NIGC:- WEEK 2 Element 1:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control Precautions in maintenance of Work Equipment Use of permit to work Isolation/locking off Dissipation of stored energy Segregation Safe means of access Use of PPE Competent personnel Ensure safe environment (allow to cool) Hazards of maintenance work opposite of above plus Chemicals Biological Asbestos Hot or cold Pressure to complete work Mechanical Hazards of Machinery Entanglement Traps Impact Contact Ejection ENTICE Draw examples of entanglement, crushing, drawing in, shear Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery Chemical/biological hazards Dust and fumes Ergonomics Electricity Fire/explosion 1
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NIGC:- WEEK 2Element 1:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control
Precautions in maintenance of Work EquipmentUse of permit to workIsolation/locking offDissipation of stored energySegregationSafe means of accessUse of PPECompetent personnelEnsure safe environment (allow to cool)
Hazards of maintenance work opposite of above plusChemicalsBiologicalAsbestosHot or coldPressure to complete work
Mechanical Hazards of MachineryEntanglementTrapsImpactContactEjection
ENTICE
Draw examples of entanglement, crushing, drawing in, shear
Non-Mechanical Hazards of MachineryChemical/biological hazardsDust and fumesErgonomicsElectricityFire/explosionHazardous substancesManual handlingNoiseRadiationStability of machineTemperature extremesUltra violet lightVibration
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Office machinery: - Photocopier and Shredder
Common hazardsElectricalErgonomicNoise Stability of machineOther Hazards
Photocopier Document shredderDrawing in Drawing in to cuttersTrap between moving parts Contact with cuttersChemicals DustUltra violet light
Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery: Bench top grinder/Pedestal drill
Common HazardsElectricityErgonomicsDustStability of machineOther hazards
Bench top grinder Pedestal drillContact with rotating wheel EntanglementDrawing into the trap between the tool rest and wheel
Contact (Stabbing/puncture)
Ejected parts of wheel or workpiece
Impact from an unsecured workpiece
Fire and sparks Cutting from swarfVibration Ejection of a broken bit or
materialsManual handling
Agricultural/Horticultural Machinery:- Cylinder mower and strimmer
Common HazardsBiological e.g. animal droppingsChemicals e.g. herbicidesElectricalFire/explosion if petrolErgonomicsManual handlingNoise and vibrationEjection of materials
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Other HazardsCylinder mower Strimmer
Contact with rotating blades Contact with cutterEntanglement in blades Entanglement with cutter
Common hazardsElectricityErgonomicsManual handlingOther Hazards
Waste Compactor Checkout ConveyorImpact Drawing in trapsCrush Non-ionising radiation (Scanner)Biological infection from waste
Construction Machinery:- Cement Mixer/Circular Saw
Common HazardsDustElectricityStability of machineErgonomicsTrapping between fixed and moving parts Noise
Other HazardsCement Mixer Circular Saw
Entanglement Drawing into rotating bladeChemicals ContactManual handling Ejection of materials
Machinery Hierarchy of ControlsFixed guardsOther guards or protection devicesProtective devices (Jigs, Holders, Push Sticks)Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision
Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls which has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove it
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Fixed GuardsAdvantages Disadvantages
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controlsOnly defeated by deliberate act No protection when removedOnly visual inspection Access to dangerous parts when
removedMay protect against other hazards e.g. noise, dust, ejection of materials
More difficult to remove not practical when frequent access requiredTends to be left unfixed when frequent access requiredMay hamper visibility
Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or opening the guard causes the machine to become safe
Interlock GuardAdvantages Disadvantages
Allow safe access for feeding materials
Increase the complexity of the machine
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintainLess likely to be deliberately defeated
May need a brake or time delay
Speeds up operations Components could fail in serviceRegular maintenance requiredMay not fail to safety
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Element 2:- Movement of People and Materials
Hazards to pedestriansSlips, trips and falls on same levelFalls from heightCollisions with moving vehicles
Precautions for accidents on StaircasesRemoval of obstructionsProvision of non-slip surfacesReflective edgingAdequate lightingEffective maintenanceUse of signsWidthProvision of handrailsDimensions treads and risersLandingsConsider disabled personsAvoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down
Causes of accidents on staircases opposite of above
Accidents on walkways almost the same
Hazards of fork trucksOverturning OverloadingLoss of loadsCollision with other vehiclesCollision with pedestriansExplosions and fire
Why can trucks overturnTravelling on gradients that are too steepTravelling forwards when descending slopesOverloaded or unevenly loadedTravelling over soft or uneven groundTravelling over slippery surfacesTravelling too fastStriking kerbs or other edgesNot suitable for the taskCarrying loads at a dangerous heights
To avoid overturning opposite of above
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Parking of fork trucksPut in neutralPut on handbrakeSwitch off engineRemove keyGive key to appropriate personForks on floorMast slightly forwardParked in suitable locationNo blocking of exits
Additional hazards of electric fork trucksHydrogen gas released during battery chargingElectricity problemsManual handling of liquidsCorrosive acidsThey are quiet
Driver selectionSuitable ageMedical examinationRoutine medical checks at regular intervalsAssessment after prolonged absencesCapable of TrainingRefresher training
Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areasSegregationSuitable parking areasAvoid reversing if possibleOne-way systemsAvoid sharp or blind bendsSufficiently wide entrances and gatewaysVision aidsSpeed limitsSignallers (Banksmen)Protection from fumesProtection from materials falling offHigh visibility jackets
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Element 3:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards
Hierarchy to reduce handling injuriesAvoid handlingAssessImplement controls
Manual Handling Risk AssessmentLoadWeight Size ShapeRigidityDifficult to graspUnstable Sharp, hot, cold etc.IndividualSexStatureIndividual capabilityTrainingPersons assessment of own capabilityTaskHolding away from trunkTwistingStoopingReaching upwardsLarge vertical movementLong carrying distancesStrenuous pushing or pullingUnpredictable movement of loadsRepetitive handlingInsufficient rest or recoveryWork rate imposed by the processEnvironmentConstraints on posturePoor floorsVariations in levelsHot/Cold/ humid conditionsPoor lighting
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Correct Kinetic Handling TechniqueAssess the loadClose to load as possibleSecure gripSuitable feet positionBack straightBend the kneesLoad close to the bodySmooth movement
Conveyors
Hazards PrecautionsTrapping in drive mechanisms Guards, No loose clothingTraps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guardsSharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edgesItems jamming conveyor Adequate designFalling objects Edge guards, barriersRiding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosureImpact with objects Helmets, paddingNoise Hearing protectionManual handling Mechanical handlingElectrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment
Types of CranesMobileTowerGantryOverhead
Cranes may fail because ofOverturningOverloadingUnsuitable support or inadequate bases for craneLoss of loadFailure of loadLack of maintenanceFailure of load bearing part
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Safe use of CranesSuitable craneSuitable ground conditionsUse of outriggersAvoidance of obstructionsCare near overhead power linesDesignated and protected areaSuitable and tested lifting tackleCorrect slinging techniqueCompetent personnelLoad near ground if travellingGood visibilityGood communicationsSuitable storage for fuels etc
Hazards opposite of above plusUse of crane in high winds
Employee safety during liftingTrained personnelProperly trained equipmentEquipment has had statutory inspectionsWarning of lift taking placeNo employee to walk under loadEnsure load is secureSWL of crane and tackle not exceededLifted to correct heightMoved at appropriate speedAdequate supervision
Lifting Accessories (Tackle)
Main HazardsOverloading/used above safe working loadIncorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chainsInsecure attachment of loadDamage to tackleIncorrect slinging methodFailure to examine and inspect pre-useIncompetent staff
Precautions opposite of above
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Element 4:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls
Target Organs:- A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent
Examples:- Mercury, Lead the brain Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs
Bodies defences against dustThe hair and wetness of the noseThe change of direction of the larynxSneezing and coughingThe hair cells in the respiratory tractTears and blinking of the eyes
DermatitisSymptoms:- Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, reddening, cracking of skin
Protective measures against dermatitisEliminate the substanceSubstitution of the substanceBarrier creams,Good hygiene practicesPPE
Routes of entry in the bodyInhalationIngestionAbsorptionDirect entryInjection
Acute effects:- Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which is usually reversible e.g. Alcohol
Chronic:- Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver disease caused by Alcohol
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Classification of Hazardous Substances
Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. Petrol
Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g. acids
Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause damage to health
Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health
Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health
Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer
Information on Manufacturers Safety data sheetsIdentification of the substanceManufacturers informationComposition of the ingredientsFirst-aid precautionsFire-fighting measuresHandling and storagePPEDisposal considerationsTransport informationRegulatory information
Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube)
Draw it
Advantages DisadvantagesLow cost InaccurateTakes little time Positioning of tubeImmediate result Only a snap shotLittle training InefficientInformation during spillage Chemical use onlyGood for coarse indication Substance specific
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Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal
Control of health hazardsEliminateReduce by substitutionIsolate:-Total EnclosureSegregate the peopleControlEngineering Control (LEV)Maintenance of controlsChange the work pattern or methodHygiene and housekeepingPPEDiscipline
Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.Ventilation systems alarmedPPEEmergency showers, eye wash facilitiesBooms, sawdust, spillage proceduresEvacuation proceduresIsolation of the areaEvacuation of the employees at riskPPE for staff involved in clear up
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Main Parts:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan
Draw it
LEV becomes inefficient because of:-Blocked filtersLack of maintenancePosition of hoodUnauthorised alterationsBroken ductingWear of fan bladesIncorrect settings Increased contaminant levelInadequate designFailure of operators to use it
Checks opposite of above
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Specific Agents
AmmoniaStrongly alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can cause irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract in small concentrations. Large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory protection essential.
