1. Syed Ammar Abbas Muhammad Bilal Maria Niaz Sumera
Rajput
2. Key #1: Put the reader first Write to Express not Impress
Communication = understanding Use words readers can picture Tie in
to the readers experience
3. Key #2: Use simple words and short sentencesTIPS : Avoid
wordy prepositional phrases In the amount of (for) In order to (to)
Due to the fact that (because) In the event that (if) During the
time that (when, while)
4. Key #3: Write with verbs and nouns Usethe active voice When
it is okay to use passive voice
5. EXAMPLE: The company (S) sells (V) insurance (O). Not:
Insurance is sold by the company. The construction crew repaired
the road. Not: The road was repaired by the construction company.
Tests showed the new material did not wear well. Not: When tests
were run, it was discovered that good wear is not exhibited by the
new material.
6. Key #4: Format document to improve readability Use lists,
bullets, charts, tables, indents, italics, bolds, headings and
subheadings The 100-word rule Plan, organize, write
7. Keep sentence length in mind while writing your essay and
try to incorporate variety. If your writing contains areas where
there are several short sentences, look to combine some of them. If
some of the sentences are too long, look to shorten them by
separating the independent clauses. Doing this will make any
writing better and easier to read
8. Short sentences: The easiest way to make sentences longer is
by using conjunctions, the most common of which are coordinating
conjunctions. Conjunctions can be used to connect independent
clauses, dependent clauses, and/or other phrases together. Too many
short sentences can hurt an essay. It can make the writing seem
choppy.EXAMPLE: Example: My grades continue to suffer. I am not
studying as much as I should. I hope to pass. I am not sure I will.
Example revised through subordination: My grades continue to suffer
because I am not studying as much as I should. Even though I hope
to pass, I am not sure that I will.
9. Long Sentences: The easiest way to fix a passage containing
too many long sentences is to break some of the sentences up to
create multiple sentences.
10. 1. active vs. passive voice: the subject performs the
action rather than having the action performed on them creates
energy usually uses fewer words watch your verbs! Voice provides
your writing with distinctiveness and a sense of flavor, which
may-- or may not--give your audience a desire to continue reading
your work. For example, active voice gives your writing authority
and a closer connection to your audience, because youre talking
directly to them. Passive voice also allows you to talk to your
audience, but in a bland, indirect way without conviction.
Therefore, for stronger, more authoritative voice in your writing,
you must know how to fix passive voice.
11. Active VS Passive :The active form of the aforementioned
example has a SVO (Subject Verb Object) structure: "The man" (S),
"helped" (V), "the girl" (O). All active sentences follow this
pattern, except for those that exchange the object for an adverb or
a complement. Passive sentences, on the other hand, are a little
more complicated. Since the sentence is switched around, one would
assume that a passive sentence would go Object - Verb - Subject.
However, the original object becomes the subject, so this is not
possible. Instead, a new term is used to refer to the original
object ("the man"), and it is known as an agent. Therefore, the
sequence for a passive sentence becomes as follows: "The girl"
(subject), "was helped" (verb), "by the man" (agent) -".
12. 2. Pacing : balancing "long" and short sentences run-on vs.
choppy a key - read the story aloud (the verbal reading may help
with informality as well)
13. 3. Transitions: shifting to the next idea a new paragraph?
connecting whats next with what came before (seamlessness) dialogue
- a way of alternating quotes (from different speakers)
14. 4. Story Structures Inverted Pyramid the norm Subject
heading links for when a story contains more than one topic for
when the reader may want related info before continuing on can be
placed outside or inside the story if outside, usually above (a
preview) if inside, usually within the first paragraph
15. Deadlines: The time by which a news report must be
submitted. a key - if a follow-up, a summary lead helps the reader
get up to speed(cant assume the reader read the original story)
After the story is written (and before when possible) be thinking
about audio, video, related stories etc.
16. 1. Conciseness in Sentencesa. Eliminate Redundant Words and
Phrasesb. Eliminate Unnecessary Wordsc. Focus on the "Real
Subject"d. Focus on the "Real" Verbe. Avoid "All-Purpose" Nouns.f.
Use the Positive
17. 2. Fluency in Sentencesa. Combine Related Points Often a
string of short sentences is monotonous, choppy, and most
importantly, unclear. Though short sentences can be used to
emphasize a point, very often at the beginning or the end of a
paragraph, they ought to be used sparingly. Poor: Brisk walking can
be a healthy. You need good shoes. You need some guidance about how
to walk properly. Good: Walking can be healthy, but you need good
shoes and guidance about how to walk properly.
18. b. Vary the Word Order: A series of sentences that begin
with the subject-verb pattern can be boring. There are two
recommended ways to vary the beginning of sentences: 1) invert the
normal word order and 2) place modifiers before the subject.Normal
Word Order: Diesel engines are most difficult to start in cold
weather.Subject verb Inversion: Most difficult to start in cold
weather are diesel engines.Normal Word Order: Gravity roots us to
the earth, firmly and insistently.Adverb first: Firmly and
insistently, gravity roots us to the earth.
19. 3. Make Sentence Clear:a. Avoid Misplaced or Dangling
Modifiers : A misplaced modifier obscure meaning, because the
modifier is placed too far away from the words it modifies. On
occasion, misplaced modifiers can be not only puzzling, but
comical.b. Make Pronouns Clear: Pronouns--this, that , he, she, it,
his, their, they--take the place of nouns in sentences. For
clarity, it is essential that the writer identify the noun to which
the pronoun refers. If the referent is not clear, the reader can
easily misread the passage or at least, become temporarily
confused.