180
THE STATE, CIVIL SOCIETY, & HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Rey Ty
THE STATE, CIVIL SOCIETY,
& HUMAN RIGHTSIN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Rey Ty
C H A L L E N G E S&
P O S S I B I L I T I E S
2
C A U S E S&
E F F E C T S O F H R V s
1
O B J E C T I V E&
P R O B L E M
C I V I LS O C I E T Y
S T A T E
J O E L M I G D A L
A R T S O FR E S I S T A N C E
D O M I N A T I O N
J A M E S C . S C O T T
T H E O R I E S
H U M A NA G E N C Y
S O C I A LS T R U C T U R E
F O R C E S
C I V I L S O C I E T Y
A G E N C Y
S T A T E
S T R U C T U R E
R E L A T I O N S H I PB E T W E E N
W E A K S , S T R O N G C S
M I G D A L
L I B E R A L
F R E E D O M S
R A W L S
L I B E R T A R I A N
S T A T E - C . S . L I N K
P A C K E N H A M
C O N S E R V A T I V E
L I T E R A T U R E S U R V E Y
R E L A T I V E
A U T O N O M Y
S K O C P O L
G O V E R N M E N TP O L I C I E S
K A T Z E N S T E I N
M O N O P O L Y O FU S E O F F O R C E
W E B E R
I N S T I T U T I O N S
T O C Q U E V I L L E
N O R M E N T R E P R E N E U R S ?
S T A T E
P R E D A T O R Y D E V E L O P M E N T A L
S T A T E
H E G E M O N YO N
S O C I E T Y
U S ER E S O U R C E S
E X T R A C TR E S O U R C E S
R E G U L A T ES O C I A L
R E L A T I O N S
P E N E T R A T ES O C I E T Y
P R E D A T O R Y
S T A T E
H U M A NR I G H T S
D E V E L O P M E N T
N G O s
L A B O R
W O M E N
P E A S A N T S
S T U D E N T S
P E O P L E ' S O R G A N I Z A T I O N S
M A S S D E M O C R A T I C M O V E M E N T
N O R M E N T R E P R E N E U R S
C I V I L S O C I E T Y
D E V E L O P M E N T G R O U P S
H U M A N R I G H T S M O V E M E N T
N G O s
W O M E N
P E A S A N T S
S T U D E N T S
L A B O R
P E O P L E ' S O R G A N I Z A T I O N S
M A S S D E M O C R A T I C M O V E M E N T
C I V I L S O C I E T Y
S T R U C T U R A L F A C T O R SC A U S E
H U M A N R I G H T S V I O L A T I O N S
K E YH Y P O T H E S I S
C I V I L S O C I E T Y U S E S A G E N C Y V S . S T A T ET O A S S E R T H U M A N R I G H T S
S E C O N D A R YH Y P O T H E S I S
S T A T E D E P ' TC O U N T R Y R E P O R T S
O N H U M A N R I G H T S
H U M A N R I G H T SW A T C H A N N U A LW O R L D R E P O R T
A M N E S T YI N T E R N A T I O N A L
A N N U A L R E P O R T
D A T A S O U R C E S
F R E E E X P R E S S I O N ,A S S ' N , & A S S E M B L Y
C A S T E , E T H N I C , &C O M . V I O L E N C E
I N T E R N A L A R M E DC O N F L I C T
R E F U G E E S
C O R R U P T I O N
H U M A N R I G H T SD E V E L O P M E N T
G O s
N G O s
D E F E N D I N GH U M A N R I G H T S
J U S T I C EV S . I M P U N I T Y
I N T ' L S Y S T E MO F J U S T I C E
I N T ' L F I N A N C I A LI N S T I T U T I O N S
U . N .
U . S . A .