Asbestos
Main types:- Blue, Brown and White
Diseases:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma
UsesPipe laggingWall and roof panelsCeiling tilesTextured coatingsInsulation materialsGasketsBrake linings
Carbon DioxideColourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air. Low levels increases the rate of respiration and high levels depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even death. Produced in fermentation process e.g. breweries.
Carbon MonoxideColourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle exhausts
Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink” appearance and ultimately asphyxiation
ChlorineA greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly irritant to the respiratory system.
DustsNuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and conditions such as asbestos, Silicosis.
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Dust IdentificationVisual signs of dustDust lampsStatic or personal samplingHealth surveillance
Control measures for dustEliminationSubstitution e.g. pellets instead of powdersEnclosure of the processLocal exhaust ventilationVacuuming instead of sweepingDamping downLimiting time of exposureLimiting numbers exposedRespiratory protective equipment
LeadA heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating contaminated food but usually by breathing fumes or dust.
Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the nervous system sometimes death in severe cases.
Organic SolventsThese dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and degreasing agents. They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room temperature so their vapours can be drawn into the lungs.
Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and in extreme cases in death.
IsocyanatesOrganic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams.
Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.
SilicaFound in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from breathing it in which can lead to the lung disease silicosis.
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Biological Agents
Leptospirosis or Weils diseaseBacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common source is in river water, sewers etc. Enters the body through puncture of the skin or ingestion. Attacks the kidneys and liver causing high temperatures and may be fatal.
LegionellaAn airborne bacterium found in water sources such as cooling towers, stagnant water etc. It is caused by inhalation of airborne droplets of water containing the legionella bacteria leading to a form of pneumonia i.e. breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people with chest problems. Control measures involve temperature control and monitoring, avoiding “dead legs” legs in pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.
HepatitisA disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and jaundice. It is caused by hazardous substances or a virus. Health workers and those handling bodily fluids are most at risk. The control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices.
Control measures for Biological HazardsCleaning and disinfectionWater treatmentVermin controlContainment of the biological agentAvoidance of sharp implementsProper disposal of contaminated wasteImmunisationPersona hygienePPE
Waste StorageSufficient storage areaClearly the label the storage areaEnsure storage area secureProtect storage area with bunds etc.Store different types of waste separatelyNever store incompatible waste togetherSelect appropriate containersKeep quantities of waste to a minimumProtect waste from the elements
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Element 5:- Physical and psychological hazards
ErgonomicsThe study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work equipment and work task.
