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HUMAN RIGHTS

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SHORT MEDITATION

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PERSPECTIVES• Anthropology

• History

• International Relations & Law

• Political Economy

• Sociology

• etc., etc., etc.

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IDEOLOGY, POLITICS & ORGANIZATION• CRITICAL• BOTTOM-UP• TRANSFORMATION• PROBLEM-SOLVING• ACTION• NEW ORDER• MUTUAL CO-

LEARNING• MUTUAL

RESPECT• DO• LATEST• EMANCIPATORY

• CONSERVATIVE• TOP-DOWN• VIPs/EXPERTS• SPOONFEEDING• LECTURES• PROFIT• TEACHER-

CENTERED• RESPECT ELDERS

& AUTHORITY• LISTEN• OLD/TRADITIONAL• AUTHORITATIVE

• LIBERTARIAN• LATERAL• PROCESS• SHARING IDEAS• DISCUSSION• LEARNING• STUDENT-

CENTERED• RESPECT

LEARNERS• TALK• NEW/MODERN• ELICITIVE

CLASHING PERSPECTIVES

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SNAP POLL:IS THE WORLD

MORE GLOBALIZED NOW THAN 10-20

YEARS AGO?

•YES •NO

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SNAP POLL:IS GLOBALIZATION

IS A “GOOD THING”?

•YES •NO

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SNAP POLL

VALUESIN GENERAL ARE

RELATIVE

VALUESIN GENERAL ARE

GLOBALIZED & UNIVERSAL

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Is Morality Relative to Culture?

• YES: Melville J. Herskovits, “Cultural Relativism and Cultural Values,” in Frances Herskovits, ed., Cultural Relativism: Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism (Random House, 1972)

• NO: Louis P. Pojman, from Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong, 2d ed. (Wadsworth, 1995)

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CULTURAL RELATIVISM VS. ETHNOCENTRISM

• American anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits (1895–1963):

– morality

• has no absolute identity

• & it is a social & cultural phenomenon that varies according to the customs & beliefs of different cultural groups.

• the great enemy of relativism is ethnocentrism, esp. as expressed by European colonialism.

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CULT. RELATIVISM VS. MORAL UNIVERSALISM

• Professor of philosophy Louis P. Pojman: ethnocentrism is a prejudice like racism or sexism.

• He agrees that moral beliefs & practices vary greatly across cultures & from 1 person to another

• But he finds very serious problems in the contention that moral principles derive their validity from dependence on society or individual choice.

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UNIVERSAL OR CULTURALLY RELATIVE?

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THINK PAIR: 2 MINUTES

• WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?

• ARE HUMAN RIGHTS IMPORTANT? WHY OR WHY NOT?

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DEFINITIONS

FULL MINIMALIST

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MINIMALIST DEFINITIONPROBLEM OF

TERMINOLOGY

EUROPE &U.N.

U.S.

CIVILRIGHTS?

CIVILLIBERTIES?

CIVILRIGHTS

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5 ASPECTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS(UNITED NATIONS “FULL” DEFINITION)

• 1. CIVIL RIGHTS

• 2. POLITICAL RIGHTS

• 3. ECONOMIC RIGHTS

• 4. SOCIAL RIGHTS

• 5. CULTURAL RIGHTS

• DOES THE U.S. GIVE EQUAL EMPHASIS TO ALL THESE RIGHTS? PHILIPPINES?

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SNAP POLL:ARE HUMAN

RIGHTS GLOBAL VALUES?

•YES •NO

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TRADING RIGHTS:1. EACH GROUP WILL HAVE 1 SET OF

RIGHTS & LIST DOWN THE OPERATIONAL DEFINITION.

2. IN THE LARGER PERSPECTIVE, WHAT ARE THE PROs & CONs OF THIS RIGHT?

3. WHICH OTHER RIGHT DO YOU PREFER? WHY? PRO/CON?

4. YOU WILL EXPLAIN & TRADE YOUR RIGHT WITH OTHER GROUPS.

5. WE WILL DO ONLY 1 ROUND.

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3 TRADITIONS(H. BULL, 1997)

GROTIAN ORINTERNATIONAL-

IST

KANTIAN ORUNIVERSALIST

HOBBESIANOR REALIST

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“PROBLEMS”: How to Understand HR

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DEBATES

3. CONSERVATIVEVS.

LIBERAL VIEWS

2. UNIVERSALISMVS. CULTURAL

RELATIVISM

1. ASIAN VALUES VS. WESTERN

VALUES

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5 PROBLEMS (BAYLIS & SMITH 2001)

• 1. ENFORCEMENT

• 2. TRADITIONAL NOTION OF SOVEREIGNTY & NON-INTERFERENCE VS. UNIVERSAL DOMESTIC STANDARDS

• 3. CIVIL/POL RIGHTS VS. ECONOMIC RIGHTS

• 4. INDIVIDUAL VS. COLLECTIVE RTS.

