RFID Home and Office

8/11/2019 RFID Home and Office

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RFID Home Security & Automation SystemBased on Localized Room Entry

By

Senior Project

ELECTRICAL E!IEERI! DEPART"ET

Haj#ery $ni#ersity

%&'%


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Ta(le o) Fi*ures

Figure 1 -am+le 'ome !FI# %ig/ting $etu+.............................................................

Figure 2 $irit !eader 'ardware #esign..................................................................... 14

Figure 3 $irit !eader )rogram Flow.......................................................................... 15

Figure 4 'ardware #esign for locali&ed !FI# readers............................................... 16

Figure 5 %ig/ting ,ontrol ode................................................................................. 1

Figure 6 (ele-is 'ardware %a0out........................................................................... 1

Figure %ocali&ed !FI# !eader Firmware )latform.................................................. 2

Figure etwork ,onnections................................................................................... 21

Figure 125 k'& (odel.............................................................................................. 23

Figure 1 (ele-is !FI# reader wit/ bee ode....................................................... 26

Figure 11 I$7 )rotocols 8sed for Testing................................................................... 2

Figure 12 129A, %ig/ting ,ontrol ode................................................................. 2

Figure 13 %ogic Anal0&er out+ut of !FI# !eader..................................................... 32

Figure 14 7riginal :antt ,/art................................................................................... 35

Figure 15 8+dated :antt c/art for locali&e readers..................................................... 35

Figure 16 $irit !eader 'ardware $etu+....................................................................... 36

Figure 1 (ele-is Internal 'ardware......................................................................... 36


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Ac+no,led*ements

I would like to e-tend m0 greatest a++reciation to )rofessor ;a/eeb Butt for

all t/e assistance and o++ortunities /e /as +ro*ided me o*er t/e last 0ear. ;it/out /is

le*el of commitment and desire to watc/ /is students succeed I wouldn 0ou reall0 made m0 life a lot easier and more

interesting. And of course I would like to t/ank t/e lo*e of m0 life= for more t/an

t/ree 0ears of su++ort= and for +ro*iding me wit/ t/e dri*e to e-ceed e-+ectations and

mo*e forward as a confident indi*idual= 0ou /el+ed me become w/o I am toda0= and

I t/ank 0ou eac/ and e*er0 da0.


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A(stract

#esign and build a +roof of conce+t model demonstrating an a++lication of

!adio Fre"uenc0 Identification ?!FI#@ tec/nolog0 for use in a /ome or office

lig/ting automation s0stem. T/e s0stem +ro*ides new means for reducing energ0

consum+tion t/roug/ motion sensors and timers to determine w/en a +erson

enter or lea*es a room= t/ese +latforms are based +urel0 on motion meaning no

motion= no lig/t. T/e !FI# based s0stem utili&es medium range !FI# readers and

tags located at doorwa0s.As an indi*idual enters a room t/e lig/ts turns on and

remain on onl0 w/ile t/e +erson is in t/e room. T/e !FI# based s0stem +ro*ides a

*er0 effecti*e met/odolog0 for lig/ting control wit/ onl0 minor setbacks for real world

a++lication.


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Introduction)eo+le often forget to turn t/e lig/ts off w/en t/e0 lea*e a room and t/e0

ne*er eno0 walking into a dark room looking for a lig/t switc/= t/at


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T/e network used to communicate wit/ all t/e nodes in t/e en*ironment can

eit/er be wired or wireless de+ending on t/e a++lication si&e. A wired network

communicates *ia serial data transmission from one node to t/e ne-t. T/is network

form +ro*ides t/e /ig/est reliabilit0 but is most beneficial for en*ironments under

construction= allowing t/e wires to /ind wit/in t/e walls. T/e wireless network uses

an bee= wireless microcontroller= to communicate wit/ a microcontroller *ia serial

communication and sends t/e data b0 wireless modulation to t/e +rimar0 node for

final +rocessing. T/e wireless node can s+an between 1C3 meters= de+ending on

interference= w/ic/ is sufficient for most /ome or office a++lications.

