REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

Cliff Notes of French Leadership Bourbon Kings

Henry IV-Louis XVI (1589-1793) First Republic

1792-1804 Napoleon I (1804-14)

First Empire Bourbon Kings

Louis XVIII-Charles X (1814-1830) Orleans King

Louis Phillipe (1830-48) Provisional Government (Constituent Assembly) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (1848-1852)

Second Republic Napoleon III (1852-1870)

Second Empire

Revolutions of 1848 International revolutionary movement

Constitutional government Independence/unification End to serfdom/manorial restraints Only Russia & GB escaped revolution in 1848

Failure Succumbed to military repression

Strengthened conservatives that were threatened Results

Satisfied some aims; limited constitutional gov’t and unification with realism

Legacy of class conflict – realism -- Marxism

EUROPE 1848

France 1830; 1847-48 July Monarchy-1830

Charles X run out of town…abdicates Louis Phillipe- “July Monarch”

Promised to rule to constitution of 1814 Becomes corrupt; separated from classes Began to oppose any changes

February Rev of 1848 Republicans riot/protest in Paris – Louis Phillipe flees and abdicates Provisional Government steps in (Constituent

Assembly)

France 1848 Constituent Assembly

Elected by universal male suffrage More “political” republicans than “social” republican Lose support of workers

“June Days” National workshops dissolved Protests and riots “Bloody June Days”-class war in Paris Constituent Assembly gains control

Implements new republican constitution Power to a President-elected by universal male suffrage Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected in landslide with no real

agenda

France 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

President of the Second Republic (when was the First?) President and Assembly worked to rid socialism and

republicanism Suppressed socialist groups Rescinded male suffrage Focused his monarchists against socialist rather than

promoting their own personal gains “People’s Friend” Dec 2, 1851-coup d'état-dissolved Leg Assembly and

instituted universal male suffrage Re-elected in landslide and named himself Emperor

Napoleon III of the Second Empire

Napoleon III Napoleon III

1848-1870 Autocratic ruler Improved

infrastructure Roads, canals,

railroads Popular Subsidies to

businesses More jobs Bad foreign affairs

FranceCauses Length of Time Protagonists Events Results

The economic changes in England as well as the expansion of the franchise there led the social pressures in France. Political demonstration was outlawed so people held political banquets, which were outlawed. Also the oppression of Louis Napoleon and his repressive minister Guizot pushed the people to the breaking point due to censorship and restriction of freedoms when 52 demonstrators were killed by soldiers.

1847-48 Louis Blanc, Louis Cavaignac, Lamartine, Napoleon III

Louis Philippe fled to England, and Guizot resigned as barricades emerged across Paris. The Second Republic was formed in 1848 based upon universal male suffrage. A class struggle ensued between rich and poor, rural and urban. The urban workers tried a Marxist experiment that failed.

Napoleon III reigned after winning elections in landslides. He dismissed the National Assembly and ruled with more power and control than Louis Philippe had ruled.

German StatesCauses Length of Time Protagonists Events Results

The news of the revolutions in France spread throughout Europe, and the people of the 39 Germanic states began to demand rights.

Feb 1848-May 1848

The French leaders and the bourgeoisie of Germany

The people of Baden demanded the first German Bill of Rights in Feb 1848. Soon a crowd threatened the palace in Berlin and after an incident in which demonstrators were killed, King Frederick William IV demonstrated support for the revolutionaries and promised to reorganize his government. King Ludwig abdicated in Bavaria, and Saxony also saw call for reform.

The king still reigned and Bismarck would soon come to power with Wilhelm I and unite the western German states into modern Germany through almost dictatorial rule.

Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire)Causes Length of Time Protagonists Events Results

This multiethnic empire had been held together with force and Metternich’s political machinations. In 1848, Europe was mostly France, Russia, Germany and Haps Empire. The empire was in decline and was not held together well. The different ethnic groups all attempted to gain autonomy in 1848 as the idea of nationalism seemed to sweep the continent. This was the year that The Communist Manifesto was published in German.

Feb 1848-Aug 1849

The empire bust asunder and Austria, with the help of arch-conservative Russian Czar Nicholas I was able to reassemble a weakened empire.

The Hapsburg Empire was returned to its former state of a multiethnic empire of Croats, Slovaks, Germans, Austrians, Poles, Huns, Serbs, Ruthenians, Italians, and Czech, but the central authority had been further weakened, and the empire would only last until 1918.

HungaryCauses Length of Time Protagonists Events Results

Ethnic oppression by the Austrian Hapsburgs burst the Austrian Empire asunder in 1848. The Hungarian Parliament had been called in 1825 to address financial matters. A bloodless revolution occurred in March of 1848 led by a governor and a Prime Minister.

1848-49 Louis Kossuth The Hungarians took advantage of the general revolutions throughout the Hapsburg Empire and got Austria to grant them autonomy. Once Austria beat down the other revolutions, the new emperor, Francis Joseph, decided to crush Hungary. With help from Russia, the Hungarians were defeated in a failed war for independence.

The Hapsburg Empire was returned to its former state of a multiethnic empire of Croats, Slovaks, Germans, Austrians, Poles, Huns, Serbs, Ruthenians, Italians, and Czechs. The Hungarians practiced passive resistance against the Hapsburgs.

Italian StatesCauses Length of Time Protagonists Events Results

Guiseppe Mazzini and others began to write about Italian nationalism and the greatness of the Roman Empire. The citizens of Milan revolted in March and the revolutions spread throughout the peninsula.

March 1848-May 1849

Guiseppe Mazzini, Guiseppe Garibaldi

The revolutions resulted in Venetian and Roman Republics. The Austrians marched through Piedmont and southward into Italy, conquering most of Italy by May of 1849.

Almost 1,000 people were killed by the Austrians as they regained power throughout the peninsula.

Similarities

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Differences

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