E U R O P E A NU N I O N
J A P A N
I N T ' L C O M M U N I T Y
H U M A N R I G H T S V I O L A T I O N S
H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C HH U M A N R I G H T S C O N C E R N S
D I S A P P E A R A N C E SO R " M I S S I N G "
P R I S O N E R SO F
C O N S C I E N C E
D E A T H S E N T E N C EE X E C U T I O N S
T R E A T M E N T O FP O L I T I C A L
P R I S O N E R S
E X T R A J U D I C I A LE X E C U T I O N S
T O R T U R E& A L L F O R M S
O F I L L - T R E A T M E N T
H U M A N R I G H T S V I O L A T I O N S
A M N E S T Y I N T E R N A T I O N A LH U M A N R I G H T S C O N C E R N S
C I V I LS O C I E T Y
E L E C T I O N S
I N T E G R I T Y O FT H E P E R S O N
R E L I G I O U SF R E E D O M
P R E S SF R E E D O M
T R A F F I C K I N GI N P E R S O N S
C H I L D R E N
W O M E N C O R P O R A T ER E S P O N S I B I L I T Y
H U M A N R I G H T SV I O L A T I O N S
U . S . S T A T E D E P A R T M E N T H U M A N R I G H T S C O N C E R N S
B U R M A
M I L I T A R YD I C T A T O R S H I P
L A O S
V I E T N A M
O N EP A R T Y R U L E
B R U N E I
A B S O L U T EM O N A R C H Y
I N D O N E S I A
C O M . V I O L . &D E M . C H A N G E
E A S T T I M O R
O N T ON A T . I N D E P .
C A M B O D I A
W E A K S T A T EE L E C T . D E M .
M A L A Y S I A
S I N G A P O R E
C O R P O R A T I S TR E G I M E S
P H I L I P P I N E S
T H A I L A N D
C O N S O L . O FE L E C T . D E M .
P O L I T I C A L R E G I M E S I N S O U T H E A S T A S I A
E A S T T I M O R
W A R O FN A T L L I B E R A T I O N
B U R M A C A M B O D I A
I N D O N E S I A P H I L I P P I N E S
I N T E R N A L A R M E DC O N F L I C T
M A L A Y S I A
C O N S P I R A C Y &I N T E R N A L T R O U B L E
B R U N E I L A O S
S I N G A P O R E T H A I L A N D
V I E T N A M
N O N - A R M E DC O N F L I C T
T Y P E S O F S I T U A T I O N
CORRUPTION & JUSTICE
A N W A RI B R A H I M
M A L A Y S I A
T O B A N K R U P TO P P O S I T I O N
S I N G A P O R E
H U N S E N O NK H M E R R O U G E
C A M B O D I A P H I L I P P I N E S
I N D E P E N D E N C E O F T H E J U D I C I A R Y ?
A N W A RI B R A H I M
M A L A Y S I A
H A B I B I E ;W A H I D
I N D O N E S I A
P A R T YC A D R E S
V I E T N A M
C . M I N EA C T I O N C E N T E R
C A M B O D I A
E S T R A D A
P H I L I P P I N E S
C O R R U P T I O N
F O R E I G NI N V E S T M E N T S
I N T E R N A T I O N A LT R A D E
C O N S U M E RP U R C H A S E S
H U M A NR I G H T S
R E L A T I O N S H I P
1 9 9 7 C U R R E N C Y C R I S I S , E C O N O M I C D E V E L O P M E N T & H U M A N R I G H T S
L A C KA C C O U N T A B I L I T Y
C O R R U P T I O N P O O R I N S T I .P E R F O R M A N C E
B E L O WP O V E R T Y
L A C K F O O DS U P P L Y
L A Y -O F F S
A T T A C K O NE T H N I C C H I N E S E
I NI N D O N E S I A
T H A I L A N D S E N TB A C K
B U R M E S ER E F U G E E S
M A L A Y S I A S E N TB A C K
M I G R A N TW O R K E R S
S U H A R T OF O R C E D
T OR E S I G N
E S T R A D AF O R C E D
T OR E S I G N
G E N E R A LE C O N . C R I S I S
E F F E C T S
1 9 9 7 C U R R E N C Y C R I S I S S T A R T E D I N T H A I L A N DS P R E A D T O S . E . A .
