| Date post: | 05-Apr-2018 |
| Category: |
Documents |
| Upload: | lucianaraica |
| View: | 222 times |
| Download: | 0 times |
of 60
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
1/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% ;
Ey%ky|% Gy|mkfbpb Tgnmeg
7 Bg Cpbm Gem" Kg|`lygG['Y`lgk|fymm
0
9 *ekfel`m`y`g fpbfyTyfh% Lfiy` Cgyme`bg" kfgbg N`e`ygbML[yip T`|ymbg" AL
8
; *Ky`g|mxm|g|` e exce|pb cfl`ye l` gzmTyfh% ex% Tymcgy: A`yi`m Kfymeg#kfgbg N`e`ygb ML[yip T`|ymbg" AL
>
< *@b`xmmtgy|`e`ym gk|mxm e tyftymg bfy `lpkgm`Tyfh ex Tymcgy: Igyiyfm` Glymgeg" Kfb`nmpb Egmfegb Cmagm @cme`{kp
T`|yfgem" AL
=
0 *Ky`g|mxm|g|`g m yfbpb `m g{ptyg t`y{fegbm|mm ty`kfbgypbpmTyfh Ifp \g|mgeg" Nylmemg kp TT ey 74 Apm" Xg{bpm
77
8 *@qt`ym`e` `pyft`e`Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: Igyip |`hgemg" kfgbg Tyfh`{fy Emkfbg` [mcgka`" Tbfm`|m"TA
7;
> C`e|fypb `b`xpbpmtyfh`{fypbTyfh% Cgykamlge Cmeflfyg # kfgbg N`e`ygb ML[yip T`|ymbg" AL
7>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% >1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 0
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
4/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 8
Tyfh% Lfiy` Cgyme`bgkfgbg N`e`ygbM%L%[yip T`|ymbg" AL
G{|zm e {phygn`ym`Lfycm|gp t`#f hgyhpym`"E`kjm|` m cejm|`"Z`k` fp eyfm|`Pe fp gbi" gimg fpg|"Kp cmygy` b`#g#e|y`ig|:# K` x `{|`" hy|mfgy`"# K` x lfgy`6Ep x emen`" ep x tbfp"[|gm n|m|`#e agme efp"Tgyk" Lpce`z`p c m`y|`"E#gm hm fp
Bg Tg|m" l` N`fyn` \ftyk`gep
Fimk`mpb xft{mymm fpbfy `{|` hfgy|` x`kam"ge|`ymfy ky`|mem{cpbpm e gk`{| {`e{" `qm{| lfx`zmgya`fbfnmk`" lgy m y`bg|ym gb` {|ycfmbfy ge|mkm" kptymxmy` bg fimk`mpb kfbfyymm fpbfy bg cgymb` {yi|fym"
cgm gb`{ k`b` kgy` gp bfk tymcxgyg [` tgy` k memmgbfpb` {` xft{`gp e ngbi`e m yfp !kpbfymb` {pi kgy`gtgy` {fgy`b` e e`fif{m|pb bpm lypc zmbemk- Yfp `{|`m kpbfgy`g hbkymm" kpbfgy`g kgy` gbpen {tmym|`b` y`b`
Fpb` {` xft{`{k {gp {` ekfel`mgz e[t|ceg Tg|mcmbfy" e zmb`b` l` jfm {gp xme`ym Gy|g l` g ekfel`mg fp e{`gce cpek" |gb`e|"
tg{mpe`%
@qm{| cgm cpb|` |`aemkm l` ekfel`m`y`"fimeelp#{` fp l` f {menpy kpbfgy` !epcm|` mc`ymfgy`-" kp f kpbfgy` l` hfel epcm| kct m kpfyegc`e|` l` f gb| kpbfgy` {gp tfbmkyfc` !kp fyegc`e|` l`cgm cpb|` kpbfym-" ty`kpc m fyegc`e|` l` y`bm`hFyegc`e|`b` {` cgm epc`{k m ctm{|ym|py" l` pel` ml`epcmy`g l` fp ctm{|yg|` Fpb` fyegc`e|g|` e y`bm`hep {` hm`yi m ep {` kfe{pc" mgy y`gbmzgy`g bfy ty`{ptpe`
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
5/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% >
cpb| cmngb m cm`{|ym`
Fpb` l`kfyg|` kp cyn`b`|y`ipm` { tbgk g|| lme tpek| l`x`l`y` kyfcg|mk" k| m gb kfek`tm`m kfctfzmfegb` m gb y`{t`k|ymm"e hpekm` l` |`cg gb`g{" g fyegc`e|mkmm |yglmmfegb` \`aemkg
fyegc`e|ymm fpbfy kp cyn`b` g tb`kg| memmgb l` bg fpb hm`y|" |y`keltyme xgymge|g fpbpm nfbm| m pctbp| kp k`gy hm`yime|` Gtfm" g hf{| fpbe |f|gbm|g|` lme k`gy" kg cgm gtfm { {` gjpen bg fpb lme b`ce"yf|pejm| bg {|ypen% %
Fpb Hgi`yn Hm`kgy` lme|y` fpb` ekfel`mg|` y`ty`zme| fimjp|`ym` m gp hf{| ky`g|` e|y` gemm 7110 m 7=7>" l` imjp|m`ypb T`|`y Kgyb Hgi`yn Tymcpb lme|y`gk`{|` fp ekyp{|g|` kp gpy m tm`|y` ty`mfg{` g hf{| kfcgelg| l` gypb Gb`qgelyp gb MMM #b`g"t`e|yp {fmg {g" Cgymg H`lfyfxeg gymeg g hf{| hfgy|` eke|g| l` lgypb tymcm| m m#g kfcgelg|bpm Hgi`yn f g{|h`b l` imjp|`ym` e hm`kgy` ge" kp fkgzmg [yi|fymbfy Tg{kgb` e |f|gb gp hf{|
ky`g|` 04 l` fp kgy` g{|zm {` ghb e kfb`kmm tgy|mkpbgy` Fpb Hgi`yn Mgye" kgy` gx`ggtyfqmcg|mx ;444 l` lmgcge|`" g hf{| xelp| bg bmkm|gm` kp {pcg l` = cmbmfge` l` lfbgym
KY@G\MXM\G\@ E EXCE\PB CFL@YE L@ GZM
Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: A`yi`m Kfymeg"kfgbg N`e`ygb M%L%[yip T`|ymbg" AL
Tyfk`{pb l` exce|" ep cgm `{|` lfgy f |yge{cm|`y` l` kpef|me` !lme tgy|`g kglypbpmlmlgk|mk- m f gkamzmmfegy` g gk`{|fyg !lme tgy|`g `b`xpbpm-" km `{|` pe tyfk`{ t{maf{fkmgb" kgy` ep
tfg|` gx`g bfk l`k| tyme me|`ygkmpe`" me|`yy`bgm`" me|`ykpefg|`y` Kgtgkm|g|`g l` |yge{cm|`y` gmehfycgm`m gy` e x`l`y` gepcm|` gimbm|m m kfct`|`e` t` kgy` kglypb lmlmgk|mk" |y`ipm` { b`l`me" { {` ygtfy|`z` bg me|`ybfkp|fy m { tyflpk pe me|`ybfkp|fy gk|mx" b{elp #m gk`{|pmgbmi`y|g|`g `cm|`ymm y{tpe{pbpm e ym|cpb tyftymp" t`e|yp `hmkm`eg kfcpemkymm me|`yt`y{fegb`"`bmcmeel hgk|fymm k` t`y|pyi`gz kgbm|g|`g `cm{m`m mehfycgm`m kbgy`
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
6/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 1
@hmkm`eg cg|`ymgbpbpm mehfycg|mx {` tfg|` x`ymhmkg tyme `xgbpym memmgb` {pi hfyc l` cmkm|`{|`% Tyfh`{fypb {` tfg|` tpe` e bfkpb `b`xpbpm t`e|yp y`gbmzgy`g h``l#igko#pbpm e|y` `cm|fy!tyfh`{fy- m y`k`t|fy !`b`x- e gk`{| h`b" tyfh`{fypb tfg|` { hgk f {`b`km` ymnpyfg{ gmehfycgmmbfy |yge{cm{`" k| m g mehfycgmmbfy tymcm|` !l` k|y` `b`xpb#y`k`t|fy-%
@hmkm`eg {m{|`cpbpm l` exce| gy` bg igz hfbf{my`g ky`g|mxm|mm m g cfl`yem{cpbpm"
