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Revolutions in Latin Revolutions in Latin AmericaAmerica
1919thth and 20 and 20thth Centuries Centuries
Causes of Latin American Revolutions
Enlightenment Ideas writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.
Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.
16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in
Europe
Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of Independence, 1776
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars
Creole Discontent:Creole Discontent:PeninsularesPeninsulares
CreolesCreoles
MestizosMestizos MulattoMulattoss
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Latin American Revolutions
Toussaint L’OuvetureRevolution in Haiti (1804)
Simón Bolivar: The Great Liberator
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Called the “George Washington of South America.”
José De San Martin
Creole officer who had trained in European armies
Liberated Argentina from Spanish control.
Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin
José de St. Martín and Bernard O ’Higgins cross the Andes
Mountains.
Bolivar coming from the North
Bolivar’s Accomplishment
Bolivar’s Failure: Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a
united South America:
By 1830s, geographic factors (Andes, the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences & The Egos of Generals defeated
attempts at unification.
Latin American States After the
Revolutions
Brazil Freed from Portugal The Portuguese
royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.
Independence Brought More Poverty
The wars disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside
Caudillos By 1830, nearly all Latin American
countries were ruled by Caudillos (Military Dictators)
Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats. The upper classes supported dictatorship
because it kept the lower classes out of power
The lower classes did not have experience with democracy.
Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends
Problems After Independence
Feuds among leaders. Geographic barriers. The social hierarchy continued from the
past. Conservatives favored the old social order. Liberals wanted land reform. Dependence on foreign nations for capital
and for economic investments. The role of the Catholic Church as the
exclusive state religion. Better treatment of Indians and mestizos
was blocked by the elite's fears of losing tax revenue and control
Economic: One-Crop Economies Now that trade was not restricted to the mother
country, the U.S. and Great Britain became the new countries’ major trading partners.
A colonial economy continued…Latin America mainly exported cash crops and raw materials while importing manufactured goods.
As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure.
When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.
The Caribbean: An “American Lake”
US Involvement in Latin America
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” - James Monroe, 1823
Monroe Doctrine Western Hemisphere
is closed to further European Colonization
Attempts to colonize would be viewed unfavorably
No interference with existing colonies
U. S. would stay out of European affairs
Spanish-American War (1898)
Causes Spanish misrule Jose Marti
Cuban journalist living in exile in the United States.
Urged the U.S. to intervene on behalf of the rebels against the Spanish.
American business interests insecure
USS Maine Explosion - February 1898
Spoils of the WarUS defeats Spain and takes Spanish
controlled: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines,
Guam
Spanish-American War of 1898
Brought the United States directly Brought the United States directly into Latin American affairs into Latin American affairs
Cuba gained independence, but Cuba gained independence, but became an American economic became an American economic dependentdependent
Puerto Rico was annexed by USPuerto Rico was annexed by US
“The Colossus of the North”
US dominated affairs in the Americas.
Caribbean Sea Vital defense of the U.S. European relations with Latin America
South and Central American Countries were poor and often borrowed money from European countries then were unable to repay the loans.
Roosevelt Corollary (December) 1904
To prevent European countries from attacking these countries in the Western Hemisphere and thereby violating the Monroe doctrine, Theodore Roosevelt announced that “chronic wrongdoing” by any Latin American nation entitled the United States to intervene in its affairs.
This changed the Monroe doctrine by allowing one Western Hemisphere nation the intervene in the affairs of another.
“Big Stick” Foreign Policy
Panama Canal When Colombia was reluctant to meet
American proposals for building the Panama Canal, the United States backed a revolution in Panama (1903) and gained exclusive rights over the canal.
Since this canal provided a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, it benefited American trade and thereby also furthered economic imperialism.
The Panama Canal