7ne of t/e most im+ortant as+ects of t/e design in*ol*es !FI# reader

+lacement in t/e en*ironment in order to +ro*ide sufficient tracking for +ro+er

lig/ting control. T/e readers are designed for a one to t/ree foot range= w/ic/

se*erel0 limits /ow t/e0 get de+lo0ed t/roug/ a /ome. For a t0+ical a++lication in a

/ome or office en*ironment t/e readers must be relati*el0 close to t/e tags. T/is

includes +lacement in doorwa0s and narrow /allwa0s in order

to +ro*ide t/e reader t/e best o++ortunit0 to read t/e tag= as indicated in Figure. T/e

number of readers and lig/ting nodes in use is entirel0 de+endent on /ow t/e user

decides to set u+ t/e s0stem. Figure 1 +ro*ides a general idea of /ow a t0+ical /ome

ma0 setu+ t/e different nodes to accommodate t/e s+ace. T/e +rimar0 goal of t/e

s0stem is to assist t/e end user or com+an0 in sa*ing mone0 b0 reducing energ0

consum+tion t/roug/out t/e /ome b0 eliminating wasted energ0.


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Fi*ure '- E.am/le Home RFID Li*0tin* Setu/

T/e s0stem initiall0 under went se*eral full design c/anges to create a

solution t/at is bot/ cost effecti*e and +otential marketable. All t/e design c/anges

and modifications are full0 detailed in t/e #esignD section. A++endi- A +ro*ides

detailed gantt c/arts and +roect de*elo+ment. T/e o+timum solution +ro*ides a trul0

scalable low +ower design allowing it to accommodate a wide *ariet0 of a++lications.


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Bac+*round9ersatile /ome automation s0stems /a*e e-isted for nearl0 a decade and

continue to work t/eir wa0 into /omes across t/e countr0 es+eciall0 wit/ t/e strong

+us/ for wireless de*ices and internet connecti*it0. T/e !FI# based /ome

automation +ro*ides a /ig/er le*el on control not often seen in t0+ical lig/ting

automation s0stems.

!FI# tec/nolog0 /as come a long wa0 o*er t/e last decade allowing strong

+ersonnel and in*entor0 tracking for large scale cor+orations. )ersonnel !FI# tags

are most commonl0 used to grant access to a secure room or building and /a*e an

o+erating range of a++ro-imatel0 3C4 inc/es. A reader of t/is sort gets +laced at e*er0

entrance to t/e area and a s0stem logs t/e user identification number along wit/ t/e

time of entrance. T/e ot/er most common a++lication of !FI# readers comes from

ware/ouse in*entor0 tracking. 7ften com+anies need to track in*entor0 to determine

eit/er t/e location of t/e item or if it is in stock E5. T/ese readers often /a*e

e-tremel0 /ig/ +ower demands but /a*e t/e abilit0 to read tags from se*eral /undred

feet awa0 wit/out man0 issues. T/e in*entor0 le*el readers often /a*e t/e abilit0 to

read in se*eral /undred !FI# tags at a time making it a great s0stem for a ware/ouse

E6. T/e first design for t/e !FI# based /ome automation s0stem uses a ware/ouse

le*el !FI# reader= a $irit Infinit0 longCrange !FI# reader wit/ an a++ro-imate cost

of G2 wit/out t/e antennas or software. T/is t0+e of !FI# reader lack an0 le*el of

*ersatilit0 because eac/ /ome re"uires a dedicated +rogram due to attenuation

between t/e walls making it difficult for determining location. For t/is reason t/e


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design was c/anged to create a more *ersatile s0stem. T/e reader used for t/e design falls

in a categor0 of its own between +ersonnel and ware/ouse readers wit/ an

a++ro-imate range of 1C3 feet. T/e !FI# reader is a custom !FI# reader e*aluation

module o+erating at 13.56('& and able to o+erate wit/ a *ariet0 of I$7 +rotocols E3.

T/e reader +ro*ides a real world transition from t/e small scale model o+erating at 125

k'&. All details +ertaining to t/e de*elo+ment of t/e different !FI# s0stem is described in

t/e #esignD section.

T/e entire network communicates b0 eit/er a wired or wireless network. For t/e

wired network eac/ node connects to t/e ne-t node creating a large network web to /el+

stabili&e data transmission. T/e wireless transmission uses bee wireless

microcontrollers t/at o+erate at 2.4 :'& wit/ a line of sig/t range of 3 meters E2. T/e

bee +ro*ides a sim+le interface allowing modifications and u+dates to o+erate relati*el0

smoot/l0. !egardless of t/e network format= bot/ communicate t/roug/ a

microcontroller to a 8$A!T bus for t/e network. T/e !FI# and lig/ting nodes

communicate o*er t/e network to +ro*ide ra+id s0stem res+onse.


