Revolution & Independence

1776 to 1782

Olive Branch Petition Questions

• From first section– In May of 1775, the MAJORITY of colonists wanted...

• Second Section– Thomas Jefferson only wrote the 1st draft because…– The OLIVE BRANCH is meant to symbolize…

• Third Section– The King’s response to the document was…

• Last section– Explain the EFFECT of the Olive Branch Petition– Based on the passage, what would you INFER would

have happened if King George III would have read the Olive Branch Petition?

Review of FootstepsI. Footsteps to War & Independence

A. French & Indian War1. Colonist Help British a. Want land won in war2. British want help paying for war a. Proclamation of 1763 keeps colonist from new land

b. British Raise TAXES on Colonist without Approval-Stamp Act (Biggest Trouble!!)-Sugar Act / Tea Act

“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!!!”B. Colonist React to British Taxes

1. Protest & Attacks on Tax collectors-Some turn ugly . . Boston Massacre / Boston

Tea Party2. Colonist Organize

-Committee of Correspondence-1st Continental Congress

3. British Punish Boston & Colonist React-Intolerable Acts take away / Troops sent Boston-”Shot Heard ‘Round the World”

**Lexington & Concord

No settling west of

Appalachain Mountains

OBJ #1. Name and describe the group of colonist who declared independence. What city and year did this group meet? How did the Enlightenment affect their actions? What was the Olive Branch Petition? Why was a Declaration really needed (see preamble)?

I. Objective #1

A. 2nd Continental Congress

1. Meets in Philadelphia in 1775-1776

2. ALL COLONIES there to decide what to do???

a. Declare Independence??? . . War

b. Talk to Britain and Make-up?? . .Stay Friends

Is the sun ‘Rising’Or ‘Setting’??

OBJ #1 – Second Continental Congress

B. Actions before TREASON (a.k.a. Independence)1. Create Army to defend Colonies from British (War?)

a. George Washington Chosen as GENERALb. Send him to Boston to help city

2. Olive Branch Petition sent to King George IIIa. Hopes to save peace & keep colonies Britishb. King refuses to read it

Prepare for war&

Ask for Peace1. Cease Fire in Boston

2. End of Intolerable Acts3. Negotiate for

Rights of Colonist

C. Declaration of Independence1. Britain refuses to talk to Colonist

a. Even Ben Franklin is blasted by British and he did not want independence

-Franklin comes home and supports independenceb. Sends more troops

“We must conquer them or leave them to themselves”-King George III

2. Congress votes for Independencea. Congress are men of the Enlightenment

*Educated men use Reason (Scientific Method)b. Needs to explain to world (educated) that they had REASONS for overthrowing a Government

(IT’S A BIG DEAL!!)*Might get help from other countries

OBJ #1 – Second Continental Congress

A. Written by Thomas Jefferson1. Committee with Ben Franklin /John Adams (+2others)

a. Still did not have total support2. From Virginia- will help get southern colonies to support independence3. Respected writer and thinker

a. Used other documents from colonies and world to put together ideas

OBJ #2. Explain the content of the Declaration of Independence*. Who wrote the Declaration? List the four (4) parts of the Declaration of Independence. What rights does the Declaration of Independence say are “Natural Rights” guaranteed to all men (people)? What does the Declaration of Independence say should happen to a government that does not allow these rights?

JEFFERSON

ADAMS

FRANKLIN

Virginia

Declaration

Of Rights

By George Mason

OBJ #2 – Declaration of IndependenceB. Announces the beliefs, goals & rights in 4 sections

1. Preamble (Introduction)a. Just like introductory paragraph in essay

2. List of Natural Rightsa. All Men Created Equalb. Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness

3. List of Complaints-Unfair Taxes -No Representation

-Slavery??????4. Claim of Independence

a. Announcing the NEW United StatesC. Explains reason for overthrowing GOVERNMENT

1. Gov’t must protect Natural Rights from Goda. Natural Rights: 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Pursuit of Happiness

-Are these easy to define??????b. If rights aren’t protected then Government should be taken down by THE PEOPLE

OLD WAY JEFFERSON

When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Preamble to the Declaration

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

List of Rights (2nd Paragraph)

How Governments ExplainedTheir POWER!!!!