t`e|yp kg `b`xmm { tfg| gi{fyim e|y`gng `qtbfzm` l` mehfycgm` @hmkm`eg gy` kg {kftl`bmcm|gy`g t`yhfycge`bfy Gk`{|` t`yhfycge` {fbmkm| me|`yx`emm yglmkgb` e c`|flfbfnmggk|mxm|mm l` exgy`" lel hyp bmi`y cfl`yem{cpbpm m ky`gy`g pe`m g|cf{h`y` tyftmk`tgy|mkmtymm `b`xmbfy e cfl lmy`k| bg tyfk`{pb exymm" kgy` { `bmi`y`z` `b`xmm l` f {|gy`|`e{mfegb" `cfmm" meamimmm @{|` e`k`{gy m f g|cf{h`y kgy` { hgxfymz`z` kfcpemkgy`g"kfbgifygy`g" kfex`y{gmg `pym{|mk
Cfl`yem{cpb m ky`g|mxm|g|`g" kfex`yn {ty` ky``y`g `b`xpbpm mex`e|mx kgy` tyme gk`g{|g|cf{h`y ky`g|fgy`" y`gbmzg| e kbg{" e nyptpb {p {fkmgb? {` l`{k|p`gz l` meamimmm m mhfbf{`|` |fg|` kpef|me`b` lfielm|` m mcgnmegmg e lfielmy`g m gkpcpbgy`g l` efmmehfycgmm
L`zxfb|gy`g m kpb|mxgy`g ky`g|mxm|mm {` tfg|` gtbmkg bg ty`lgy`g hm`ky`m lm{kmtbme` l`
exce|" p|mbmzel c`|fl`b` cfl`y`" e|y#f cgem`y me`lm|" kgy` { ge|y`e`z` `b`xmm egk|mxm|g|`g l` exgy` tyme l`{kft`ymy`" efmb` kpef|me` Ky`g|mxm|g|`g |y`ipm` { l`xme peg|ymip| `{`emgb gb |p|pyfy y`gbmzymbfy l` xgbfym" cg|`ymgb` m {tmym|pgb`? l`fgy`k` ep `qm{| bfk l`cpek" { ep hm` e`k`{gy pe glgf{" f mex`em`" f kfe|ymipm` t`y{fegb" fymnmegb" kgy` { g{mnpy`pe ygelgc`e| {tfym| gk|mxm|mm pcge`
Lme|y` k`b` cgm hfbf{m|` c`|fl` m tyfk`l`` e gk`{| {`e{ {pe|:Iygme{|fycmenpb {gp g{gb|pb l` ml`m" `{|` f c`|fl tfg|` hm p|mbmzg| t`e|yp {|mcpbgy`g m
`q`y{gy`g ky`g|mxm|mm `b`xmbfy @hmkm`eg c`|fl`m l`tmel` l` y`{t`k|gy`g cgm cpb|fy kfelmmm:nyptpb ky`g|mx { ep hm` cgm cgy` l` >#74 t`y{fge`" c`ciymm { gmi pe emx`b me|`b`k|pgb`|`yfn`e" { lfx`l`g{k kfct`|`eg m lfymeg l` g y`gbmzg tyfib`c`" |`cg lm{kp|g| { hm`lmegme|` kpef{kp|" kym|mkg ml`mbfy ` me|`yzm{ Kfelpk|fypb { hm` l` eky`l`y` m { ky``z` fg|cf{h`y l`{|me{
G{gb|pb l` ml`m {` l`{hgfgy e |y`m hgz` e tymcg hgz gy` bfk tpe`y`g tyfib`c`m"kfcpemkgy`g pefy pefy mehfycgmm {ptbmc`e|gy`" `bgifygy`g {fbpmmbfy e hgzg g lfpg" {` g{kpb|ml`mb` `cm{` m gtfm b` kfctb`|`gz" b` kfcime" b` {`b`k|`gz t` k`b` cgm `hmkm`e|` e pb|mcg hgzgy` bfk x`ymhmkgy`g" `xgbpgy`g m gtbmkgy`g mtf|`z`bfy l` y`zfbxgy` g tyfib`c`m Pemm k`yk`||fym"tyme|y` kgy` ^%J%J%Nfylfe" {pe| l` ty`y` k lm{kpmmb` e kfe|yglmk|fymp m kym|mkg l` ml`m gy{|mcpbg ky`g|mxm|g|`g%
[me`k|mkg {gp g{fkm`y`g pefy `b`c`e|` lmx`y{`" gtgy`e| hy mctfy|ge" t`e|yp g tyflpk`ml`m efm ` f c`|fl memmg| l` ^JJNfylfe @|gt`b` {pe|: gegbmzg m e`b`n`y`g tyfib`c`mt`e|yp g hgk` kg pe bpkyp kmplg| { l`xme hgcmbmgy m gifylgy`g tyfib`c`m lme|y#f ft|mk efp"hfbf{mel hge|`zmg" gegbfnmg t`y{fegb" lmy`k| m {mcifbmk
Mex`e|mkg ` f c`|flg l` `bgifygy` g pe`m ml`m efm t` igzg pe`m me|`yty`|ymme|`ylm{kmtbmegy` Me tymcg hgzg gy` bfk hygnc`e|gy`g fim`k|pbpm m p|mbmzgy`g bpm e hfyc` efm" mgye g lfpg hgz {` fime g{t`k|` {gp ml`m fymnmegb` tyme kfcimeym" t`ycp|gym" gygejgc`e|`
@lpkgy`g ky`g|mxm|mm ` pe tyfk`{ kfe|mepp k` |y`ipm` y`gbmzg| t` |f| tgykpy{pb kfbmm"gxel e x`l`y` |fm hgk|fymm kfnem|mxm m {fkmgbm L`zxfb|gy`g tfg|` hm hgxfymzg| l` pyc|fgy`b`kfelmmm: `qm{|`eg e kfgb g pefy bgifyg|fgy` ime` lf|g|`" g pefy k`ykpym |`aemkf #|mmemhmk` mbm|`ygy#gy|m{|mk` kfelp{` l` tyfh`{fym ky`g|mxm" c`lmpb kfbgy ky`g|mx" kfeky`|mzg| e hfbf{my`g bgb`kmm m bpkyym
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
7/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% =
@B@XMMTGY\@E@YM GK\MXM E TYFTYMG
BFY @LPKGM@
Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: Igyiyfm` GlymgegKfb`nmpb Egmfegb Cmagm @cme`{kp T`|yfgem" AL
Kel x`zm k k`xg ep c`yn` m {` e|ctb e cpb|`kfbm ep#m hm` hymk { ek`ykm k`xg efp kgy` { m |yge{hfyc` t``b`xm e tgy|`e`ym gk|mxm e tyftymg bfy `lpkgm` Gk`{| bpkyp b hgk`p e hm`kgy` zm m |ym`{k lme tbme gk`g{| {g|m{hgkm` !\`yy} \afl`
\a` Tf~`y fh Tyfj`k| Ig{`l B`gyemen" B`gye ( Bmx`" Jpb}7==>-%
Kp |fmm e` e|y`ic k` gepc` tp|`c hgk` t`e|yp kggk|mxm|g|`g lme kbg{ { hm` cgm g|ygk|mx m cgm me|`y`{ge| t`e|yp`b`xm" t`e|yp kg gk`|mg { l`xme gp|fymm tyftym`m exym my`zpb|g|`b` { lpy`z` e |mct
@xfbpmg lmlgk|mkmm m t{mafbfnm`m kftmbpbpm g ek`ykg| mek`gyk ek { e` l`g y{tpe{pym" ftmpe`g hmmel g efg{|y t`e|yp
g gtbmkg peg {gp cgm cpb|` lme|y` {fbpmmb` {pn`yg|`[` tpe` e|y`igy`g: k| l` lm{tpm {pe|`c { glft|c ml`mb` m tygk|mkmb` efm e kfe|`q|pgb
e kgy` emc`em ep fh`y y``|` kp y`zpb|g|` ty`{kym{`6 [gp k| l` elyze`m {pe|`c { ek`ykc
k`xg efp g|pekm kel em {` |yg{`gz lfgy kfe|pypb {kamciymm" bmi`y|g|`g gb`n`ymbfy hmmel bfkpbkfcpe gb `qtymcymm kfct`|`e`m efg{|y` tyfh`{mfegb`6
Kp {mnpyge {fbpmg tyfny`{pbpm e tbgepb tygk|mkmm lmlgk|mk` `{|` gk``g g elyze`bmm eigzg pefy gynpc`e| t`y|me`e|` Cpb|` kgly` lmlgk|mk`" hfyg|` hmmel l` lfymeg hm` l` g m`m lmeyp|meg zmbemk" hm` l` g kp|g {fbpmg fime`ymm pefy y`zpb|g|`cgm ipe`" hm` l` g gtbmkg k``g k` gp {mcm| k gy hm p|mb {gtbmk`" gp y`pm| {#m l`cfe{|y`z` k efp|g|`g `{|` peym{k k` c`ym| g hm g{pcg| Ep |f| k``g k` `{|` efp `{|` mp|mb" ep |f| k``g k` tgy` efp kamgy gg m `{|`" lgy kp{mnpyge f gifylgy` efp glft|g| m glgt|g| ekfehfycm|g|` kp {|mbpb kglypbpm lmlgk|mk m tyfhmbpb nyptpbpm
l` `b`xm" y`ty`zme| pe tg{" kfctb`c`e|gy" kgy` kp |mctpbtfg|` y{|pyeg fimepme`b` m tfg|` kamgy kfexmen` ehgxfgy`g e`xfmm l` {kamcigy`%
Kbg{g l` `b`xm |y`ipm` { l`xme f kfcpem|g|` l`exgy`" e kgy` hm`kgy` kfe|ymipm` g|| bg tyftymg exgy`" k| m bg tyfk`{pb l` exgy` kfb`k|mx
