NIVEL INTERMEDIO

REVISION THIRD TERM

SUMMARY

VERB TENSES:Revision of all tenses

THE PASSIVE VOICE

MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION :

may/might, can’t, must

CONDIONAL SENTENCES

RELATIVE CLAUSES(revision)

REPORTED SPEECH

INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS(revision)

QUANTIFIERS(revision)

VOCABULARY:- Cinema- The body- Education- Houses- Wordbuilding- Work

PASSIVE VOICE

USEWe often use the passive when it’s not said, known or important who does the action.

FORMTo turn an active verb into a passive one: write the verb “to be” in the same tense the verb was in the active and add the past participle of that same verb. e.g. He built a house A house was built.e.g. She will write a letter A letter will be written.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. He wrote a letter A letter was written by him.

2. The verb to be keeps the same tense as the main verb in the active.active: Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet passive: Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare

3.The subject of the active sentence becomes a prepositional complement (complemento agente) of the passive sentence (or is dropped).The Egyptians built the pyramids.The pyramids were built (by the Egyptians)

THE PASSIVE VOICE

BUT, BE CAREFUL!!!Sometimes there are two possible answers (two objects in the active sentence).

Tim gave Lisa some flowers.

Answers:

Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim. 

or Lisa was given some flowers by Tim. (MORE USUAL)

Turn the following active sentences into passive sentences

1. They shoot a lot of films on location.

A lot of films are shot on location.

2. The mechanic is repairing our car.

Our car is being repaired by the mechanic.

3. An earthquake destroyed the city.

The city was destroyed by an earthquake.

4. They were cooking paella.

Paella was being cooked.

5. The make-up artist has transformed the actor.

The actor has been transformed by the make-up artist

6. They had never defeated the Arsenal before.

The arsenal had never been defeated by them before.

7. They will release the film next summer.

The film will be released next summer.

8. You must respect the rules.

The rules must be respected.

Turn the following active sentences into passive sentences

MODAL VERBS - DEDUCTION

MAY, MIGHT= you think something is possibly truee.g. I don’t know where he is. He may/might be at work or at the gym.

CAN’T= you are sure something is impossible, not truee.g. That woman can’t be paul’s wife. Paul’s wife has dark hair.

MUST= you are sure something is truee.g. Your sister must have a lot of money if she drives a PorscheMay, might, can’t and must are modal

auxiliary verbs, so they have no other forms (except for “can”, that has a past and conditional form “could”) and are followed by the infinitive without “to”. .

Choose the right option

A:Where’s the boss today? B: I don’t know. He _______ be ill. He called to say

that he’s going to the doctor’s.must

A: Why is Tom so happy?B: I don’t know. He ________ have a new girlfriend.might

A: Where’s Martha’s house?B: I don’t know. But she _______ live near the office, because she commutes everyday by train.can’t

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

FIRST TYPE: Present or future real, likely situations

If /unless + present simple / will + infinitive (also present simple, imperative and some modals)

e.g. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll got o the beach.e.g. If it rains, you get wet.e.g. Come and see us next week if you have time.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

SECOND TYPE: Present or future hypothetical, imaginary

situations

If /unless+ past simple / would /could/might+ infinitive

e.g. If I had a job, I’d get my own flat.

Note: I, he, she, it can be followed by either “was” or were”. But, to give advice, If I were you…” is more common.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

THIRD TYPE: Past hypothetical, imaginary, impossible

situations

If /unless+ past perfect / would /could/might+ have+past participle

e.g. If I hadn’t been late every day, I wouldn’t have lost my job.

Fill in the blanks

My sister _________ (finish) university this year if she passes all her exams.will finish

You _____ (enjoy) the weekend if you had come with us. would have enjoyed

If you tidied your room more often, it_____ (be) a mess.wouldn’t be

I will help you tomorrow, if I _______ (have) time.have

If you _______ (take) me to the airport I would have missed the plane.hadn’t taken

If I _______ (be) you, I wouldn’t do that.were

RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING:

- Don’t use commas.

- “That” can replace “who”, “which” and “when”.

- You can omit “that”, “who”, “which” and “when” when they aren’t the subject of the relative clause.

NON-DEFINING:

- Don’t use commas.

- “That” can’t replace “who”, “which” or “when”.

- You can’t omit “who”, “which” or “when”.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO / THAT people

WHICH / THAT things, animals

WHEN / THAT time reference

WHERE place reference

WHOSE possessive meaning

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

I bought a house. It was advertised in the local paper.