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Re1uirementsT/e design must demonstrate t/e abilit0 to create a !FI# based /ome lig/ting

automation s0stem and demonstrate t/e ad*antages of suc/ a s0stem. T/is includes

creating a scale model of t/e s0stem to demonstrate /ow t/e s0stem o+erates and

+ro*e t/e scalabilit0 of t/e design for a real world a++lication. T/e +roof of conce+t

design contains one !FI# readers and a lig/ting s0stem to demonstrate a

communication network. T/e design needs to +ro*e scalabilit0 and +otential for

marketabilit0 in a wide range of a++lications. At least one lig/t node must be

com+leted to +ro*e /ow /ig/ *oltage switc/ing o+erates in t/e s0stem.


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Desi*nT/e !FI# based /ome lig/ting control s0stem went t/roug/ se*eral maor

design c/anges as issues arose wit/ t/e different readers rendering t/em im+ractical.

T/e first design uses a long range !FI# reader= but +roblems wit/ attenuation and

cost led to using a c/ea+er s/ort range !FI# reader. Full detail for eac/

design is located in t/e subse"uent sections. T/e scale +rotot0+e uses 125 k'& !FI#

reader= w/ic/ better accommodates understanding of /ow t/e s0stem o+erates.

Sirit Lon* Ran*e RFID Reader

T/e original design uses a $irit Infinit0 51 %ong !ange !FI# reader most

commonl0 used for in*entor0 tracking in a ware/ouse. T/e s0stem can read in

/undreds of tags at a time and utili&es signal attenuation and modulation tec/ni"ue

allowing a com+uter +rogram to run triangulation algorit/ms to determine t/e

a++ro-imate location of t/e tag. T/e de*ice contains 4 antenna connections= an

t/ernet ?!HC45@ and !$C232 for communication= see A++endi- BE6. In order for t/e

lig/ting s0stem to o+erate correctl0 t/e design calls for using one to two $irit readers

in t/e en*ironment wit/ 3C4 antennas eac/ to +ro*ide some le*el of in /ome

triangulation. $e*eral maor issues arose wit/ t/is reader +re*enting it from mo*ing

forward wit/ t/e im+lementation +rocess.

7ne maor issue turned out to be o*erall cost of t/e s0stem= at 2G +er

reader wit/out an0 antennas or software= de*elo+ment and im+lementation cost

would be far too /ig/ for marketabilit0. Anot/er maor issue comes from /ow t/e

reader interacts wit/ t/e en*ironment. T/e reader is great for large o+en s+aces= but


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w/en walls= furniture= and ot/er t0+ical /ome amenities come into effect= attenuation

between t/e reader and t/e tags creates an e-tremel0 com+licated s0stem. ,reating a

triangulation algorit/m to com+ensate for eac/ of t/ese loses is *er0 time consuming

and must be custom for eac/ /ome. T/e algorit/m re"uires modification or t/e tag

will ne*er be w/ere t/e reader +rogram t/ink it is in t/e en*ironment. T/ere was

one@ final issue t/at ended u+ costing /uge amounts of time and effort in order to get

t/e !FI# reader to read a single tag and store t/at information. T/e $irit reader was

+ro*ided b0 t/e ,al )ol0 !FI# lab= but during +ick u+ was not *erified for +ro+er

o+eration. Initiall0 t/e reader a++eared to be full0 o+erational= but after se*eral da0s

of attem+ting to connect to t/e de*ice using t/e !ealTermD terminal= along wit/ t/e

+ro*ided software= t/e reader onl0 blinked a lig/t during startCu+ t/en a++eared to

turn off. T/e reader was returned to t/e lab and after se*eral weeks retested. T/e

reader is o+erational wit/ t/e +ro*ided software= but still /ad issues connecting using

!ealTerm.D T/e combination of all t/ese +roblems instigated a c/ange in t/e final

design to use se*eral low +ower readers= alt/oug/ t/e long range s0stem did /a*e a

full design com+leted.