e kfe|`q|pb mehpzmmbfy l` c`|fl` gb|`yeg|mx` bg |fg|` emx`bpymb` l` exce|" |mctpb gl`km{ k pe`b` {fbpmm lmlgk|mk` gp f gl`xyg| y`b`xge t`e|yp exce|pb yfce`{k gk|pgb"
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
8/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 74
k`b`bgb|` e`k`{m|el cgm cpb| |mct m f cgm cgy` hb`qmimbm|g|` lme tgy|`g tygk|mkm`embfy t`e|yp g b`glft|g y`gbm|mm kfbgy` yfce`|m
[m|pgy`g `b`xpbpm e k`e|ypb fyngemzymm tyfk`{pbpm l` ty`lgy`#exgy` g kfe{|m|pm| f{kamcigy` hpelgc`e|gb kgy` g g|yg{ lpt {me` e`k`{m|g|`g n{mymm gk`bfy {m|pgmm lmlgk|mk` kgy` {{|mcpb`z` t`yhfycgeg `b`xpbpm k`b tpme bg emx`bpb l`{kym{ l` tf|`emgbpb {p
K`g cgm mctfy|ge| b`km` tymcm| kg {t`kmgbm{| e tyfm`k|` g hf{| gk``g k ` lpkg|fymm ep gy|y`ipm { {pi`{|mc`z` gimbm|mb` `b`xmbfy {gp `hmkm`eg xgbfymhmkymm me|`y`{`bfy bfy !\`yy} \afl`\a` Tf~`y fh Tyfj`k| Ig{`l B`gyemen" B`gye ( Bmx`" Jpb} 7==>-
exgy`g igzg| t` tyfm`k| !e bm|`yg|py` l` {t`kmgbm|g|` kpef{kp| {pi epc`b` l` tyfj`k|ig{`l b`gyemen-" e pe`b` kfbm" kamgy `{|` f y`gbm|g|`
Tyfm`k|pb kbg{`m y`ty`zme| e gk`bgm |mct pe kfe|`q|" pe cfl l` fyngemzgy`" f c`|fl" petymekmtmp" pe {kft" lgy m pe tyfk`{{" pe tyflp{" lgy m pe me{|ypc`e| Gxel xgb`e` cpb|mtb`"exgy`g igzg| t` tyfm`k| ep tfg|` kfe{|m|pm l`k| pe {tymjme e kp|gy`g {fbpmmbfy l` y`pm| g||g kglypbpm lmlgk|mk" k| m gb` `b`xpbpm e|ypk| y`ty`zme| g|| pe tgykpy{ melmxmlpgb" k| mkfb`k|mx" tyfm`k|pb kbg{`m {` igz`gz g|| t` l`tymel`ymb` m gxge|gj`b` p|mbmzymm exymm tymekfft`ygy`" k| m t` {|plmf melmxmlpgb Bpkyel e kglypb pepm tyfm`k|" `b`xpb {` l`tymel` kp
cpekg fyngemzg| e x`l`y`g g|men`ymm pepm {kft" kg f gk|mxm|g|` e kgy` |y`ipm` { ml`e|mhmkm m {n`{|mfe`zm e cfl ygmfegb y`{py{`b` pcge`" mehfycgmfegb` m cg|`ymgb Tyfm`k|pb kfe|ymipm` bgkfe{|ypmy`g gp|fefcm`m `b`xpbpm" tyme {m|pgy`g bpm e k`e|ygb gk|mxm|mbfy m" cgm mctfy|ge|" gbl`kmzmmbfy% Tyfm`k|pb `{|` pe tyflp{ gb cpekmm `b`xpbpm" kglypb lmlgk|mk hmmel gk|fypb lmepciykgy` g{mnpy |`c`memkmg kfe{|ypkm`m
exgy`g t` igz l` tyfm`k| `{|` pe tyfk`{ e kgy` `b`xmm:mex`{|mna`gz" l`{kft`y" ty`bpky`gz mehfycgmm l`{ty` f |`c l` y`gb me|`y`{ t`e|yp `m"
kgy` gy` y`b`xge g|| t`e|yp `qt`ym`eg bfy l` xmg ge|`ymfgy" k| m t`e|yp kfe|`q|`b` xm`mmkf|mlm`e` e kgy` `m xfy hm {pim`km?
{pe| gk|fym kp yfbpym cpb|mtb` e fyngemzgy`g" tbgemhmkgy`g" y`gbmzgy`g m `xgbpgy`ggk|mxm|mbfy?
p|mbmz`gz kfft`ygy`g kg cflgbm|g|` l` igz e g|men`y`g {kftpymbfy melmxmlpgb` m l`nypt?
{pe| tpm e e {m|pgmm tygk|mk` e kgy`{pe| l`|`ycmegm me|yme{`k { `qt`ymc`e|`z`l`tymel`ym m kgtgkm|m efm m { b` kfe{fbml`z` t`k`b` lfielm|`%
exgy`g t` igz l` tyfm`k| `{|` petyflp{ kgy`:
y`hb`k| `hfy|pb melmxmlpgb m l` nyptt`e|yp g|men`y`g gepcm|fy fim`k|mx` hfycpbg|` m
l` tyfnygc" m l` `b`xm cty`pe kp kglypblmlgk|mk?y`ty`zme| `qty`{mg t`yhfycge`m
melmxmlpgb` m g nyptpbpm?kfe{|m|pm` lfxglg mctbmkymm hm`kypm `b`x m g me|`y`{pbpm t` kgy` hm`kgy` `b`x b#g
cgemh`{|g| t`e|yp ctbmemy`g pepm tgykpy{ kfb`k|mx%Tyfm`k|`b` {`yx`{k ly`t| tflpym e|y` y`gbm|g|`g lme kbg{ m `qt`ym`e`b` y`gb` l` xmgTymekmtmmb` l` igz e y`gbmzgy`g pepm tyfm`k| gb kbg{`m {pe|
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
9/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 77
kfft`ygy`?kf#mehbp`e?kf#y`{tfe{gimbm|g|`?kf#tgy|mkmtgy`?e`nfkm`y`?l`kmzmm e kfcpe?bmi`y|g|`g memmg|mx`m?y`{t`k| m |fb`yge?tgy|mkmtgy`g hgcmbm`m%Imibmfnyghm`:
~~~%~fybligeo%fyn&~fyblbmeo{&`enbm{a&|ygmemen&~fybl&t87&tbge&g{{`{{%a|c#G{{`{{`c`e| fh Tyfj`k| ig{`l B`gyemen%
KY@G\MXM\G\@G M YFBPB @M G[PTYGT@Y[FEGBM\MM TY@KFBGYPBPM
Tyfh`{fy: Ifp \g|mgegNylmemg kp T%T% ey%74 Apm" Xg{bpm
Cpb| xy`c` ky`g|mxm|g|`g g hf{| kfe{ml`yg| gtgegjpb `qkbp{mx gb pe`m cmefym|m y`{|ye{`Lm{|menel e{ cgm cpb|` |y`t|` kgbm|g|mx` e ky`g|mxm|g|` m fi{`yxel kpc `hfy|pymb l` nelmy`fimepm| mctbmk k`xg efp" k`b tpme t`e|yp t`y{fgeg ghbg| e hgg pe`m tyfib`c` {gp {m|pgm`tyfib`c" g{|zm ep {` cgm tfg|` hgk` f {`tgygy` kbgy e|y` fcpb fimepm| m k`b ky`g|fy Fymk` fctfg|` y`gbmzg f cipe|my` e cpekg {g Kg lfxgl" e cpb|` ym epcypb mex`emmbfy mmefxgmmbfy ky`|` l` bg ge bg ge T`e|yp g {` gjpen` bg f g{|h`b l`t`yhfycge `{|` e`xfm` l` fty`fkptgy` t`ycge`e| g `lpkg|fypbpm" kgy` {l`|` e cme|`g kftmbpbpm {ceg ky`g|mxm|mm" fkpb|mx m f ky`|` kp cpb| ibel`` m nymj
Ty`kfbgypb lm{tpe` l` pe tf|`emgb ky`g|mx kgy` me|`ny`gz e `qt`ym`eg kfnem|mx"c`kgem{c`b` mehfycgmfegb#ft`ygmfegb` !cflgbm|m l` ft`ygy` g nelmymm m tyfk`l``mcgnmeg|mx`" ghbg|` e kpy{ l` hfycgy`- l`kbgeg|` m {p{mep|` l` |y`ipme`b` l` kpefg|`y`" l`gp|f`qtymcgy`" l` mel`t`el`e" l` g|m|plme`g kfnem|mx kgy ek`t` { {` kym{|gbmz`z`%
Tyflp{`b` ty`kfbgypbpm `qtymc tyme|y` gb|`b`" e`xfmb`" lfyme`b`" |ymymb` {gb` gh`k|mx`kgy` gp {|g| bg igzg kfcimeymbfy ky`g|mx`" lgy m {t`kmhmkpb m emx`bpb l` l`zxfb|gy` gbtf|`emgbpbpm ky`g|mx