• 5. FEMINISTS QUESTION WESTERN, MASCULINE ROOTS OF RTS.

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Are Human Rights Universal?, Shashi Tharoor, World Policy

Journal, Winter 1999/2000 • 1. THERE ARE REAL

DIFFERENCES OF VALUES AMONG CULTURES.

• 2. BUT “A UNIVERSAL IDEA OF HRs CAN HELP MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DIVERSITY.”

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EXCUSE• 1. THERE IS A REAL DEBATE

• 2. BUT SOME AUTHORITARIAN LEADERS/DICTATORS HIDE BEHIND THE CULTURALLY RELATIVE MASK

• 3. ALSO, “WESTERN-FOUNDED UNIVERSALISM” IS FRAGILE (HUNTINGTON), CF. WAR IN IRAQ

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5 FABLES ABOUT HRs (LUKES, 1993)

• 1. COMMUNITARIA

• 2. UTILITARIA

• 3. LIBERTARIA

• 4. EGALITARIA

• 5. PROLETARIA

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IDEOLOGY & VALUES(JANDA, 2006)

• 1. CONSERVATIVE

• 2. LIBERTARIAN (CLASSIC LIBERAL)

• 3. SOCIAL DEMOCRAT (MODERN LIBERAL)

• 4. REVOLUTIONARY MARXIST

• 1. ORDER & PROPERTY

• 2. LIBERTY• 3. EQUALITY• 4. ABRUPT

SOCIAL CHANGE

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SNAP POLL GLOBALLY, DOES THE

U.S. HAVE THE HIGH MORAL GROUND TO BE

THE BEACON OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD?

• NO• YES

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ABU GHRAIB

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HADITHA

• Allegations of massacre of 24 civilians by US marines at Haditha in November 2005

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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JUSTICE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 1

• Shiman, D. (2006). Minneapolis: U of Minnesota.

• 1. 3 will begin with some coins & scoop

• 2. Scramble. Rule: no touch or “fired”

• 3. Report.

• 4. “Great/Some/Little” Wealth & Power: satisfaction of (1) basic needs & (2) wants

• 5. Donors? Regroup.

• 6. Communities & countries differ

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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JUSTICE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 2

• 1. Grouped accdg to wealth & power• 2. Random distribution of 3 persons• 3. Create a plan for the fair distribution of

pennies & (a) explain why it is fair, (b) what needs to be done, (c) explain your plan

• 4. 1 Spokesperson per group.• 5. COMELEC. Vote.• 6. 6 or more pennies= 2 votes; 0-2 pennies= ½

vote. Tabulate.• 7. Announce the plan & carry out plan.

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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JUSTICE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 3

• Personal Impact: How do feel? Fair? Donors? U received or gave? Why? Feel? How is wealth & power represented? What about those “3” with extra help? Fair? Destiny?

• Social Impact: Reflect reality? Who are the haves & have nots? Should we care? Why? Giving money solve problem & help the poor? What can have-nots do to address econ. & pol. Inequality? Retribution of wealth? Why? How? Principles?

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What is democracy?

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Democracy

• Diamond; Huntington; Lipset; Przeworski

• a political system in which contestation (competition among candidates), participation (fair, honest, open, and periodic elections) and PERHAPS civil liberties (also known internationally as part of human rights) exist.

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Different Views• HUMAN RIGHTS

LITERATURE:• Democracy is part of

human rights

• DEMOCRACY LITERATURE:

• 1. Minimalist definition: no human rights– Zakaria criticizes

minimalist definition as “illiberal democracy"

• 2. Expanded definition: Human Rights are part of democracy

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CHICKEN OR EGG DEBATE• Which comes first? Development or

Democracy?• 2 groups: • a) group discussion; • b) Sides A & B their present points; • c) Side A debates 1 point from Side B;

reverse role; continue• d) Concluding remarks• 1. “Development leads to democracy”• 2. “Democracy leads to development”

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CHICKEN OR EGG?• Evidence• No correlation in

3W• It’s a matter of

choice/policy• Human Rights:

we need BOTH• Hong Kong, US,

Western Europe, Japan, Canada: both

• Inglehart, some relationship but some values are enduring

• G.W.Bush: Democracy in Iraq leads to economic growth?

• Philippines: Democracy with no growth?

