification

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Sensory-Motor

Stage: Birth through

2 y/o

As what his mother

told him, he was a

breastfeed child. He

always sucks his

thumb. He cries

when he was

hungry or in pain.

He always grasps

the objects nearer

to him. He was

weaned when he

turned 2.

Based on the actual

findings, patient L

achieved the

sensory-motor

stage.

In this stage, infants

progressively

construct

knowledge and

understanding of

the world by

coordinating

experiences (such

as vision and

hearing) with

physical interactions

with objects (such

as grasping,

sucking, and

stepping). Infants

gain knowledge of

the world from these

physical actions

they perform within

it. They progress

from reflexive,

instinctual action at

birth to the

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Pre-operational

(2-7 years)

As what his mother

told him, when he

wants something he

can definitely get it.

His mother also

notice that his

playing and talking

without any

playmates. And he

always ask question

in the things and

happening surround

him.

Based on the actual

findings, patient L

achieved the pre-

operational stage.

beginning of

symbolic thought

toward the end of

the stage.

The child in pre-

operational stage is

not yet able to think

logically. With the

acquisition of

language the child

is able to represent

the world trough

mental images and

symbols, but in

stage, these

symbols depend on

his own perception

and his intuition.

The preoperational

child is completely

egocentric.

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Concrete

Operations

(7-12 years)

Formal Operations

According to him,

he was starting to

make some

excuses to his

parent. He was able

to solve simple

mathematical

problem.

According to him,

Based on the actual

findings the patient

achieved this stage.

Based on the actual

This stage

begins when the

child is able to

perform mental

operations. During

this stage, children

begin to reason

logically, and

organize thoughts

coherently.

However, they can

only think about

actual physical

objects, and cannot

handle abstract

reasoning. This

stage is also

characterized by a

loss of egocentric

thinking.

The formal

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11 years to

adulthood

during this time he

can solve

mathematical

problem even it is

difficult. And he also

develop the sense

of arguing.

According to Mr. L,

as a father he

always looks up to

his children

especially in times

of problems and

decision making.

His opinion is very

important in the

family and most of

the time it was

followed.

findings, patient L

achieved this formal

operational stage.

operational stage is

characterized by the

ability to formulate

hypotheses and

systematically test

them to arrive at an

answer to a

problem.

The

individual in the

formal stage is also

able to think

abstractly and to

understand the form

or structure of a

mathematical

problem.

Another

characteristic of the

individual is their

ability to reason

contrary to fact.

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SIGMUD FREUDs PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual Findings Interpretation Justification

Oral Stage

(Birth to 18 months)

Anal Stage

(18 months to 3 y/o

)

During this stage,

he was breastfeed

and often feed

through bottle. As

what his mother

said that when his

hungry, he will

sucks his thumb. He

was weaned when

he turned 2.

At this stage,

Patient L was

trained by his

mother the proper

way of elimination

and had control his

bodily needs.

Based on the actual

findings the patient

achieved this stage.

Not achieved

During this stage,

the child is focused

on oral pleasures

(sucking). Too much

or too little

gratification can

result in an oral

fixation.

The anus is the

primary erogenous

zone and pleasure

is derived from

controlling bladder

and bowel

movement. The

major conflict issue

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Phallic Stage

(3-6 years old)

Patient L had these

feelings of wanting

to possess the

mother and the

desire to replace the

father, as verbalized

by his mother. But

later on he realized

that his mother have

no penis like him.

Based on the actual

findings, patient L

achieved this stage.

during this stage is

toilet training. A

fixation at this stage

can result in a

personality that is

too rigid or one that

is too disordered.

In this stage, the

center of desire is

the genital. Gender

development occurs

at this stage due to

the Oedipus and

Electra complex.

Freud believed that

a boy would have

natural love for his

mother up until this

stage, but as the

pleasure focus at

this stage is the

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Latency Stage

(6 years old to

puberty)

Patient L mingles

with his friends as

he enters the

school. He is

interested in playing

Based on the actual

findings, the patient

achieved the

latency stage.

genital region, it

was inevitable that

this love would

become sexual.

Whilst these sexual

feelings were in the

unconscious, a

young boy would

see his father as a

rival standing in his

way, and would

therefore feel

feelings of

aggression and

hatred towards his

father.

Children at this

stage will form

healthy same-sex

friendships at

school, and will start

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Genital Stage

Puberty to

adulthood

basketball or other

activities that

involves in sports

and he enjoys

participating in their

school activities.

According to him,

he got a relationship

with opposite sex

when he was in high

school.

Pt. L was married to

his wife for more

than 30years

already and he was

happy living with his

family. He was a

good husband and

a warm and caring

father. He balanced

Based on the actual

findings, patient L

achieved the genital

stage.

to focus on

their school life and

sport. Fixation is not

possible at this

stage, as there is no

pleasure focus.

Through the lessons

learned during the

previous stages,

adolescents direct

their sexual urges to

the opposite sex

peers with the

primary focus is the

genitals.

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his time for his work

and family.