http://www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/training/world/p61/plan/assess.htm-Assessementhttp://www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/training/world/p61/plan/assess.htm-Assessementhttp://www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/training/world/p61/plan/assess.htm-Assessementhttp://www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/training/world/p61/plan/assess.htm-Assessementhttp://www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/training/world/p61/plan/assess.htm-Assessementhttp://www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/training/world/p61/plan/assess.htm-Assessement7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
10/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 79
L`zxfb|gy`g tf|`emgbpbpm ky`g|mx ep {` y`gbmz`gz l` bg {me`" km `{|` e`xfm` l` gkmpemkfe|mep` m fyngemzg|` l` {|mcpbgy` m gk|mxgy` Gk|mxgy`g m {|mcpbgy`g tf|`emgbpbpm ky`g|mxmctpe kpefg|`y`g {t`kmhmkpbpm m g emx`bpbpm l` l`zxfb|gy` g gk`{|pmg" kg m kpefg|`y`g y`bgmmbfyl`|`ycmeg|mx` e kgy` `{|` mctbmkg| [|mcpbgy`g m {g|m{hgk`y g |y`ipme`m l` kpefg|`y` g kftmbpbpml`|`ycme l`zxfb|gy`g tf|`emgbpbpm ky`g|mx" gctbmhmkgy`g hb`qmimbm|mm" hbpmlm|mm" fymnmegbm|mm
tbg{|mk` m x`yigb` Mehfycgmmb`" cfl`b`b` l` gkmpe` e{pm|` tyme gk|mxm|g|`g l` exgy`"l`kbgeg| m {p{mep| `e`yn`|mk l` |y`ipmeg l` kpefg|`y " {pe| {ptp{` |yge{hfycymbfy ky`g|mx`m n`e`y`gz fymnmegb kp xgbfgy` {pim`k|mx
Ep fymk` gk|mxm|g|` l` exgy` t`ycm|` gk|mxm|g|`g m cifnmy`g tf|`emgbpbpm ky`g|mx" kmepcgm exgy`g gk|mx igzg| t` tyfib`cg|mzgy`" l`{kft`ymy`" `qtbfygy`
P|mbmzgy`g lfcmege| g tyfib`cg|mzymm hgxfymz`gz hfycgy`g {`e{mimbm|mm kftmbpbpm hgl` tyfib`c` m cgm gb`{ l`zxfb|gy`g kgtgkm|mm ge|mkmtg|mx`" g nelmymm lmx`yn`e|`%
Cf|mxgmg tfzm|mx" gh`k|mx m k`g l` fylme y`bgmfegb {|mcpb`gz e`xfmg kftmbpbpm l` g#m`qtymcg tyftymmb` ml`m e|y#f hfyc me`lm|
\ymymb` gh`k|mx` tbkp|`" tfzm|mx`" l`kbgeg|` l` p|mbmzgy`g l` k|y` glpb| g cf|mxgm`mgh`k|mx`" l` gtyfiymb` x`yigb` m efex`yigb`" {|mcpb`gz kfelpm|g ky`g|mx g ty`kfbgypbpm
Cg|`ymgb`b` lmlgk|mk` ifng|` m g|ygk|mx`" melmkgmmb` x`yigb`" {|yg|`nmmb` {`cm`pym{|mk` mk`b` ky`g|mx` p|mbmzg|` l` `lpkg|fgy` e gk|mxm|g|`g l` exgy` m l` jfk" hgxfymz`gz l`zxfb|gy`gtf|`emgbpbpm ky`g|mx
G|m|plme`g `lpkg|fgy`m hg l` kftmb" gtyfig|mx m cgm gb`{ tgy|mkmtg|mx" gctbmhmklm{tfemimbm|mb` ky`g|mx` G|m|plme`g e`mctbmkg| m k`g gp|fym|gy g `lpkg|fgy`m lmcmep`gzcgemh`{|ymb` ky`g|mx` gb` ty`kfbgypbpm%
Epcgm pe `lpkg|fy l`{kam{" kgbl" gtyftmg| m cgm gb`{ ky`g|mx tfg|` { {|mcpb`z`ky`g|mxm|g|`g%
Gk|mxm|g|`g hpelgc`e|gb g ty`kfbgypbpm `{|` jfkpb" lgy g{|g ep e{`gce k gk|mxm|mb` l`exgy` fyngemzg|" lmymjg| |y`ipm` lmcmepg|` bg cmemc km k`e|yg|` t` exgy`g tyme jfk" t`exgy`g tyme tyfib`cg|mzgy`
e gk|mxm|g|`g l` exgy` g ty`kfbgymbfy gc glp{ e bpcmeg y`hb`k|fgy`bfy f kfctfe`e|`{`emgb g gk|pbpm lmlgk|mk: p|mbmzgy`g tyfib`cg|mzymm e x`l`y`g kpb|mxymm ky`g|mxm|mmty`kfbgymbfy%
Gk|mxm|mb` l` kfctpe`ym m y`zfbxym l` tyfib`c` fh`y |`y`epb k`b cgm h`y|mb lmelfc`empb gk|mxm|mbfy cg|`cg|mk` t`e|yp kpb|mxgy`g m `lpkgy`g ky`g|mxm|mm kftmmbfy Ky`g|mxm|g|`gep {` tfg|` tyflpk` l`k| t` igzg pefy l`tymel`ym kfy`k| hfycg|`" {|gelgylmzg|` m `hmkm`e||yge{h`yg|` Y`zfbxgy`g m kfctpe`y`g l` tyfib`c` kfe{|m|pm` gk|mxm|g|`g cg|`cg|mk k`g cgmifng| e xgb`e` hfycg|mx`" e `g kfek`e|yelp#{` e|y`gng `qt`ym`e lfielm| l` kftmm el`c`y{pb lmlgk|mk%
@lpkgmg ky`g|mxm|mm bg xy{|g ty`kfbgy l`xme` lme k` e k` cgm cpb| ep epcgm pel`zml`yg|" km m f y`gbm|g|`
Imibmfnyghm :
7%Gp{pi`b T%L%" Yfime{fe H%N%" exgy`g e kfgb" @lm|pyg Lmlgk|mk m T`lgnfnmk"Ipkpy`|m" 7=17?9%Yfkf C%" Ky`g|mxm|g|` m me|`bmn`e`cfmfegb" @lm|pyg Tfbmyfc" Mgm" 944
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
11/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 7;
@QT@YM@E@ @PYFT@E@
Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: Igyip |`hgemg
kfgbg Tyfh`{fyEmkfbg` [mcgka`" Tbfm`|m" TA
e t`ymfglg 7 gpnp{| 9477#947;" kfgbg Tyfh`{fy Emkfbg` [mcgka` lme Tbfm`|m gy` el`ypbgy` Tyfm`k|pb kfbgy Cpb|mbg|`ygb \p m kp cme` cty`pe e {fkm`|g|` #{ kfe{|ypmc f@pyft kp m t`e|yp kftmm " tyfm`k| lme kgy` hgk tgy|` ym ty`kpc I`bnmg" [tgemg" M|gbmg" \pykmg "m Tfbfemg" k`g lme pyc hmmel m kffylfeg|fgy`g tyfm`k|pbpm hmegeg| e kglypb Tyfnygcpbpm l`exggy` t` Tgykpy{pb e|y`nmm Xm`m kp {tymjmepb Kfcm{m`m @pyft`e`" lme hfelpym n`{|mfeg| l`GETKL@HT %
Tymc`b` lfp xmzm|` gp gxp| bfk e Tfbfemg m M|gbmg#[gylmemg Ep g tp|`g { hgk f kfctgygm`me|y` k`b` lfpg ym t` kgy` b`#gc xmzm|g| " t`e|yp k cm#gy hm hfgy|` ny`p G tp|`g { x {tpe me{k |f|m c`ciymm `kamt`m gp hf{| hfgy|` h`ymkmm t`e|yp k gp gxp| fkgzmg l` g tgy|mkmtg bg pe {kamcil` `qt`ym`e hfgy|` me|`y`{ge|Me Tfbfemg gc g{m{|g| bg f gk|mxm|g|` l`f{`im| l`{hpyg| me cmegl` {gy`% Bg Kygkfxmg kftmmm gp gxp| tf{mimbm|g|`g l` g m t`|y`k` k|`xg fy` me|y#pe cpz`pme|`ygk|mx%
Gc me|bem| em|` tyfh`{mfem|m gl`xygm "c`e|fym ime` ty`n|mm" kgy` e` #gp ty`z`e|g| kplygnf{|` m cpb| lypmy` f cmk tgy|` lme cpekg `efyc t` kgy` f l`tpe me gk`g{| kfgb
Gc e|bem| f `kamt l` fgc`em {phb`|m|m " kgbzm" l`{kamm "lfyemkm { e` |yge{cm| k| cgmcpb|` mehfycgmm l`{ty` {m{|`cpb l` ex|ce| tfbfe`z"{ e` gtyftm` cgm cpb| l` {tmym|pb m
{phb`|pb kftmmbfy tfbfe`zm m gb lg{kbmbfy bfy
Gc g{m{|g| bg gk|mxm|m me|`y`{ge|`" gc kpef{kp| `b`xm |gb`e|gm kgy` e`#gp eke|g| tymetyfnygc`b` gy|m{|mk` " gc exg| cpb|` bpkypym efm