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Fi*ure %- Sirit Reader Hard,are Desi*n

For t/e /ardware +ortion of t/e design t/e s0stem uses t/ree !FI# antennas


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connected to t/e reader= as see in figure 2. T/e reader communicates wit/ a com+uter

*ia an t/ernet connection and t/e com+uter +erforms most of t/e +rocessing for

out+ut to t/e lig/ting s0stem. T/e reader modulates t/roug/ eac/ antenna to +re*ent

crosstalk= and gat/er bot/ t/e tag data as well as signal strengt/. T/is data is sent back

to t/e com+uter for +rocessing. T/e com+uter runs t/e triangulation algorit/m t/at= if

+ro+erl0 calibrated= returns t/e location of an indi*idual in t/e en*ironment. T/e

com+uter kee+s track of eac/ indi*idual !FI# tag and turns on t/e lig/ts based on

w/ere t/e0 are in t/e /ome b0 sending t/e lig/ting data out from t/e network node to

t/e lig/ting node= as see in figure 3. T/is s0stem= alt/oug/ it works in t/eor0= will not


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o+erate well in real life because of t/e attenuation issues. If t/e la0out of t/e /ome

c/anges= or e*en someone walks b0 t/e reader= t/is ma0 offset all t/e tags and cause t/e

lig/ts to flicker or com+letel0 c/ange states. For t/is reason t/e design c/anged to using

s/orter range= more locali&ed !FI# readers.


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Localized RFID Reader

T/e reader +ro*ides a c/ea+ and *ersatile a++roac/ to create an

automated /ome lig/ting s0stem. T/e s0stem uses multi+le low +ower !FI# readers

wit/ a++ro-imatel0 1C3ft range o+erating at 13.56 ('&. T/e lig/ting nodes use a

microcontroller and some form of network connection= t/is can eit/er be wired or t/e

bee wireless microcontroller. A full s0stem /ardware design is in figure 4. T/e

s0stem is ca+able of using as few as 1C2 !FI# nodes and u+ to se*eral do&en lig/ting

nodes= allowing t/e s0stem to fit to t/e a++lication. Alt/oug/ t/e s0stem detailed /ere

is dedicated to t/e !FI# reader= t/e /ardware la0out and +rogramming

actuall0 function wit/ a *ariet0 of !FI# readers wit/ minor /ardware and software

c/anges.

Fi*ure 2- Hard,are Desi*n )or localized RFID readers


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T/e /ardware +ortion of t/e design includes two com+onents= t/e !FI# nodes

and t/e lig/ting nodes. %ig/ting nodes control t/e /ig/ *oltage lig/ting in t/e

en*ironment using solid state rela0s ?$$!@= a microcontroller= and t/e bee wireless

communicator. T/e lig/ting node +rogram remains sim+le= com+ared to t/e

com+le-it0 of t/e !FI# node= w/ic/ allows for "uick design c/anges to meet t/e

demands of t/e a++lication. T/e node is full0 ada+table for connection *ia wired or

wireless network and +ro*ides com+lete control o*er t/e lig/t attac/ed to t/e node.

odes for lig/ting control consist of solid state rela0s ca+able of dri*e 129 A loads

from t/e 3.39 switc/ing *oltage of t/e microcontroller= as seen in figure 5. )ower

in+ut for t/e nodes comes from a 129A, in+ut and transmits +ower out t/roug/ a

common 8nited $tates A, rece+tacle. A 3.39 in+ut control line toggles t/e rela0 to

turn t/e lig/t on and off. 8nder t/e current design t/e lig/ting control node and t/e

/ig/ *oltage switc/ing use se+arate +ower sources= but wit/ more de*elo+ment t/e

lig/ting control node can connect to t/e 129A, sources wit/ an A,C#, con*erter=

allowing for furt/er integration.