• Clinton: Economic growth in China leads to democracy?

• Lee Kuan Yew, Mahathir, & China: Economic Growth is more important than democracy

• Huntington (1968): econ growth leads to pol. instability

CLASHING PERSPECTIVES

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Baylis & Smith. (2001). Oxford. OUP.

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Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace

Research, Vol. 6, 167-191.

• 1. Structural Violence

• 2. Criminal Violence

• 3. State Violence

• 4. Revolutionary Violence

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Galtung, J. (1974). Peace, violence and Imperialism.

• 1. Negative Peace

• 2. Positive Peace

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Dr. Moctar Matuan. (2004). Exec. Dir., Institute for Peace & Dev’t, MSU,

Marawi. “Mindanao Problem.” DO YOU AGREE?• 1. Poverty, inequality, & environmental

degradation.• 2. Political corruption• 3. Negative images held by Christians, Moro, &

Lumad peoples of each other• 4. Failure of the national gov’t to integrate Moro

peoples into a national Filipino identity• 5. Econ. Exploitatation of Mindanao’s resources

& migration of Filipinos from the N. that led to a loss of ancestral lands

• 6. the Moro struggle for self-rule

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Archbishop Orlando B. Quevedo. (2004). “Injustice: The Root of Conflict

in Mindanao.”• 1. Poverty, including low productivity,

criminality, marginalization & environmental degradation.

• 2. Ignorance, including poor schools & education.

• 3. Disease, including malnutrition & poor access to health services;

• 4. Injustice, including violation of human rights, land conflicts, & graft & corruption.

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NON-DISCRIMINATION

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NON-DISCRIMINATION

• Equal in dignity• Mutual respect

• Ability• Age• Birth• Color• Ethnicity• Sex• Language• National or Social

Origin• Political Opinion• Property, Class, Wealth• Religion

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ATLAS (1997). DUSHKIN.WOMEN & MEN

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CHRISTINE ENLOE (1997). BANANAS, BEACHES, & BASES

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HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL• Inah Kaloga discusses Amnesty International's concerns on

female genital mutilation• 30/06/2004© • AI Stop Violence Against Women campaign: End Female

Genital Mutilation 28/06/2004Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional practice that involves the removal of part, or all, of the female genitalia.

Watch an interview with Inah Kaloga discussing Amnesty International's concerns relating to FGM (English) [RealVideo]

http://news.amnesty.org/pages/svaw-avarchives-eng

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ECONOMIC RIGHTS

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KEGLEY & WITTKOPF (2004)

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ECONOMICRIGHTS:

JOB, INCOME, ORGANIZE,LABOR UNION, ASSEMBLY,

JOB OF YOUR CHOICE, EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL

WORK

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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.

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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.

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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.

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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.

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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.

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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.

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Q & A• WHERE (IN W/C PART/S OF THE WORLD) WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT THE FULL ENJOYMENT OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS?

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GOLDSTEIN (2003)

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DANZIGER (2003)

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O’NEIL (2004)

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O’NEIL (2004)

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O’NEIL (2004)

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SAMUELSON (1995)

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STIGLITZ (1990)

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SOCIAL RIGHTS

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SOCIALRIGHTS:

SOCIAL SECURITYUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS

MEDICAL CAREMATERNITY/PATERNITY LEAVE

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SOCIAL RIGHTS• LIFE EXPECTANCY

• HEALTH

• SOCIAL WELFARE

• MEDICAL CARE

• POPULATION

• WHERE (OR IN W/C PART/S OF THE WORLD) DO YOU NORMALLY EXPECT SOCIAL RIGHTS TO BE FULLY ENJOYED?

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IR Atlas (2003). Wadsworth.

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HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 1999

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DUNCAN (2004)

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CULTURAL RIGHTS

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CULTURALRIGHTS:

EDUCATIONSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

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IR ATLAS (2003). WADSWORTH

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Kendall. (2005).

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Kendall. (2005).

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CIVIL RIGHTS

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CIVIL RIGHTS:

LIFE, LIBERTY,HAPPINESS,NON-INTERFERENCE IN YOUR PERSONAL LIFE,

EQUAL TREATMENT BEFORE THE LAW

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POLITICAL RIGHTS

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POLITICALRIGHTS:

WOMEN & MEN HAVE THE EUAL RIGHT TO VOTE &

TO RUN FOR PUBLIC OFFICE

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2004 U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

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2004 POPULAR VOTE BY COUNTY

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WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE

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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy

Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy

Republics: Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice

Authoritarian Regime

Totalitarian Regime

Non-Sovereign:

Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire

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