Rewrite these sentences using: who, which, that, when, where or whose

I bought a house that/which was advertised in the local newspaperVenice is a wonderful place. We spent our last holiday there.Venice is a wonderful place where we spent our last holidayThis is the boy. I met him yesterday.This is the boy (that/who) I met yesterday.

The girl was crying. Her cat was lost

The girl whose cat was lost was crying.

REPORTED SPEECH

USEUse reported speech to report what other people said.

e.g. “I like travelling”. He said he liked travelling.

Note: When the reporting verb is in the past (and it usually is) the tenses in the sentence which is being reported usually change. You usually have to change the pronouns and time and place references too.e.g. “I’ll meet you here tomorrow”. He said he’d meet me there the next day.

REPORTED SPEECH

HOW TO REPORT A QUESTIONe.g. “Is it late?” She asked if it was latee.g. “Where is the airport?” He asked where the airport was.

HOW TO REPORT A COMMANDe.g. “Go home!” He told me to go home.e.g. “Don’t go away!” He told me not to go away.

Direct speech Indirect speech Present simple She said, "It's cold.“Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." Present perfect She said, "I've been on the web since 1999.“Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday.“Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."

Past simple She said it was cold. Past continuous She said she was teaching English online. Past perfect She said she had been on the web since 1999. Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday. Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier. Past perfect NO CHANGE

Direct speech Indirect speech

canShe said, "I can help you”mayShe said, "I may be late" mustShe said, “I must go”willHe said, “I’ll help you”usually +present simpleHe said “I usually go to the gym on Fridays”

couldShe said she could help me. mightShe said she might be late. had toShe said she had to go. wouldHe said he would help me.used toHe said he used to go to the gym on Fridays.

BE CAREFUL WITH THESE!!

He said, "I have eaten my lunch.“

He said that he had eaten his lunch.

Rewrite the following in the reported speech

He said, "I am doing a degree at the university“

He said he was doing a degree at the university.

Rewrite the following in the reported speech

The teacher said to the class, "Pay attention.“

The teacher told the class to pay attention.

Rewrite the following in the reported speech

My friend said to me. "Don't be late tomorrow.“

My friend told me not to be late the next day.

Rewrite the following in the reported speech

She said to me, "Where is the hospital?.“

She asked me where the hospital was.

Rewrite the following in the reported speech

GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

We use the gerund:

1. After prepositions and phrasal verbs.e.g. I’m not very good at remembering names.e.g. Mike has given up smoking.

2. As the subject of a sentence.e.g. Driving at night is quite tiring.e.g. Shopping is my favourite thing to do at weekends.

3. After some verbs.e.g. I don’t mind getting up early.e.g. I hate doing the washing up.

Note: negative gerund = not + verb + -ing

GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

We use the infinitive with to:

1. After adjectives.e.g. My flat is easy to find

2. To express a reason or purpose.e.g. Monica is saving money to buy a new car.

3. To report commands and imperative sentences.e.g. I want you to do this now.

4. After some verbs.e.g. We decided to leave earlier.e.g. I tried not to make noise

Note: negative infinitive = not to + verb

GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

We use the infinitive without to:

1. After most modal and auxiliary verbs.e.g. We must hurry.e.g. I can’t drive.

2. After “make” and “let”.e.g. She always makes me laugh.e.g. My parents didn’t let me go out last night.

VOCABULARY: CINEMA(Vocabulary bank, p. 159)

VOCABULARY: THE BODY(Vocabulary bank, p. 160)

VOCABULARY: EDUCATION(Vocabulary bank, p. 161)

VOCABULARY: HOUSES(Vocabulary bank, p. 162)

VOCABULARY: WORDBUILDING(Vocabulary bank, p. 163 AND EX 3 P. 164)

To achieve

ACHIEVEMENTTo argue

ARGUMENTTo succeed

SUCCESS

To choose

CHOICE

To complain

COMPLAINTTo lose

LOSSTo attach

ATTACHMENT

To respond

RESPONSE

To demonstrate

DEMONSTRATION

CARE

Adjectives:- careless+ carefulAdverbs:- carelessly+ carefully

LUCK

Adjectives:- unlucky+ luckyAdverbs:- unluckily+ luckily

To apply

APPLICATION

To resign

RESIGNATIONTo employ

EMPLOYMENT

To promote

PROMOTION

VOCABULARY: WORK(Vocabulary bank, p. 164)