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)
Causes of WRULDsRepetitive finger, hand or arm movementsTwisting movementsSqueezingHammeringPushing, pulling or reaching movements
SymptomsNumbness in fingersPains in hands or armsRestriction of joint movementSoft tissue swelling
Factors to be considered during risk assessmentForce exertedFrequency and duration of operationRepetition of movement without rest or recoveryPostureConstraints on spaceEnvironment
Improve above plus:-Mechanise taskUse correct tools and equipment
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)
Health effectsUpper limb pains and discomfortEye and eyesight effectsEpilepsyRadiation effects on pregnant womenFatigue and stress
Workstation requirements
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Adequate lightingMinimum noiseAmple legroomSuitable screen at eye levelSuitable softwearKeyboardWork surfaceSuitable work chairFootrest if necessary
Health effects of remaining seated for a long timeVertebral and muscular damageHigh blood pressureCirculation problems
Suitable Seat for sedentary workersGood lumbar supportGood width and depthAbility to adjust seat back and heightStable baseAbility to swivelProvision of arm rests
Welfare and Environment issues
WelfareSufficient toiletsWashing facilitiesEating and changing facilitiesClothing storageSeatingRest areasArrangements for non-smokers
Working environmentTemperatureVentilationLightingRoom dimensionsSuitable work stations and seatingWeather protection for outdoor workstations
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Health effects of poor lightingEye strainHeadachesPoor postureTripping over unseen objectsIncreased likelihood of human errorIncreased time to vacate work area
Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lightingThe tasks being undertakingThe size and layout of the work areaThe equipment usedAvailability of natural lightShift times/work patternsSuitable number of artificial lightContrast levelsGlareAreas in shadowNeed for localised lightingMaintenance of lightingAdequate emergency lighting
Noise
Noise terminology
Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured in Hertz
Intensity:- The loudness of the noise
Decibel:- The sound pressure level
“A” Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human ear perceives the noise
SourceDesignDampingIsolateMaintenancePathScreens and barriersEnclosureAbsorptionSilencerThe PersonDistanceTime exposedInformation and training
Limitations on Personal Hearing ProtectionNot worn correctlyNot fitted correctlyNot properly maintainedUncomfortable or inconvenient to wearNeeds constant management commitmentMay introduce secondary risks
Hand-Arm Vibration
Health EffectsTingling in the hands and extremitiesNumbness and blanching of the fingersSwollen painful jointsReduction in manual dexterityReduction in the sensation of touch
Control MeasuresEliminationReduce the degree of vibrationSelect low vibration equipmentSelect ergonomically designed equipmentMaintenance of equipmentReduce grip and push force with work equipmentReduce the time workers exposedIntroduce health surveillanceGloves and heated padsInformation and training on the nature of risks
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Work in a Hot EnvironmentHealth effectsSkin burnsCataractsDehydrationHeat crampsHeadachesFaintingPrecautionsMedical pre-selectionAcclimatisationLimit time of exposureCold drinksPPE
Work in Cold EnvironmentHealth effectsHypothermiaLoss of concentrationShiveringFrost bitePrecautionsMedical pre-selectionAcclimatisationLimit time of exposureHot drinksInsulated clothing
Radiation
Non-IonisingType Use in Industry
Infrared Heating and brazingLasers Cutting, Bar code readersMicrowaves Food preparation, Signal transmissionUltra-violet Welding
Health effectsBurnsReddening of the skinCataractsArc eyeTemporary sterility
Acute effects from high dose Chronic EffectsReddening of the skin CancersRadiation sickness, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea
Sterility
Hair loss Hereditary defectsDeath Effects on unborn children
Death
Control MeasuresTimeDistanceShieldingOthersPPEEnvironmental and personal monitoringCorrect disposal of radiation materialsGood hygiene practicesTraining and supervision
Violence at work
Occupations at riskTaxi driversHospitalsSchoolsCash transactionsDelivery/collection of moneyControl measuresTraining and informationThe environmentDesign of the jobCommunicationLone workingReporting and recording incidents
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StressPhysical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increased anxietyDizziness Reduced concentrationAching neck and shoulders IrritabilitySkin rashes Sudden mood changesProne to infections Inability to copePanic attacks Reduced work outputRaised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etcIncreased blood pressure Poor sleep patternsHeart diseaseStomach ulcers
Causes of StressCultureDemandsControlRelationshipsChangeRoleIndividualEnvironment
Control measures for stressSelecting suitable employeesTrainingClearly defined rolesClearly work objectivesComfortable working environmentGood lines of communicationRealistic work schedulesEmployee involvementGrievance procedureImpartial investigation of stressManagement support
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Element 6:- Electrical Hazards and Control
Main Hazards of ElectricityBurnsShock Arcing FireExplosions
Secondary Effects of ElectricityFalls from heightUnintentional movement of machineDe-activation of control measuresLoss of informationThrow off
Health effects of Electricity on the bodyDamage to nervous systemIrregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)Internal burnsExternal burnsMuscular contractionsStopping breathingStopping of the heart
Factors Influencing severity of electrical shockVoltageCurrentTimeConductivity or resistanceCurrent path