M A L A Y S I A I N D O N E S I A P H I L I P P I N E S
D I S M I S SC O R R U P T
O F F I C I A L S
I N V E S T I G A T EI L L - G O T T E N
W E A L T H
C R E A T EA N T I - C O R R U P T I O N
A G E N C I E S
A C C O U N T A B I L I T Y T R A N S P A R E N C Y
N E E D F O R G R E A T E R
N E E D F O RP O L I T I C A L
R E F O R M
A P R E S S I N G I S S U E
C O R R U P T I O N
L E G I T I M A T EA S Y L U M
S E E K E R S
F R O MT H A I L A N D
B U R M E S E
M I G R A N TL A B O R
F R O MM A L A Y S I A
I N D O N E S I A N S
M I G R A N TL A B O R
F R O MM A L A Y S I A
F I L I P I N O S
M I G R A N TL A B O R
F R O MS O U T H K O R E A
T H A I S
E X P U L S I O N
J O B M A R K E T C O N T R A C T E D
M I G R A N TL A B O R
E T H N I CM I N O R I T Y G R O U P S
E X P U L S I O N F O R C E D L A B O R
A B U S E D
P O L I T I C A L A N D E C O N O M I C C R I S I S D I R E C T L Y A F F E C TE C O N O M I C A L L Y D I S A D V A N T A G E D G R O U P S
V I E T N A M
B U R M A T H A I L A N D
C H I L DL A B O R
V I E T N A M B U R M A
F O R C E DL A B O R
L A B O R W O E S
FORCED LABOR
• BURMA• VIETNAM
G O V E R N M E N T S T N C s I F I s
P H I L I P P I N E S T H A I L A N D I N D O N E S I A M A L A Y S I A E . T I M O R C A M B O D I A
P R E S S U R EP O L I T I C S
H U M A N R I G H T S N G O s :A F O R C E W I T H W H I C H T O R E C K O N
S T R O N GS T A T E
W E A KS O C I E T Y
B U R M A B R U N E I S I N G A P O R E V I E T N A M L A O S
H A R D T OM O N I T O R
N O I N D E P E N D E N TH R O R G ' N S
S T A T E - S O C I E T YR E L A T I O N S
R E L I G I O N C O M M U N A L I S M
B U R M A I N D O N E S I A V I E T N A M P H I L I P P I N E S
H U M A N R I G H T S A B U S E S
P E O P L E I N S O C I E T Y A S V I C T I M S
P A R A M I L I T A R Y !N O T " C I V I L S O C I E T Y "
S T A T E M A N I P U L A T I O N !
N O !
" U N C I V I L S O C I E T Y ? "
DISAPPEARANCES &SUMMARY EXECUTION
1995
• INDONESIA & EAST TIMOR• PHILIPPINES
PRISONERSPRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE& POLITICAL PRISONERS
1995
• INDONESIA & EAST TIMOR (UNFAIR TRIAL)
• PHILIPPINES• BURMA (UNFAIR TRIAL)• MALAYSIA (DETENTION W/O TRIAL)
ILL-TREAMENT, INHUMAN PRISON
CONDITIONS,TORTURE & RAPE
1995• CAMBODIA• INDONESIA & EAST TIMOR• PHILIPPINES• BURMA (DEATH IN CUSTODY DUE TO
TORTURE)
EXECUTIONS1995
• SINGAPORE (MORE THAN 50)• INDONESIA & EAST TIMOR• MALAYSIA• VIETNAM
ABUSES BY ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS
1995• CAMBODIA• PHILIPPINES
(ABU SAYYAF GROUP)
• HOSTAGE TAKING
• TORTURE
• ARBITRARY KILLINGS
I N 1 9 9 0 , M I L . R E F U S E D T OR E C O G N I Z E E L E C T O R A L
R E S U L T S & H A N DP O W E R T O O P P O S I T I O N