Gc |ym| kmekm zmb` `q|y`c l` tbme` m hypcfg{` m e`#gc me|fy{ cpb| cgm ifngm {tmym|pgb Ghf{| f `qt`ym`e l`f{`im| " lgy ep pemk t`e|yp k e h`iypgym` g pycg| lypcpb me M|gbmg
Kel gc tb`kg| lme Ipkpy`|m gc b{g| e pycg cpem l` ztgl Bg g|`ymzgy` gc n{m|tgbcm`ym "t`{kgypm m pe cmyf{ tp|`yemk l` cgy`%
@ygc pmcmm {m h`ymkmm Gtfm g pycg| f tfx`{|` hypcfg{ F tfx`{|` kp kfbmhypcfg{` m hfgy|` ime` lf|g|`" l`m `ygc me|y#f zfe ypygb Kp kftmm m{|`m" kgy` gp l`{hpyg|gk|mxm|m m kfekpy{pym " kp f zm |ym| me cmjbfkpb yfcembfy m g e|y`k`ymbfy lme|y` `m" lgy m kptgy|mkmtgy`g bg fkptgmmb` bfy:kfeh`kmfegy`g l` tflfgi`" i|p|pb cfe`zmbfy" ty`n|my`g ayge`mGc glcmyg| epc`yfg{` hy`{k` tmk|g|` " gc exg| lge{pym tftpbgy` {gylmem`e`" gc kfeh`kmfeg|tflfgi` t`e|yp kgyegxgb " gc ke|g| " gc tgy|mkmtg| bg kgyegxgb pel` gc cekg| |f| h`bpb l`lpbkmpym ty`n|m|` {t`kmgb t`e|yp gk`{| `x`emc`e| m t` kgy` gc exg| m efm { b` ty`n|mc
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
12/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 7>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 9;
kfgbg gb|h`b e{`gce gb|`yeg|mx e `lpkgm`" `xgbpgy` Kgbmnygc`b` y`gbmzg|` l`kftmmm kbg{`bfy g XMMM#g {pe| pe `q`ctbp ml`gb l` me|`y`{ t`e|yp kpxe|" {`e{ m bpc`g mcgnmegy gifylym gb|`yeg|mx` gb` ty`lymm |yglmmfegb`
******************************************************************************
KFGBG GB\H@B
Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: Hgb|me{om CgymgegKfb`nmpb Egmfegb Cmagm @cme`{kp T`|yfgem" AL
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
22/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 9>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 90
lpt kpc tyfib`c`b` kgy` tf| { gtgy bg peg lme lmc`e{mpem {` y{hyen m g{ptyg k`bfybgb|`%exgy`g `h`k|mx l`tmel` m l` y`zpb|g|pb me|`ygkmpemm kftmbpbpm kp fgc`emm m kp
fim`k|`b` lme jpy L` gmkm m y`kpefg|`y`g yfbpbpm kglypbpm lmlgk|mk kgy` { {tymjme` exgy`g tymey{tpe{pym gh`k|mx` m tyme mctbmkgy` m `ctg|m`" kg m tyfcfxgy`g pefy gk|mxm|m kgy` { fh`y`tf{mimbm|g|`g kftmmbfy" { hfbf{`g{k fim`k|`b` kfeky`|`: { hgk gb`n`ym" { `qtbfy`z` bpkypymb` m ml`mb`"
{ `qt`ymc`e|`z` m { l`{kft`y` {menpym {gp kfelpm melmy`k| e gk`bgm |mct {` y`kpefg|` e`xfmgkftmmbfy l` g me|`ygkmfeg kp `ngbmm bfy" l` bg kgy` tf| exg m kp kgy` {` tf| {tymjmem y`kmtyfk etyfk`{pb l` exgy`
T`e|yp kftmb `{|` mctfy|ge| { `qtbfy`z` c`lmpb exymm kg m me|`ygkmpe`g kpcg|`ymgb`b` m kp k`mbgbm" ty`kpc m mcm|gy`g cfl`b`bfy l` yfb G{|h`b kftmbpb l`xme` tgy|mkmtge| gk|mxgb tyftym`m hfycym tyme kgy` m kfe{|ypm`|` m m l`zxfb| f mcgnme` g bpcmm" lgy m g kpefg|`ymm l`{me`%
Hm`kgy` kftmb gtgyme` pepm kfe|`q| {fkmf#kpb|pygb l` kgy` `lpkgmg |y`ipm` { me {`gcgKpb|pyg" kfcpem|g|`g" hgcmbmg tpe gcty`e|g t` t`y{fegbm|g|`g hm`kypm kftmb [tymjmemy`g hgcmbm`mg{mnpy" l` hgt|" {tymjmemy`g kftmbpbpbpmtyme ky`gy`g kfelmmmbfy hgxfygimb` l` l`zxfb|gy`Gkk`{mimbm|g|`g m melmxmlpgbmzgy`g exymm kgt| f cgy` tfel`y` e kglypb kpyymkpbpcpbpm t`e|yp k
`b g{mnpy |fg|` ty`cm{`b` y`pm|`m kfbgy`" lgk `{|` gtbmkg| meelp#{` kfe| l` tgy|mkpbgym|mb` l`xy{| m me|`b`k|pgb` gb` kftmbpbpm ty`kfbgy {gp kfbgy T`e|yp g g{mnpyg gkk`{mimbm|g|`g e tyfk`{`b``lpkgmfegb` |y`ipm` { me`c kfe| l` y`{py{`b` t{mafbfnmk` gb`kbg{`m" l` tf{mimbm|mb` m lm{tfemimbm|mb` y`gb` gb` `b`xmbfy m l`lmhmkpb|mb` fim`k|mx` e|ctmeg|` e tyfk`{pb me{|ypk|mx#`lpkg|mx%Lmhmkpb|g|`g {gykmemm l` exgy` |y`ipm` { {` {m|p`z` bg emx`bpbpe`m zfe` l` l`zxfb|gy` mc`lmg| g `b`xpbpm" {m|pg| kp tpmel`g{ptyg tf{mimbm|mbfy {gb` l` cfc`e| @g tfg|` hm l`hmem| kglmh`y`eg&lm{|geg lme|y` emx`bpb gk|pgb m emx`bpb tf|`emgb l`hfycgy`% Emx`bpb gk|pgb {` y`h`y bg k``g k` `b`xpb `{|` kgtgimb {hgk {menpy" mgy emx`bpb tf|`emgb `{|`k``g k` `b`xpb tfg|` { hgk{pi elypcgy`g kglypbpm lmlgk|mk" kamgy lgk {gykmemb` l` bpkyp
l`t`{k emx`bpb l` l`zxfb|gy` g kftmbpbpmY`bgmg lmlgk|mk m gyg| gl`xyg|g lmc`e{mpe` m hpekmfegbm|g|` l`#g bpenpb zfe`m l` l`zxfb|gy`mc`lmg| Kglypb lmlgk|mk |y`ipm` { cgemh`{|` ty`fkptym e lmy`kmg g{mnpyymm lmegcm{cpbpm {gykmemml` exgy`" e x`l`y`g kfe{|ypmymm tyfk`{pgbm|mm kpefg|`ymm m l`zxfb|ymm e kgzpb gtgymm`mlmhmkpb|mbfy l` exgy` {gp fi{|gkfb` `tm{|`cmfbfnmk`" gk`{|`g ep |y`ipm` `bmcmeg|`" km `qtbfg|g|`"xgbfymhmkg|` e x`l`y`g pe`m kpefg|`ym fim`k|mx`" |mmemhmk` m" e n`e`ygb" e hgxfgy`g tyfk`{pbpm l`me{|ypmy` g `b`xpbpm%Mctfy|geg melmxmlpgbmzymm exymm y`zml m lme tf{|pbg| b` gk`{|pm tymekmtmp" lme kgy` l`{tymel`cl`{ty` `b`x k : ty`zme| tgy|mkpbgym|m {t`kmhmk` m" e kfe{`kme" glft| g|m|plmem {t`kmhmk` e hgg{m|pgmmbfy l` exgy` m g {gykmembfy l` exgy`? t`yk`t` e cflgbm|m tgy|mkpbgy` fim`k|`b` m h`efc`e`b`" y`gkmfe`gz lmh`ym| bg k``g k` m {`e|ctb? |y`ipm` { {` tfg| cgemh`{|g g|| kg melmxmlpgbm|g|`" kg t`y{fge kgy` lm{tpe` l` y`hb`kmmtyftymm k` y`gbmz`gz l`c`y{pym l` exgy` melmxmlpgb`" k| m kg c`ciyp gb pepm nypt" e {m|pgmm l`exgy` {|ypk|pyg|` kfft`yg|mx%
C`|fl` kgy` {tfy`{k hb`qmimbm|g|`g tyfk`{pbpm exymm:
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
24/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 98
g- exgy`g tyme kfft`ygy`?i- exgy`g tyme tyfib`cg|mzgy`?k- exgy`g tyme l`{kft`ymy`?l- c`|flg kmfykame`bpm?`- c`|flg kpipbpm?h-
