MASTER CREDIT SEMINAR

ON

R F I D – A MODERN TECHNIQUE IN ANIMAL

IDENTIFICATION

RAMESWAR PANDA

ENROLL.NO- V/13/240

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

BOMBAY VETERINARY COLLEGE

Outline RFID- Radio Frequency Identification.

Animal identification is defined as “the combination and

linking of the identification and registration of an animal

individually, with a unique identifier, or collectively by its

epidemiological unit or group, with a unique group identifier”

(Sehularo, 2010).

It is an AIDC ( Automatic Identification & Data Capturing)

that uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between reader

and electronic(RFID) tag attached to an object for the purpose of

identification and tracking.

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of the advanced and

efficient identification technologies in recent years and is widely

adopted by various dairy industries. RFID can improve the automatic

data collection by taking advantage of electronic transmission

technology that provides quick access to dairy herd information and

utilized for improving the feeding and managemental practices.

(Prasad et al., 2013).

HOW RFID INVENTED

The cause of rfid invention was the application of

IFF ( Identification friend or foe) method during

world war 2 by the British Army to detect their

own returning plane from inbound German ones.

Though radar was there, but it was able to signal

the presence of plane not the type of plane it was.

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TORY OF RFID

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Components of RFID

RFID consist of three components and they are as follows:

(1) Transponder (2) Trans-receiver (3) Data accumulator ( computer

system)

(McAllister et al., 2000).

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• TRANSPONDER

EAR TAG

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Ear tags: The ear tag transponder is one inch in diameter and can be embodied

in plastic (Sherwin, 1990; Stark et al., 1998).

Flag shaped ear tag

Button shaped ear tag

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Button shaped ear tag has more durability than flag shaped ear tag.

(Carne et al. 2003)

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Argentina 32

Australia 36

Austria 40

Belgium 56

Bulgaria 100

Canada 124

Switzerland 756

Germany 276

Denmark 208

Dominican Republic 214

Spain 724

Estonia 233

Finland 246

France 250

Great Britain 826

Greece 300

Croatia 191

Czech Republic 203

Costa Rica 188

Hungary 348

Isle of Jersey

(obsolete)*

India 356

Iran 364

Ireland 372

Israel 376

Italy 380

Japan 392

Kazakhstan 398

South Korea 410

Lithuania 440

Luxembourg 442

Sweden 752

Tunisia 788

United States of

America 840

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Now the tagging is done.

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RFID RUMEN BOLUS

For cattle - 70 gm

For sheep - 20 gm

Covered with ceramic materialsBolus with animal ID

The bolus transponders are covered by a

capsule of biomedical glass and injected under

the skin (Gruys et al., 1993; Lambooij et al.,

1995) introduced orally into the forestomach of

ruminants (Fallon and Rogers, 1996; Hasker

and Bassingthwaighte, 1996; Caja et al.,

1999) through a balling gun.

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Bolus applicator/ Bolus gun

Precautions to be taken during application

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Pathway for Bolus

After administration , bolus is

read by RFID reader

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Microchips:

Microchips are a form of identification that involves the implanting of an

electronic chip, with a miniature radio transponder and antenna, under the

skin of an animal near the neck between the shoulder blades, or near the

base of the ear (Diez et al., 1994).

Wide application over pet animals and wild

animals

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Microchip injector with covering of poly-

propylene

Now, the chip is fitted with the injector

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It is recommended that a subcutaneous implantation site in the

lateral left side of the neck, approximately 10 cm cranial to the

shoulder of cattle, sheep and goats.

Dorn (1987)

There are 4 different sites for IETs in veal calves.The sites were

(a) subcutaneously at the front of the head, 10 cm lateral and caudal

to the nostril, (b) at the base of the ear, (c) intramuscularly in the

neck, ventral to the ligamentum nuchae and 10 cm cranial, and (d)

at the lateral side of the neck, cranial to the shoulder.Merks and Lambooij (1989)

Microchip is injected in the neck area.

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COLLAR TAG

Electronic collar are similar to that of neck chain, except they have

an attached tag with an electronic number that can be read by a

scanner.