OLD NEW (Jefferson)

GOD GOD / NATURE

KINGS (Government) PEOPLE

PEOPLE (NO Power!) GOVERNMENT

God gives a king power to rule . . . And they claim they act for god

People are given “Natural Rights” that man (gov’t) can not take away

With God’s support, kings rule their people without question

People create government to protect their natural rights

People have power to make new Gov.

If N.R. are not Protected

D. Big Disagreements!!1. People are not happy with Declaration

a. Wrong wording & Want more Issues Addedb. Slavery- South almost ends the Congress

(Slavery taken out of Declaration)E. July 4, 1776

**All 13 Colonies vote for signing Declaration(had to be unanimous- everyone!!)

OBJ #2 – Declaration of Independence

On July 4, 1776, Congress completed its editing of the document that reduced the text by 25 percent ("mutilations" is what Jefferson called it) and formally adopted the Declaration; on July 19, Congress ordered that a formal copy of the Declaration be prepared for members to sign; and on August 2, the final parchment–was presented to Congress and the signing began.

“So fat George can see it without his glasses”

-John Hancock

*President of the Congress

*Wealthy Boston

Business Man

OBJ #3 Describe the differences between the British and American armies. Who was chosen to lead the American army? Describe how the Americans decided to fight (survive). What group of soldiers were paid to fight for the British? What branch of military did the British have and the Americans did not .. . how did that help the British?

III. Objective #3

A. United Colonies/States Choose to Fight

1. Before 1775

a. Militias- Citizen Soldiers from each colony

b. Example Lexington & Concord

2. 1775 2nd Continental Congress creates Army

a. George Washington chosen as General

b. Still very poor . . mostly farmers

OBJ #3 – Fighting the War

B. Advantage / Disadvantage1. United States (Colonies)

a. Small, unorganized, poorly trainedb. NO NAVY (must march to move)

2. Great Britaina. Best Army –Professional Soldiers (It’s their JOB)

*Use Mercenaries- King George III hires German Hessians to help fight colonist

b. Best Navy- Blockades colonies from help*Helps move troops fast up and down colonies

C. HOW U.S. & Washington Survive1. Never get cornered

a. Washington constantly moves (even after win)2. Use Guerilla Tactics- Secret attacks and hit & run

OBJ. #4 Outline major reasons for the American defeat of the British? What European country decided to help the Americans? What did this country provide that helped the most? How did the land help the colonist the most? What battle symbolized the British defeat and name the British and U.S. generals.

A. Getting Help1. U.S. Needed help from Europe

a. Battle of Saratoga Convinced France to help 2. France Helps- Sends troops, and NAVY

a. Navy keeps British from running or fast attackB. U.S. has some advantages

1. Colonist know the land and climatea. Can hide better and get help from people

2. England is far away for supplies

Brought Troops, $$ &A NAVY!!!

FRENCH

IMPORTANT BATTLESC. Early Battles

1. Ticonderoga (U.S. Wins at Fort)a. Greene Mnt. Boys capture fort and drag cannons through snow to Washington in

Boston2. Bunker Hill (British kick butt outside Boston)

a. Washington runs to save armyb. 1st ‘Real’ Battle between armies

D. Starting to WIN1. Battle of Trenton (First big U.S. WIN)

a. Secret attack on Christmas Nightb. Defeat Hessians and gives morale boost

2. Battle of Saratoga (U.S. Win)a. Large part of British army capturedb. CONVINCES FRANCE & SPAIN TO HELP!!

FRENCH NAVY trapped the British at Yorktown Cornwallis had to surrender.

OBJ #4 – Winning Independence E. Victory!!!!!!

1. Battle of Yorktown (1781)a. British (led by Cornwallis) set-up in Virginiab. French & U.S troops march to Virginia

**KEY: French navy had beat British navy and trapped the British c. Cornwallis surrenders to Washington

2. Treaty of Paris (1783)a. British recognize U.S. as INDEPENDENT!!!

War- 1774 to 1783 = NINE YEARS OF FIGHTING!!!

*Many who signed Declaration of Independence lost EVERYTHING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

*What type of country will be created??? *Will there be more revolutions since one started this country???