|pypb ngb`ym`m%\`elme`b` efm e l`c`y{pb me{|ypk|mx#`lpkg|mx |y`ipm` { gmi bg igz f c`|flfbfnm` lmlgk|mk
kgy` { hm` {|gimb m pfy {kamci|fgy`" e {|ye{ me|`yl`t`el`e kp cmkymb` k` gp bfk e tbge`lpkgmfegb m {fkmgb" pycymel {kftpymb` m kfemep|pymb``lpkgm`m" k`y`ymbfy efm `qtymcg|` l` `b`xm"l` hgcmbmmb` gk`{|fyg m l` kfcpem|g|`g bfkgb Hy f hb`qmimbm|g|` g c`|flfbfnm`m lmlgk|mk` bg hgk|fymmt`y|pyig|fym kgy` gtgy e kglypb tyfk`{pbpm `lpkg|mx" ep tp|`c glgt|g c`|fl`b` lmlgk|mk` bg efmb`k`yme` `kfefcmkf#{fkmgb` l`{tyme{` lme y`gbm|g|`g xm`mm l` zm kp zm
Fymk` c`|fl l`xme` ipe" l` pe ipe emx`b kgbm|g|mx" kel `{|` ty`z`e|g| g|ygk|mx" `{|` hfbf{m|e|y#pe lfzgj kfy`k| gb|pym l` kfcimegmm gb` gb|fy tyfk`l`` p|mbmzg|`% [` mctpe` hfbf{my`g pe`m tgb`|`bgynm l` c`|fl` kp kgygk|`y gk|mx m tgy|mkmtg|mx" hy g mctpe` peg lfcmege|" lgy kgy` { tfg| hmcflmhmkg|` e hpekm`l` efmb` k`yme` gb` `lpkgm`m
Pe yfb mctfy|ge| e me{|ypc`e|gbmzgy`g c`|flfbfnm`m m y`xme` kglypbpm lmlgk|mk kgy` |y`ipm` {hfbf{`g{k efm kfctfe`e|` y`bgmfegb` e tyfk`{pb me{|ypk|mx#`lpkg|mx" { tyfcfx`z` pe`b` c`|fl`kgy` gp kg {kft lmy`k| { gjp|` `b`xmm" { kpb|mx` c`|fl`b` l` gp|fme{|ypm`y`" gp|f`lpkgy` mgp|f`xgbpgy` gb` `b`xmbfy%
TYFIB@CG\MKG @LPKGMFEGB E [FKM@\G\@G GK\PGB
Me{|m|p|fy: L`lp T`|ypg# Mp{|megkfgbg kp kb{% M#XMMM Cnpy`em" Tygafxg
@lpkgmg y`ty`zme| lpt kpc {tpe`g K Kpkf! 9441- e`nfkm`y`g e|y` lfp t`y{fge`{m|pg|` bg emx`bpym lmh`ym|`T`e|yp {fkm`|g|`g l` gzm" cpb|` lme|y` tyfib`c`b` melmxmlpbpm |mel { l`xme lme k` e k` cgm cpb|tyfib`c` gb` {fkm`|mm Y`{t`k|gy`g melmxmlpgbm|mm `b`xpbpm" hfycgy`g m l`zxfb|gy`g e kfekfylgekp bmemmb` tyftymm l` l`zxfb|gy` gb` gk`{|pmg l`xme l`zml`yg|` gb` `lpkgm`m
Kg hmme {fkmgb" kp f t`y{fegbm|g|` |yg{g| e bmemm cgym ek l` bg eg|`y`" kftmbpb ep {` tfg|`hfycg l`k| e kglypb xm`mm {fkmgb` e kfgb" c`lmpb bpm l` l`zxfb|gy` `{|` kbg{g%
Pe tymekmtmp gb y`hfyc`m exce|pbpm" tymekmtmpb `ngbmzymm ge{`bfy l` y`pm| eexce| xmz`gz ky`gy`g kfelmmmbfy t{maft`lgnfnmk` e`k`{gy` t`e|yp xgbfymhmkgy`g tf|`emgbpbpmhm`kypm melmxml Lgy `ngbmzgy`g ge{`bfy l` y`pm| ep e{`gcetyfcfxgy`g pepm |yg|gc`e| ml`e|mk
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
25/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 9>
t`e|yp |fm e epc`b` `ngbm|mm" km lme kfe|y" e{`gce g fh`ym hm`kypm melmxml pe ym|c m hfycg l`exce| kgy` { m {` tf|ymx`g{k !I [ka~gy|z" 7=>8-
e|y`npb {m{|`c `lpkgmfegb gy |y`ipm { {` igz`z` t` ml``g k hm`kgy` melmxml tfg|` hm `lpkg|"tfg|` hm gjp|g| { |y`gk l` bg f `|gt bg gb|g Mzxfypb l`zxfb|ymm t{mamk` b kfe{|m|pm`" lpt kpc {`
|m`" kfe|yglmkmmb` me|`ye` kgy` gtgy kg pycgy` g {fbmkm|ymbfy `q|`ye` Ky`gy`g cmjbfgk`bfy e`k`{gy`t`e|yp l`tmy`g m y`zfbxgy`g gk`{|fy kfe|yglmkmm y`xme`" e tymcpb yel" `lpkgm`m
Yfbpb kfelpk|fy gb `lpkgm`m gtgy` e me|`yx`emg gk`{|`mg e ky`gy`g pepm kbmcg| `lpkgmfegbhgxfygimb" kp xgb`e` `lpkg|mx` tp|`yemk` g{ptyg hfycymm t`y{fegbm|mm pcge` Hm`kgy` kftmb `{|` fmelmxmlpgbm|g|` my`t`|gimb kgy` ty`|mel` pe |yg|gc`e| melmxmlpgbmzg|" t`e|yp `qtbfg|gy`g e cfllmh`y`emg| g kgbm|mbfy t{mafmelmxmlpgb`
e|y`gng gk|mxm|g|` lme kfgb `{|` fym`e|g| {ty` hfycgy`g t`y{fegbm|mm `b`xpbpm ekfehfycm|g|` kp k`yme`b` {fkmgb` gb` xy`cmm" {kftpb tymekmtgb hmmel me|`nygy`g {fkmgb Lgk
gk|mxm|g|`g lme kfgb ep gy bpg e kfe{ml`ygy` y`gbm|g|`g t{mafbfnmk g kftmbpbpm" gy tpe` e tymc`jlm`y`gbmzgy`g {kftpbpm tyftp{" ghmycgy`g hm`kypm kftmb kg melmxmlpgbm|g|` Lgy" e x`l`y`g e`b`n`ymmkftmbpbpm m g fyngemzymm pe`m gkmpem l` kfelpk`y`" `{|`e`k`{gy f ipe kpefg|`y` g gk`{|pmg
@b`xpb `{|` kfe{ml`yg| {pi g{t`k|pb kgygk|`ym{|mkmbfyl` t`y{fegbm|g|`" kg hmmel y`zpb|g|pb lme|y` hfelpb `y`lm|gy mc`lmpb bpm me|`ymfy Gk`{|`g gbk|pm`{k f pem|g|` lmegcmk
Kpefg|`y`g t{mafbfnmk g kftmbpbpm `{|` t`e|yp`lpkg|fy pe l`zml`yg| cgjfy k` tymx`|` e`b`n`y`g
t`y{fegbm|mm gk`{|pmg" kgy` e tymcg |y`mc` g xm`mm" `{|` e kpy{ l` {|ypk|pygy` Lme tpek| l` x`l`y`t{maft`lgnfnmk" kpefg|`y`g m `xgbpgy`g t`y{fegbm|mm kftmbpbpm" ty`kpc m g tyfny`{pbpm `lpkg|mxy`gbmzg| l` gk`{|g" kfe{|m|pm` l`c`y{pym |mmemhmk` e gk|mxm|g|`g `lpkg|fypbpm ty`fkptg| l` gtbmkgy`gtymekmtmpbpm |yg|ymm melmxmlpgb` g `b`xmbfy e tyfk`{pb me{|ypk|mx#`lpkg|mx%
Kpefg|`y`g m `xgbpgy`g t{mafbfnmk g `b`xmbfy {pe| ty`cm{` e`k`{gy` t`e|yp `hmkm`e|mzgy`ggk|mxm|mm me{|ypk|mx#`lpkg|mx` Y`xme` kglypbpm lmlgk|mk {gykmeg e`b`n`ymm kfctfy|gc`e|pbpm mt{mafbfnm`m `b`xmbfy l` kgy` {` fkpt Y`gbmzel f gegbmz g tyfk`{pbpm kpefg|`ymm m `xgbpymmt{mafbfnmk` g `b`xmbfy C Nfbp !7==1- ml`e|mhmk pyc|fgy`b` g{t`k|` t` kgy` `lpkg|fypb gy |y`ipm {b` gmi e x`l`y`:
# pem|g|`g kmykpbgy#lmegcmk lme|y` tbgepb {pim`k|mx#me|`ye!{m{|`cpb t{mamk- m tbgepb fim`k|mx`q|`ye!{m{|`cpb kfctfy|gc`e|gb-?# kfe`qmpe`g m me|`yl`t`el`eg lme|y` |fg|` kfctfe`e|`b` {m{|`cpbpm t{mamk?# xgbfgy`g me{|ypc`e|gb#glgt|g|mx g t{mamkpbpm kg hgk|fy l` c`lm`y` m y`nbgy` g e|y`npbpmcfl l` ygtfy|gy` g fcpbpm bg bpc`g `q|`ye?# me|`ygkmpe`g hgk|fymbfy `y`lm|gym m g k`bfy l` c`lmp e l`|`ycmegy`g cflpbpm l` `bgifygy` g{|ypk|pymbfy t{mafkfctfy|gc`e|gb` bg emx`b melmxmlpgb?