M I L . R E F U S E D T O H A V EM E A N I N G F U L D I A L O G U E W I T H
O P P O S I T I O N & T O C E D E P O W E RT O P O P U L A R L Y E L E C T E D C I V I L I A N S
S T A L E M A T EI N B U R M A
BURMA/MYANMAR: STATE PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
COUNCIL (SPDC)
BURMA’S SENIOR
GENERAL THAN SHWE: SPDC CHAIR,
PM, COMMANDER
IN CHIEF, SLORC CHAIR
GEN. KHIN NYUNTSPDC
SECRETARY, INTELLIGENCE
HEAD
GEN. MAUNG AYE
SPDC VICE-CHAIR
GEN. TIN OOSPDC
SECRETARY
U HOHN GYAWSPDC
FOREIGN MINISTER
BURMA•MILITARY RULE•INTERNAL STRIFE•ETHNIC CONFLICTS•ARMED REVOLUTION
BURMA
• ASEAN’s “CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT” DESPITE 1,000 ARRESTS 1996
• 1996: FORCED LABOR• 1997: 2,000 HR ACTIVISTS ARRESTED• 1997: POL. KILLINGS, FORCIBLE
RELOCATIONS, TORTURE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES
• 1997: ROHINYA REFUGEES (400 IN BANGLADESH & 6,000 IN THAILAND) REFUSED ASYLUM & REPATRIATED
BURMA
• 1997: BURMESE GOVT INSTIGATED BUDDHIST MONKS TO ATTACK MOSLEMS
• 1997: ARMED CONFLICT LED 10s OF THOUSANDS OF KAREN & SHAN REFUGEES FLEEING TO THAILAND
• 1997: 1,200 POLITICAL PRISONERS & USE OF SHORT-TERM DETENTION TO SCARE OFF OPPOSITION
• 1999: 200 LONG-TERM PRISON; 1,200 EXISTING POLITICAL PRISONERS
• 1999: FORCED LABOR & CHILD LABOR
BURMA
• 2000: AUNG SAN SUU KYI CONTINUED TO BE UNDER HOUSE ARREST
• 2000: THAILAND & PHILIPPINES OPENLY CRITICIZED SPDC
• 2000: MIL. CONTINUE TO KILL ETHNIC MINORITIES DURING CO-IN & ENGAGE PEOPLE (INCLUDING CHILDREN) IN FORCE LABOR
WOMEN IN BURMA: AUNG SAN SUU KYI
DELICATE BUT FEARLESS
H E I N E K E N C A R L S B E R G B R I T I S HH O M E S
S T O R E S
L I Z C L A I B O R N E
B U R M E S ED E M O C R A T I C
M O V E M E N T
W E S T E R NC O N S U M E R S
B U R M E S EM I L I T A R Y
G O V E R N M E N T
E F F E C T S
T N C W I T H D R A W A L F R O M B U R M A I N 1 9 9 6
P R E S S U R E S F R O M I N T E R N A T I O N A L C I V I L S O C I E T Y
U . S . -U S S R
P R C -U S S R
V I E T N A M -C A M B O D I A
I M P A C T O FC O L D - W A R R I V A L R I E S
M A S SM U R D E R
L A N DM I N E S
M A S SP O V E R T Y
P E R S O N A L I T YC U L T
A U T O - G E N O C I D EB Y K H M E R R O U G E
R U L E O FL A W
I N D E P E N D E N C E O FT H E J U D I C I A R Y
H U M A NR I G H T S
T R A F F I C K I N G I NW O M E N & C H I L D R E N
H I V /A I D S
P O S T - W A R R E L I E F &R E C O N S T R U C T I O N
C A M B O D I A
CAMBODIA: LAND MINES
CAMBODIA
• 1997: JOURNALISTS HARASSED & KILLED
C O M M U N I S TP A R T Y R U L E
N O I N D E P E N D E N TN G O s
L A O S A N D V I E T N A M
LEE KUAN YEW OF SINGAPORE: SENIOR MINISTER
SINGAPORERICE OR FREEDOM?