Fi*ure 3- Li*0tin* Control ode


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A single node ser*es as t/e +rimar0 controller for t/e entire s0stem and

contains a !FI# reader. T/e +rimar0 s0stem controller consists of an AT(:A256

microcontroller= t/e !FI# reader ?(ele-is for t/e full scale design@= and a network

connection eit/er wired or wireless. A (ele-is !FI# reader o+erating at 13.56 ('&

wit/ 2m; of antenna +ower ser*es as t/e identification in+ut de*ice for t/e

s0stem. T/e /ig/ fre"uenc0 s0stem allows for longer range antennas and tags= w/ic/

+ro*ides t/is reader wit/ a reading distance of 1C3 feet. T/e antenna +ower out+ut of

t/e board is around 25m;= but t/e antenna +ro*ided wit/ t/e de*elo+ment kit use

a++ro-imatel0 2m; E3. T/e (ele-is !FI# *aluation Board uses a (ele-is

121 $o, wit/ t/e ca+abilities of +ro*iding raw digital antenna data bits= or

+rocessed data. T/e reader is ca+able of using I$7 1563= and I$7 14443B !FI#

tags o+erating between 1C1J modulations. #igital out+ut of t/e s0stem can be

A( ?direct@= F( ?direct@= F$K ?#ual subcarrier@= or )$K for I$714443B E4. T/e

reader communicates wit/ t/e microcontroller *ia serial +eri+/eral interface ?$)I@

acting as t/e sla*e de*ice= as seen in figure 6. A microcontroller acts as t/e master

controlling t/e in+ut clock fre"uenc0 and sending t/e reader t/e initiali&ation code to

set t/e +rotocol and turn on t/e de*ice. T/e reader also /as two control lines to

determine t/e mode of t/e de*ices.

An AT(:A256 microcontroller on t/e $TKC6 de*elo+ment +latform

communicates wit/ all t/e ot/er readers lig/ting nodes. T/e microcontroller contains

256KB of memor0= w/ic/ is more t/an sufficient s+ace for t/e +rogram. T/e

AT(:A does su++ort a *ariet0 of interru+ts for t/e $)I and serial communication


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as well as timers to allow solid +rogram o+eration. AT(:A256 su++orts u+ to 6

digital I7 +ins and t/e design ?including testing +orts@ uses a total of 6 +orts.

Fi*ure 4- "ele.is Hard,are Layout

Testing and +rotot0+ing for t/e s0stem uses a %,# dis+la0 to *isuall0 s/ow

t/e I# number of t/e user to determine if t/e s0stem is o+erating as e-+ected. T/e

+rimar0 module also uses %#s for *isual *erification of data transmission and

rece+tion.

In a real world setting t/e s0stem uses an !FI# reader at all doorwa0s in t/e

/ome and a lig/ting node connected to man0 lig/ts t/roug/out t/e /ome. T/e s0stem

is designed to register users in a room or area in t/e en*ironment as t/e reader


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Fi*ure 5- Localized RFID Reader Firm,are Plat)orm

T/e firmware for t/e +rogram is written in , for t/e Atmel AT(:A256

microcontroller. T/e main +rogram runs in a continuous loo+ c0cle= +re*enting t/e

+rogram from e*er e-iting and disabling t/e s0stem and contains two !FI#

identification numbers /ard +rogrammed into t/e s0stem along wit/ t/eir +articular

lig/ting selection. An im+ortant feature for t/e !FI# lig/ting s0stem firm is


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+ortabilit0= w/ic/ indicates t/e firmware can o+erate effecti*el0 under a *ariet0 of

different im+lementations. T/is includes o+erating wit/ bot/ t/e (ele-is !FI#

reader as well as t/e small scale )aralla- readers.

T/e +rogram uses a series of interru+ts to determine if t/ere is data waiting to

in+ut into t/e s0stem and to +ro+erl0 out+ut lig/ting data. T/e +rimar0 reader waits

for data generated from an interru+t= collects t/e identification number w/ic/ is

clocked in using eit/er 8A!T or $)I. 7nce t/e s0stem reads an I# number t/e ne-t

ste+ in*ol*es registering and reregistering t/e s0stem from t/e room area in t/e

en*ironment= as s/own in figure . 7nce t/e I# is registered in a room t/e s0stem

c/ecks for ot/er users in t/e area and out+uts t/e lig/ting data accordingl0. It is

necessar0 to c/eck for ot/er users in order to out+ut a default setting if t/ere are

multi+le +eo+le in t/e room. Figure +ro*ides a *isual e-+lanation of /ow t/e s0stem

o+erates. T/e final ste+ in t/e +rocess in*ol*es out+ut t/e lig/t data onto t/e network

w/ere t/e lig/ting modules will out+ut t/e correct lig/t setting.