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
26/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 91
# ty`b`xgeg hgk|fymbfy {fkmfkpb|pygbm g{ptyg hgk|fymbfy c`lmpbpm eg|pygb e kfelmmfegy`gtyfhmbpbpm t`y{fegbm|mm pcge`Lgy `lpkgmg ep {` tfg|` hgk` lfgy tyme kpefg|`y`g kftmbpbpm" km m tyme mpimy`" pe l`c`y{ `lpkg|mx {`igz`gz t` mpimy`g t`lgnfnmk" k` ty`{ptpe` l`{kaml`y`" n`e`yfzm|g|`" lm{tfemimbm|g|` gh`k|mx [`lpkm e{`gce { gjpm t` gb|pb { gjpen cgm {p{ l`k| gm tp|p| pykg" { hgkm lme gb|pb k``g k` |p ep
`|m
[ `lpkm kp gl`xyg| e{`gce { |y`z`|m e k`b l` ben |me` gk`b` y`{py{` kgy` b tf| ctbmemm ymlmkg" e{`gce {#b kfelpkm t` k`bbgb| {ty` l`{kft`ymy`g l` {me`" {#b ely`tm {ty` `xfbpmgkfy`{tpez|fgy` h`bpbpm {p l` g hm" {#b gjpm { l`{kft`y` k` m {` tf|ymx`|` Ep |y`ipm` {#m fh`ymcgl`xypb l`#g ng|g" km {#m melmkc lmy`kmg tf{mimb t`e|yp g#b n{m @ime` {#m ekpygjc t` `b`xm {tpe e|y`iym" { ymlmk` tyfib`c`" { e|fgyk t` |fg|` h``b` tpek|`b` efg{|y` l` x`l`y`" g{|h`b ek|{ ep yce lfgy kp y{tpe{pymb` efg{|y` m { `xfbp`z` {ty` kpefg|`y`
[kftpb e|y`npbpm exce| m gb kfbmm ep|y`ipm` { hm` fime`y`g pepm `qgc`e {gp g pe`m
lmtbfc`" km gk`bg kg `b`xmm {#m kgp|` {menpym kpef|me`b` e`k`{gy`" { gmi tyftymmb` ftmemm" mcty`{mm"{ gjpen bg kpefg|`y` tyme cpekg tyftym`" ep hy g {` f{|`em" km lfgy lme kpy{pymb` tyfh`{fypbpm
Pycymc l`zxfb|gy`g e hm`kgy` kftmb g kgtgkm|mm: l` g hm ky`g|mx" l` g gx`g f nelmy` kym|mk"l` g hm kgtgimb { hgk gb`n`ym" { gmi memmg|mx`" { kfcpemk` pfy kp {`c`emm
G `lpkg ep e{`gce g hgiymkg fgc`em kfehfyc pepm cfl`b kfcpe" km e{`gce g `bmi`yglme hm`kgy` fc:
# k``g k`#b ctm`lmk { hm` `b e{pm?# k``g k`#m fh`y tf{mimbm|g|`g { {` ctbme`g{k" { {` y gbmz`z` kfehfyc h`bpbpm {p {menpbgy l` g hm
e bpc`T`e|yp hm`kgy` fc `qm{| e bpc` f kgb` g {g Bpc`g gy` t`e|yp hm`kgy` fc pe lypc!pemk-"e`{|yi|p| l` emc`em te bg b @lpkg|fypb gy`" l`km" fibmngmg l` g elypcg b`xmm {ty` gk`{| lypc"t` kgy` e#g cgm hf{| emc`em m { y`gbmz`z` k``g k` m lfy`{k
Imibmfnyghm`:
Gbip" N%" Me|yflpk`y` e|y#f t`lgnfnm` g bmi`y|mm" Mgm" @lm|pyg Tfbmyfc?7==1 Kpkf" K" @lpkgmg#Mpimy`" `lmhmkgy`" l`{xymy`" Mgm" @lm|pyg Tfbmyfc" 9441 [ka~gy|z" I" @lpkgmg cme`" Ipkpy`|m" @LT" 7=>8 Nfbp" C" L`zxfb|gy`g {|glmgb m k`yme`b` kpefg|`ymm t{mafbfnmk` g kftmbpbpm" e Lmeg" [%"Kftmbymg" hpelgc`e| gb t`y{fegbm|mm" Ipkpy`|m" @lm|pyg Y`xm{|`m exce|pbpm ty`kfbgy"7==1
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
27/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% 9=
@Z\FGY@G
Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: Gxygc CgymgegKfb`nmpb Egmfegb Cmagm @cme`{kp T`|yfgem" AL
e eftmb` bpenm l` mgye fgc`emm fimepmgp { hgk kbkm {gp `z|fym" tymb`j l` e|bemy`t`e|yp k`m |me`ym m l` bpkyp {gp l` g tpe` gyg bg kgb` t`e|yp k`m cgm xy{|emkm%
Bg kg{g pepm nf{tflgy lme {g| {` glpegp h`c`m" h`|`" hbkm kgy` gjp|gp ngzlg bg lmh`ym|`bpkyym kg: {kyceg|pb t`e`bfy" g bemm l` fgm`" |fy{pb {gp kp{p|pb fym x`e`g hm`kgy` kp k`xg l`bpkyg| m {` glpegp t`e|yp g lm{kp|g `x`emc`e|`b` lme xmgg {g|pbpm" ke|gp m jpkgp lpt hbpm`y" mgyngzlg m kme{|`g kp ygkamp m kp tbkme|`
Ngzl`b` tpy|gp |fg| nymjg t`e|yp ipepb c`y{ gb `z|fymm" ty`n|`gp kg{g m fnyglg kgt`e|yp fg{t`m l` {`gc" cgm gb`{ lgk gx`gp hg| l` cym|g| m {` nel`gp kpc { {` tfgy|` kg`z|fgy`g bfy { hm` cgm hypcfg{ l`k| k`b`bgb|` \fg|` gk`{|`g |y`ipmgp { hm` ng|g kel t`pbm`b` {g|pbpm {` gpz`g ke|`kpb h`|`bfy m hbkmbfy:
Ipe {`gyg b`b` Hbfgy`
Gc x`em| bg `z|fgy`Efm l` bpkyp e`#gc bpg|Hypcp`b e`#gc ciykg|m#gc x`em| kp xfm` ipe[ t`|y`k`c cty`peNf{tflmeg x`ymhmk e t`ycge`e k`
bpky`gz hm`kgy` mexm|g| Mg { x`l`c k` bpkygmhm`kgy`6 @p kf{ f kcg efp t`e|yp Tg|`? @pkf{ pe |`yngy bg h`y`g{|y? @p |fyk be t`e|yp ft|py? Lgy xfm cm hbkm6 Efm l`{hgk`c
kpkpypzpb t`e|yp {bfm kp ccbmnNgzl`b` ke| m jfgk kp cp{ghmymm m e
hmegb:Gm bpkyg| m gm ke|g|Kp hbkmm gm jpkg|m t` efm e`#gm ipkpyg|X cpbpcmc lpce`gxfg{|y
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
28/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% ;4
K#gm x`em| bg kg{g efg{|ym#ekame pe pbkmfy kp xmeKg bg gepb { e` cgm e|bemc'
[F[@\@ TYMCXGYG
Tyfh% Xgyng F|mbmg
Nylmemg TT ; [|ypk|pyg TT/TE 7" T`|yfgem" AL