STABILITY OR DEMOCRACY?
GROWTH OR SPEECH? INTERNAL SECURITY ACT
SINGAPORE
• 1997: BROUGHT CIVIL SUITS VS. OPPOSI-TION PARTY MEMBERS TO FORCE THEM OUT OF POLITICS THRU BANKRUPTCY
SINGAPORE
• HIGHEST PER CAPITA EXECUTION RELATED TO
C E R T A I NF I R E A R M SO F F E N S E S
T R E A S O N M U R D E R D R U GT R A F F I C K I N G
C O M P U L S O R Y
D E A T HP E N A L T Y
S I N G A P O R E
MALAYSIA• 1997: 2ND APCET (E.TIMOR) CONFERENCE
HELD IN K.L.: VIOLENTLY DISPERSED• 1997: DAYAN IBAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
DETAINED FOR PROTESTING ABOUT LAND RIGHTS
MAHATHIR & ANWAR IBRAHIM
FRIENDS & FOES:INTERNAL SECURITY ACT
N OI N D E P E N D E N T
N G O s I NS I N G A P O R E
W E A KS O C I E T Y
C O R P O R A T I S TS T A T E S
I N T E R N A LS E C U R I T Y A C T S
M A L A Y S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E
PHILIPPINES
PLENTY
RISE & FALL OF A DICTATORSHIP
CORAZON C. AQUINOELECTORAL DEMOCRACY
PHILIPPINES• REPORTS IN THE U.N. REVEAL
THAT THERE WERE MORE HUMAN RIGHTS VICTIMS UNDER AQUINO (1986-1992) THAN UNDER MARCOS (1965-1986)
PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS
PHILIPPINES• 1996: HR MONITORS DISAPPEARED &
MURDERED• 1996: INT’L NGOs HELD 1ST APCET
(E.TIMOR) CONFERENCE IN MANILA, PHILIPPINES
• 1996: 127 SENTENCED TO DEATH• 1998: 1ST EXECUTION SINCE 1976• 1999: 6 KILLED BY LETHAL INJECTION• 2001: 400,000 DISPLACED IN MINDANAO
DURING MIL. OPS.
PEOPLE’S PROTEST AGAINST ESTRADA
LABOR MASS ACTION
MILITARY OPERATIONS
ABU SAYYAF GROUP MEMBERS• ALDAM TILAO aka ABU
SABAYA Sabaya
• KHADAFFY JANJALANI aka DAF/PEK
• GALIB ANDANG aka COMMANDER ROBOT
3 PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
M A R C O S I A NR U L E
A U T H O R I T A R I A ND I C T A T O R S H I P
R A M O S
E S T R A D A
A U T H O R I T A R I A N R E M N A N T SW I E L D S O M U C H P O W E R
I M P U N I T Y
T R A N S I T I O N T OE L E C T O R A L D E M O C R A C Y
W E A KS T A T E
S T R O N GS O C I E T Y
S T A T E -C I V I L S O C I E T Y R E L A T I O N S
D E V E L O P M E N TA G G R E S S I O N
P H I L I P P I N E S
K O R E A N M A N A G E R S T A I W A N E S E M A N A G E R S
A B U S E D V I E T N A M E S E W O R K E R S
F O O T W E A R F A C T O R I E S I N V I E T N A M
A D I D A S , P U M A , N I K E . . .