Transponder attached to the neck chain

DIFEERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE TAG AND PASSIVE TAG

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RFID Reader

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4 parts

1- power source

2- antennae

3- transciever

4- decoder

Ruhil .et al. 2013

There are two basic readers (1)

Portable/Handheld and (2) Fixed reader.

The handheld can be powered by

rechargeable battery

(Blasi et al, 2003). Portable RFID reader

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neck band

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Stationary RFID reader

Fixed RFID reader in milking parlour for auto-

identification

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For reading barcodes and microchips

Called 2 in 1 scanner.

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How reader and host system is connected

1- Bluetooth

2- RS 232/ USB

-------------------------------------

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

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RFID COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

----------------------------------------------------------<-----------------------

Both A and B send and receive simultaneously

1- Full Duplex mode (FDX)

B waits for the signal from A.

-----------------------------------------

2- Half Duplex mode (HDX)

Ex- telephone

Ex – walki- talki

A B

A B

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Radio- Frequency range

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Norms In RFID Animal Identification

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International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR)

ICAR recommends three-way RFID ear tags (visual laser-printed,

bar-coded and microchip-embedded). These tags are commonly used

in India.(Ruhil et al 2013)

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All RFID appliances are regulated under ISO standards

1- 11784

2- 11785 Barge et al 2012

ISO 11784- defines the code structure of the RFID transponder

ISO 11785 - readability of RFID reader( ICAR 2009)

The ISO compliant RFID animal identification transponder

operates at a frequency of 134 kHz and stores a 64-bit code.

( Ruhil et al 2013)

The ISO solution of 64-bit coded tags limits the complexity of

the transponders and their cost

(Saa et al. 2005).

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For cattle, sheep and goats, the code structure and the operating

frequencies must be compliant with the International Organization

for Standardization 11784 and 11785 standards (International

Organization for Standardization 1996a, b), which were defined and

adopted in the early 1970s (Rossing 1999) and then approved by the

International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR 2005).

No standards are at present defined for pig identification.

The introduction of new ISO standard, ISO 14223:2003

(International Organization for Standardization 2003) could allow

the exploitation of the new possibilities offered by RFID technology.

(Sydanheimo et al. 2006).

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Comparision between RFID rumen bolus

and ear tag

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According to the advantage of the ear tag device is that

farmers will buy and apply the electronic ear tags themselves

and, could easily identify their animals from a distance.

Anon(2012b)

The disadvantages of ear tags are that they can be easily

removed, lost or damaged deliberately resulting in animals

being difficult to identify.

Anon, 2012b; Seretse, (2012)

FAO/WHO (2004) compared electronic ear tags and rumen bolus

based on the five attributes (i.e., readability, cost, durability,

transcription and central control)

Bolus is irretrievable until the time of slaughter. Boluses

showed higher readability (99.5) than electronic tag (89.8%)

(Garin et al., 2003).

The recovery of the rumen bolus after slaughter is more

problematic than the removal of an electronic ear tag(Fallon, 2001; Merchant, 2002).

Reading of a bolus seems to be more difficult and time

consuming than reading of injectable transponders and electronic

ear tags when hand-held readers are used.Klindtworth et al. (1999)

Ear tags and rumen boluses were both suitable for electronic

identification purposes, but boluses were shown to have a higher

retention rate and to potentially pose less welfare problems

(Ribo et al., 2001; JRC, 2002).

Compared to bolus, ear tags cannot be reused or recycled(Anon, 2012b) .

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Automation in dairy with the help of RFID

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Animal identification helps in automation of dairy farm operation

and better management of individual animal records (Pires 2002, Eradus et al. 1995).

RFID used in automatic weighing

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Automatic milking with the help of RFID

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Temperature monitoring: RFID microchips can read the

temperature of the cow along with the cow’s unique identification

number (Higgins, 2003; Hostettor, 2003).

Health and Reproduction monitoring:

RFID helps in health monitoring like monitoring health of herd

(physiological parameters, mastitis) and individual medication

and vaccination records. Sick animal identified at early stage and

segregated for treatment.

(Eradus and Jansen, 2009

Ankle pedometer used to detect estrous

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Traceability system and tracking system:

This is a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and RFID technology.