Mgyeg m#g hgkp| igngjpbBpel Kymxpb kp `gBpel na`gg m ztglg"[ty` ctymm l` e`g '
Lgy e lypc g e|bem|#fT` hypcfg{g tymcxgy:# Ipe zmpg" {pymfgy'
Lp#|` mp|`"|` nyi`|`'
\`#g|`gt| cpbm kftmm'\`#g|`gt| nz` m tlpy`g"\`#g|`gt| e|me{`b` kctmm"\`#g|`gt| cpnpymm lme tfcm\`#g|`gt| nz` kfbfyg|`"\`#g|`gt| hbp|pym m gbime`m t{ymb`#ehymnpyg|`%\`#g|`gt| nypb lme fnfy"[ b gjpm { ky`g{kLme `b" ipemkg c`g kp lfy"Tbkme|` kg { kfgk
#Agm "xmef mgy" gg kpc xmmL` hm`kgy` lg|'e memcm { gtymezm hkbmmm xmgg" { ek`gt '[ x`zm zipylel cmkpm"
kpygm"Tyme hmypb m`yimm kypl"Cm`bpm hypcfm" mcgkpbgm"
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
29/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% ;7
Kp if|pb cmk m pl
Gm tyme{ e eglg |g" x`emelT` tbgmpymb` efg{|y`"[tb`elfym k` b` x`zm lfgy xm{el
Bg k`g{ |yzmp lme efgt|`%m b` y`x`ym kp lyemkm`e {phb`|`b` efg{|y`"e bpc`g g{|g g|| l` xm`"Hypcfg{ kg f tf`zm`"E`g{`cpmym gbig{|y`'
Gp|fy: Xgyng F|mbmg
CFLGBM\M BG EL@CE TYME KGY@ [@ TFG\@Y@GBMZG @LPKGMG \MCTPYM@
Tyfh% ex% Tymcgy: Yfxmegy @bm{gi`|gKfb`nmpb Egmfegb Cmagm @cme`{kp T`|yfgem" AL
@lpkgmg m enymjmy`g |mctpym` t`e|yp l`zxfb|gy` !@KKL#@gyb} Kamblaffl Kgy` hfyL`x`bftc`e|- `{|` pe lfc`emp efp m cpb|mtbp l` {|plmp m gkmpe` " kfe{|m|pmel kfek`t|pb mfym`e|gy`g gk|pgb kgy` ek`gyk { l`g y{tpe{pym bg e`bmem|mb` m l`{kft`ymymb` y`h`ym|fgy` bg efmb`n`e`ygmm
e pb|mcpb |mct" bg emx`b me|`yegmfegb" {` gkfyl |f| cgm cpb| mctfy|ge y`kpefg|`ymm
hgt|pbpm k" e kfe{|ypkmg xm`mm kftmbpbpm cmk" l`zxfb|gy`g me|`b`k|pgb" `cfmfegb m hmzmk"{fkmgbmzgy`g m gkamzmmmb` kpb|pygb` me|`ygkmfe`gz
@KKL `{|` kpef{kp| e |fg| bpc`g kg pepb lme|y` `b`c`e|`b` `{`emgb` gb` `lpkgm`mt`ycge`e|` m gb` {|yg|`nmmbfy l` {p{me`y` g l`zxfb|ymm pcge` m {fkmgb`" |fkcgm t`e|yp k bpc`gkftmbpbpm cmk kfe{|m|pm` gl`xyg|pb kgtm|gb gb xmm|fypbpm [#g l`cfe{|yg| tyme {|plmm hgt|pb ki`e`hmkmmb` `kfefcmk` m {fkmgb` gb` @KKL gkmfe`gz g{ptyg melmxmlpbpm m g {fkm`|mm kg pee|y`n kgy` l`t`|` kf{|pymb`
7/31/2019 Revista Catedra AS, Mai 2012
30/60
KG\@LYG G[ Gepb MM" Ey% ;" Cgm 9479
M[[E 99# 4>>1
M[[E#B 99# 4>>1 Tgn% ;9
L`km" `lpkgmg |mctpym`ty`{ptpe` g{mnpygy`g enymjmymm" l`zxfb|ymm m `lpkgm`m ft|mcgb` gkftmbpbpm" tyme {tymjme lmy`k| m melmy`k| lg| glpbmbfy" hgcmbmmbfy" kfcpem|mbfy m e|y`nmm {fkm`|mt`e|yp g t`yk`t` kftmbymg cmk kg pe {|glmp `{`emgb e l`x`emy`g pcge m {fkmgb g melmxmzmbfy
@lpkgmg |mctpym {` lfy`|` g hm {tymjme t`e|yp |fm kftmmm % Tgy|` kfctfe`e| g hgcmb`m{gb`" g kfcpem|mm m g xgbfymbfy kpb|pygb` gb` gk`{|fyg " kftmbpb cmk # l` bg 4 bg 1 gem ! gg `{|`
l`hmem| e lfkpc`e|`b` l` bpkyp gb`fyngem{c`bfy me|`yegmfegb`- gy` e`xfm` {hm` {tymjmem| e l`zxfb|gy`g gimbm|mbfy {gb`hmzmk`" c`e|gb`" {fkmgb` kgy` m hgkmbm|`gz{ptygxm`pmy`g m y`gbmzgy`g melmxmlpgb m{fkmgb l` cgm |yzmp L` k` {#g {|gimbm|t`ymfglg 41 gem 6
e |`yc`em l` |`fym` g exymm" {`{tpe` k l` bg eg|`y` te bg 1 gem `{|` ft`ymfgl l` xmg e kgy` kftmbpb exgty`lfcmege| hkel !b`gyemen i} lfmen-"
l`m ep `{|` l` e`nbmjg| emkm hgt|pb k `bexg m tyme fi{`yxgy`m g{kpb|gy`%meel kfe| l` gk`g{|g gc fyngemzg| cty`pe kp `b`xmm kbg{`m M" gtfm g MM g K g
Kfb`nmpbpm Egmfegb Cmagm @cme`{kp" k|`xg gk|mxm|mk` tf| { hm` kg|gbfng|` ly`t| cflgbm|m l` y`gbmzgy` g`lpkgm`m |mctpymm%
Gxel e x`l`y` k e zmpg l` gzm |f|pb {`l`{hfgy kp f xm|`z pmcm|fgy` m k g{mnpygy`g pepmemx`b l` |ygm kgy` { e` cpbpc`g{k" m hgk` t` tymem{ t`|y`gk lme k` e k` cgm tpme |mct gb|pym l` kftmmbfy" gc kfe{ml`yg| k" gy {pytymel` tbkp| g|| tyme|`b`k| m kftmbpb f gk|mxm|g|` l`f{`im| kp fkgzmg gtyftm`ymmKykmpepbpm G{|h`b" kf| bg kf|" tyme|` m kftmb" |mct l`f fy m jpc|g|`" gp kfeh`kmfeg| h`bmkm|ym ke|elcty`pe kfbmel` Ly`t| pycgy`" kftmbpb {#g {mcm|
hfgy|` ime` gb|pym l` tyme|`b` {p" mctbmkgm e|y#f gk|mxm|g|` kfcpe m" e gk`bgm |mct" tyme|`b`m#g lg| {`gcg k| l` k| l` {mctbp g hf{| m bg el`ce {#m hgk h`ymkm| kftmbpb%
F gb| gk|mxm|g|`" l`ypbg| e ; `|gt` g hf{|Kgctgemg l`ypbg| {pi epc`b` Kftmb t`e|ypkftmbm Lypmel x`m lfielm" l` gk`g{| lg| bgemx`b l` kfgb" m g kfe{|g| e lfegy`g mkfb`k|gy`g pefy jpkymm" agme`" ekbcme|`"gbmc`e|` m lpbkmpym t` kgy`" kp {tymjmepb m etgy|`e`ymg| kp [GY[ 