F A M I L Y
C R O N I E S
P R E S I D E N TS U H A R T O
A U T H O R I T A R I A ND I C T A T O R S H I P
M I L I T A R Y ' SD W I - F U N G S I
P O L I C E
S T A T ER E P R E S S I O N
P A R A -M I L I T A R Y
S E C E S S I O N I S M
C O M M U N A LV I O L E N C E
A N N E X A T I O NO F E A S T T I M O R
I N D O N E S I A
PRESIDENT SUHARTO:
THE SMILING
DICTATOR
CIVIL STRIFE:OUSTER OF SUHARTO
INDONESIAN MILITARY
INDONESIAN POLICE
D W I - F U N G S I
S O L D I E R S
C O M M U N A L V I O L E N C E
S E P A R A T I S T S
I N D O N E S I A ' SW O E S
INDONESIA
-1997: GOVT AGENTS INVOLVED IN COMMUNAL VIOLENCE PRIOR TO ELECTION
-1997: GOVT USED TRIAL OF CATHOLIC PRIEST (HARBORING STUDENT ACTIVISTS ACCUSED OF SUBVERSION) TO BRAND OPPOSITION LEADERS AS “NON-MUSLIMS”
• -1997: 300 PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE
• -1998: IMPLICIT GOVT SUPPORT OF ATTACKS ON ETHNIC CHINESE
• -1998-99: ARMY-LINKED PROVOCATEURS FOMENTED COMMUNAL RIOTS
• -1999: A MAJOR BANK DIVERTED $70M TO GOLKAR
P E O P L E ' S R E S I S T A N C E
R U I N O F R A I N F O R E S T
P A L M O I L P L A N T A T I O N S
C O R R U P T I O N
C R O N Y C O N C E S S I O N S
G O V ' T A C C O U N T A B I L I T Y
S O C I A L I M P A C T D R O U G H T
I N D O N E S I A B R U N E I
M A L A Y S I A P H I L I P P I N E S
S I N G A P O R E
S M O G
I N D O N E S I A
R A I N F O R E S T R U I N
E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T
I N D O N E S I A N F O R E S T F I R E S1 9 9 7
INDONESIAN HQ IN DILI, EAST TIMOR
INDONESIA’S ANNEXATIONOF EAST TIMOR
-PORTUGUESE COLONY
STRUGGLE FOR FREE EAST TIMOR
INDONESIAN MILITARY IN EAST TIMOR
BURNING HOUSES IN EAST TIMOR
EAST TIMOR: ANTI-INDEPENDENCE MILITIA
GENERAL WIRANTO ACCUSED OF VIOLENCE IN EAST TIMOR
AUSTRALIAN TROOPS IN EAST TIMOR
H RV I O L A T I O N S
I H LV I O L A T I O N S
I N D O N E S I A ' SA N N E X A T I O N
E C O N O M I CR E C O N S T R U C T I O N
S O C I A LR E C O N S T R U C T I O N
P O L I T I C A LR E C O N S T R U C T I O N
P O S T - I N D E P E N D E N C EB L U E S
E A S T T I M O R
PRESIDENT WAHID: JUNE 1999 FIRST DEMOCRATIC ELECTION IN 43 YEARS
PRESIDENT WAHID
WOMEN PROTEST VS. WAHID
PRO-WAHID MARCH
PRO-WAHID WARRIOR
INDONESIAN PARLIAMENT IMPEACHED WAHID
WOMEN IN INDONESIA:MEGAWATI SUKARNOPUTRI
AUSTRALIAN TROOPS FOUND BODIES IN LAKE IN
EAST TIMOR
EAST TIMOR
1999: 250,000 REFUGEES& INTERNALLY DISPLACED
PERSONS2001: 100,000 TRAPPED IN WEST
TIMOR BY MILITIAS
AUSTRALIAN TROOPS PROTECT E. T. REFUGEES
EAST TIMOR:XANANA GUSMAO
JOSE RAMOS HORTA
ACEH
ACEH1999: The military and police perpetrated political killings,
use of excessive force, disappearances, rape,
arbitrary arrest, & detention without trial.