This will help in enhance farm management capabilities. It is proposed that GPS

technology be included in RFID tags in to tracing cattle movements, and locate

individual cows with a single program (Karnjanatwe, 2005).

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RFIDlivestock in World

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The radio frequency identification (RFID) of each single head of

cattle is already mandatory in many countries.(Smith et al. 2008).

In the European Union, electronic identification of sheep and

goats by radiofrequency has been mandatory since January

2010 implemented by Commission Decision 2006/968/EC.,

but for cattle it is voluntary.

NLIS is the largest animal ID system in

the world.

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RFIDlivestock in India

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Application of electronic animal identification technologies is

a growing trend in the livestock industry and plays an important

role in the future prospects. There is still a gap regarding

electronic animal identification for the purposes of improving

total farm management practices, especially on dairy farms in

India.. (Trevarthen, 2007).

Maharashtra is the first state in India to introduce animal

identification authority called ‘MAIRA’.

BVC created ‘HERDMAN’ sofeware under

Dr. A. Samad and his colleagues.

Chitale dairy farm

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Less than 10% of the cattle in India are insured.

(Brockman et al. 2010, Sharma et al. 2010).

+

providing cattle insurance in 5 states

through RFID

they work in tamil Nadu through RFID

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CONCLUSION

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The countries that have started recording of performance data

have doubled the productivity of animals in 25 years

(Samad 2010).

The general perception is that RFID technology is cost

prohibitive to small-hold dairy farmers .

(Geers et al., 1997; Saatkamp et al., 1997)

RFID has led to the evolution of herd health programs

focused on maximizing production (Voelker, 1981; Menzies et

al., 1988), health (Dohoo, 1988) and fertility (Lehenbauer,

1987).

Such integrated systems offer advantages such as

decrease in recording errors, automation of farm

implements (Naas, 2002), reduction in labour costs and overall

productivity optimization (Artman, 1999).

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Every sector is with RFID evolution, why not dairy sector…..

World’s smallest RFID chip ‘Dust’

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Barge, P., Campo, M. W., Piccarolo, P., Racioppi, F., Torassa, C. and Tortia, C. 2009.

Web based systems and RFID for meat traceability. Proceedings of XXXIII CIOSTA

CIGR VConference ‘‘Technology and management to ensure sustainable agriculture,

agro-systems, forestry and safety’’, Jun. 1719, Reggio Calabria, Italy.

Burose, F., Anliker, T., Herd, D., Jungbluth, T. and Za¨ ner, M. 2010. Readability of

electronic ear tags in stationary antenna systems. Landtechnik 6: 446449.

Caja, G., Conill, C., Nehring, R. and Ribo` , O. 1999. Development of a ceramic bolus

for the permanent electronic identification of sheep, goats and cattle. Comput. Electron.

Agric. 24: 4563.

Caja, G., Herna´ ndez-Jover, M., Conill, C., Garı´n, D., Alabern, X., Farriol, B. and

Ghirardi, J. 2005. Use of ear tags and injectable transponders for the identification and

traceability of pigs from birth to the end of the slaughter line. J. Anim. Sci.83: 22152224.

Council Regulation (EC). No 21/2004 of 17 December 2003 establishing a system

for the identification and registration of ovine and caprine animals and amending

Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 and Directives 92/102/EEC and 64/432/EEC.

International Organization for Standardization. 1996a. Agricultural equipment.

Radio-frequency identification of animals Code structure. ISO 11784:1996 (E). 2nd

ed. ISO, Geneva,Switzerland.

REFERENCES

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Klindtworth, M., Wendl, G., Klindtworth, K. and Pirkelmann, H. 1999. Electronic

identification of cattle with injectable transponders. Comput. Electron. Agric. 24: 6579.Lambooij, E., van’t Klooster, C. E., Rossing, W., Smits, A. C. and Pieterse, C. 1999.

Electronic identification with passive transponders in veal calves. Comput. Electron.

Agric. 24: 8190.

Rossing, W. 1999. Animal identification: introduction and history. Comput.

Electron.Agric. 24: 14.

Saa, C., Mila´ , M. J., Caja, G. and Ghirardi, J. J. 2005. Costevaluation of the use

of conventional and electronic identification and registration systems for the national

sheep and goat populations in Spain. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 12151225.

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