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Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages: A.D. 1000-1500
The Revival of Learning & Culture
The Revival of Learning
• As kings grew more powerful, the need for officials trained in law & record keeping increased
• Initially, most royal officials in charge of those duties came from the Church
• By the late 1100s, however, the need for officials outside the Church to work in royal offices led to a rise in literacy
Revival of Learning..cont
• Parchment: Thin material made from the skin of animals, used for paper in Europe during Middle Ages
• Vellum: Finer form of parchment
Revival of Learning..cont
• University: A group of scholars
• Bologna, Italy: The site of the first university in western Europe. Established in the late 12th Century
Revival of Learning..cont
• Theology: Study of Religion & God, most highly regarded subject in early universities
• Scholasticism: Study of a mix of religion & philosophy
Revival of Learning..cont
• Many scholars also began to look back to the classics of ancient Greece
• Western European scholars began traveling to the great library in Toledo, Spain
• In Toledo, Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writers, such as Aristotle, into Latin
Revival of Learning..cont
• Thomas Aquinas: Monk who bridged the philosophies of Aristotle with the Bible
• The Heights of Theology: Collection of writings that used logic & reason to show the truth of the Church
Revival of Learning
• Latin was the primary language of higher learning in western Europe during the Middle Ages
• Vernacular: Language of everyday speech in a region
• Eventually literature & poetry was written in language common people could understand
Revival in Learning..cont
• Poetry, while not new to the High Middle Ages, became popular in different forms
• Chansons de Geste: “Songs of Deeds”, told of heroic tales of knights & kings
• These poems were sung to the accompaniment of instruments
Revival of Learning..cont
• Song of Roland: Told the story of French soldiers who died a heroic death fighting Moors from Spain
• King Arthur : Epic story about the English king and the Knights of the Round Table, who sought the Holy Grail