2000: torture, disappearances, & pol. killings continued
ACEH
ACEH
ACEH, INDONESIA
Aceh Resistance
WEST PAPUA
PAPUA2000
TORTURE, DISAPPEARANCES &
POL. KILLINGS WORSENED
AMBON
PARAMILITARY RIOTS IN AMBON
BENTENG KARANG VICTIMS BURNED ON HITU SITE, AMBON
MOSLEM PARAMILITARY KILL CHRISTIAN IN AMBON
In Ambon and throughout Maluku
1999fighting between
Moslems & Christians left over 1,000 dead
and tens of thousands were displaced
WEST KALIMANTAN1999
over 200 persons died in fighting which pitted Madurese immigrants against
indigenous Dayak and Melayu groups
M A L A Y S I A T H A I L A N D
L E G I S L A T E D
P H I L I P P I N E S I N D O N E S I A
E X I S T I N G
N A T I O N A L H U M A N R I G H T S C O M M I S S I O N
INDONESIA2001
The U.S. State Department (2002) asserts that in Indonesia security forces were responsible for numerous instances of indiscriminate shootings of civilians,
torture, beatings, & other abuses in Aceh, Irian Jaya, and elsewhere, and the
Government was ineffective in deterring social, inter-ethnic, & inter-religious
violence in the Moluccas & Sulawesi.
IMPUNITY, AMNESTY, TRUTH OR JUSTICE?
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTESTS
PHILIPPINE MASS MOVEMENT
PHILIPPINE HUMAN RIGHTS NGOs
ROLE OF MEDIA
the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission of Australia; the National Human Rights Commission of India; the Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights; the National Human Rights Commission of Nepal; the Human Rights Commission of New Zealand; the Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines; the Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka and the Fiji Human Rights Commission.
R E C O N C I L I A T I O NW I T H J U S T I C E ?
J U S T I C ET O V I C T I M S ?
R E C O N C I L I A T I O NW I T H O U T J U S T I C E ?
A M N E S T Y T OP E R P E T R A T O R S ?
D I L E M M A
T R A D E H U M A N R I G H T S I N V E S T M E N T
C O N S U M E R S L A B O R R I G H T S
A B U S E S
H Y P O C R I S Y ?
FREEDOM MAP
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
VIETNAM
THAILAND
SINGAPORE
PHILIPPINES
MALAYSIA
LAOS
INDONESIA
EAST TIMOR
CAMBODIA
BRUNEI
BURMA (MYANMAR)
COMMUNIST PARTY RULE
ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY
SEMI-DEMOCRACY
ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY
SEMI-DEMOCRACY
COMMUNIST PARTY RULE
ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY
TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
MILITARY AUTHORITARIANISM
CHALLENGES
CLOSED POLITICSVIETNAM
CORRUPTIONTHAILAND
INTERNAL SECURITY ACTSINGAPORE
PROTEST & REVOLUTIONPHILIPPINES
INTERNAL SECURITY ACTMALAYSIA
CLOSED POLITICS & ECON.LAOS
TRANSITION; PROTESTINDONESIA
TRANSITIONEAST TIMOR
POL. VIOLENCECAMBODIA
ABSOLUTE MONARCHYBRUNEI
POPULAR PROTESTBURMA/MYANMAR
C O N F I R M E D
C I V I L S O C I E T Y U S E SA G E N C Y T O S T R U G G L E
F O R H R s V S . S T A T ES T R U C T U R E S
H 2
C O N F I R M E D
S T A T ES T R U C T U R A L
C A U S E SO F H R V s
H 1
C O N C L U S I O N
T H E O N L Y T H I N G T H A T I S P E R M A N E N T I S C H A N G E !
C I V I L S O C I E T Y ' S S T R U G G L E F O RT H E S T A T E T O R E S P E C T H U M A N R I G H T S
C O N T I N U E S .
P O S S I B I L I T I E S
HUMAN RIGHTS WORK
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION
IN DEFENSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
NGOs (GERARD CLARKE)
• PROLIFERATION --> DEMOCRATIZATION• PARTICIPATE IN ISSUE-BASED SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS• SOURCE OF POLITICAL LEADERS• SUBCONTRACT GOV’T TASKS: PROGRAM
DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION & APPRAISAL• ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS• ISSUE-BASED POLITICAL AGENDA