Action on finding someone in contact with electricityIsolate the supply if possibleSummon helpGive first-aid if capableRemain with casualty until emergency services arrive
Causes of Electrical FireInadequate circuitsOverloaded circuitsIncorrect fusesDamaged insulationLoose connectionsFlammable materials too close to electrical equipmentOverheating of cables
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Safety of Portable Electrical AppliancesThe appliance:-Battery operatedChecked before useSuitable selected equipmentProperly maintained equipmentThe Lead:-Ensure not run over by vehiclesDragged over rough servicesTrapped in machineryExposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicalsContinuous flexingJoints, Connections and plugs:-Makeshift temporary connectionsLeads getting pulled outPoor made connectionsFuse being replacedBattery operated
Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents
Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster
Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to earth lower than the human body
Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure
Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply
Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation
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User checksEquipment is of an approved standardWiring and casing are free from damageCables are correctly routedSystem not overloadedCorrect fusesPlug properly wired and grippedCompetent usersUsing reduced voltage in wet conditionsUsing RCDs
Office EnvironmentsSuitable equipment manufactured to appropriate standardsAvoid the use of trailing cablesAvoid multi-socket extensionsControl private electrical equipment brought from homeReport defective and damaged equipmentEnsure effective heatingSwitch off overnightTest appliances at regular intervals
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Element 7:- Construction Activities Hazards and Control
Site Precautions for childrenFencingSecurityCamerasWarning signsVisit schoolsTake children to site on visitsLock away vehicle keysLock away hazardous chemicalsRemove laddersCover holesReduce heights of materials
Hazards for repair of Flat RoofFalling offFalling throughAccessHot bitumenBurning gasesFumesFireManual handling
LaddersHazards in useFalling offOverreachingCarrying up materialsUnsuitable ladderLadder not properly securedIncorrect angleNot reaching above landing placeAluminium ladders near electrical lines
Scaffolding
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Inspection checking the above are correct PlusStaggered jointsNot overloadedSuitable access
Show how scaffold is attached to the buildingMobile Tower Scaffold
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PrecautionsErected by competent personsPre use inspectionsPositioned on firm groundCorrect height to width ratio 3.5 x narrowest sideUse of outriggers to broaden baseTying in to adjacent structurePeople and materials removed before movingHandrails and toe boardsSuitable work platformNot overloaded
Hazards opposite of above
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms
HazardsPeople falling or being thrownMaterials fallingCrushing between carrier and a fixed structureCollapse or overturning of MEWP caused byEquipment failureUnsuitable ground conditionsDefective or unused outriggersOverloading of the carrierStruck by loadStruck by another vehicleInterference with controls
Precautions opposite of above
Suspended access cradles and platforms
PrecautionsPre-use inspectionsSupports to building of adequate strengthSuitably maintainedSafe access and egressNot exceed safe working loadGuard rails and toe boards fittedSafety harnesses wornLimitations on use in strong winds
Excavations
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Main hazardsUndermining foundationsCollapseUnderground servicesPersons falling inVehicles close to edgeAccess and egressHazardous atmospheresFloodingContaminationType of soilRemoval of soil
Precautions for above
Precautions for underground servicesPlan jobLocate cables Avoid cablesSafe digging procedures
Hazards of DemolitionUnderground and over head servicesFalls from heightFall of materialsPremature collapseHealth hazardsGases and vapoursNoiseVibrationIonising radiationsBiological hazards
Precautions opposite of above plusExclusion zonesSafe method of demolitionPPE
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Element 8:- Fire Hazards and Control
Causes of fireArsonElectrical faultsMisuse of electrical equipmentSmokers’ materialsOil/gas heating equipment and portable heatersUnsafe storage of materialsUse of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areasWelding/hot workMechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen
Flash point:- The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition
Classes of fireA Combustible solids (Coal, paper etc.)B Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)C Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen, propane)D MetalsF Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats)
Method of Heat Transfer
Direct Contact:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites.
Conduction:- Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts
Radiation:- Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a materials at a distance from the fire.
Convection:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.
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Fire precautions to minimise the risk to people in the event of fireSuitable Fire/smoke detectionFire Alarms:-SuitableRegular TestingContact with emergency servicesMeans of escapeTravel distancesStairwaysFire doorsSignageEmergency lightingAssembly pointsMeans of fighting the fireSuitable extinguishersProperly sited extinguishersTraining in use of extinguishersExtinguishers properly maintainedEmergency evacuation proceduresFire marshalsFire noticesFire drillsRoll callsProvisions for diabledLimiting numbers of persons