Fi*ure 6- et,or+ Connections


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T/e communication network consists of a wireless microcontroller= bee= or a

+/0sical wire connection de+ending on t/e a++lication. T/e main controller com+utes

t/e logic for t/e lig/ting s0stem and registers users in a room or area. T/e s0stem can

contain se*eral additional !FI# nodes t/at run on indi*idual +latforms and transmit

t/e data back to t/e +rimar0 node. 8sing a centrali&ed +rocessor /el+s reduce t/e cost

and sim+lifies t/e design as a w/ole= es+eciall0 w/en +rogramming lig/ting logic.

T/e secondar0 !FI# nodes onl0 /a*e t/e ca+abilit0 of sending data to t/e +rimar0

node= w/ereas t/e lig/ting nodes can onl0 recei*e transmitted data from t/e +rimar0.

T/e +rimar0 node sends and recei*es data fromto t/e secondar0 nodes. 8sing

unidirectional data transmission on t/e nodes +re*ents erroneous data from

interru+ting t/e lig/ting out+ut causing t/e lig/ts to malfunction. T/e s0stem

+resented /ere o+ens t/e o++ortunit0 for reducing t/e energ0 consum+tion of t/e

nodes= b0 allowing t/em to slee+ w/en a user is not in close +ro-imit0 to a reader.

T/e network sam+ling rate can decrease and t/e !FI# reader can go into standb0

mode reducing t/e o*erall energ0 consum+tion of t/e s0stem.


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'%3 +Hz Scale "odel

T/e 125 k'& scale model +ro*ides an in de+t/ e-am+le of /ow t/e s0stem

o+erates in a model /ome. (inor issues wit/ t/e 13.56('& reader did /am+er

de*elo+ment but it does o+erate wit/ t/e code +ro*ided in A++endi- ,. (ore detail is

+ro*ided in t/e TestingD +ortion of t/e re+ort. T/e model uses 2 125 k'& !FI#

reader o+erating using t/e firmware flow diagram +ro*ided in figure . T/e /ome

model contains 2 doorwa0s t/at +eo+le ?!FI# cards@ enter t/roug/= as seen in figure

. T/e s0stem contains two com+letel0 inde+endent microcontrollers to simulate a

realCworld im+lementation. T/e +rimar0 node /ouses t/e logic and control for t/e

s0stem and t/e au-iliar0 !FI# node +ro*ides communication to t/e reader. T/e two

inde+endent s0stems communicate o*er a 8A!T network. 'ow t/e s0stem o+erates

matc/es directl0 wit/ a full scale s0stem= t/e onl0 modifications are for t/e

initiali&ation code to connect to t/e !FI# reader. T/e model demonstrates t/e true

*ersatilit0 of t/e s0stem.

Fi*ure 7 '%3 +Hz "odel


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Re

&1 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation


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KA78XXKA78XXA

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Parameter %&m!ol 'alue (nit

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IO $ %.0m/ to1.%/ : ; 100m

IO $2%0m/ to %0m/ : ( %0

9)/$62%

oC : (2 : -O

RippleRe?ection RR# $ 120=>

O $ & to 1&2 3 : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%oC : 2 :

Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1% : m

Short Circuit Current ISC I $ 3%8 )/ $62%oC : 230 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote

1;:oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature ;Chan!e* in o due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t BetaAen into account *eparatel;4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dut i* u*ed;

2


31/73

KA78XXKA78XXA

)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7803KA7803$.




"in. T&p. "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC%.% .0 .2%

%.0m/ IO 1.0/8 4O 1%I $ &.0 to 21 %. .0 .3

:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )+ $62%oC

I $ & to 2% : % 120m

I $ ; to 13 : 1.% 0

:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )+ $62%oC

IO $%m/ to 1.%/ : ; 120m

IO $2%0m/ to%0m/ : 3 0

9)/ $62%oC : (% : -o


I $ ; to 1;%; % : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/9)+ $62%oC : 2 :

Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1; : m

Short Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%8 )/$62%oC : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote

1;:oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature ;Chan!e* in O due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t BetaAen

into account *eparatel;4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dut i* u*ed;

4


32/73

KA78XXKA78XXA



C8 IO $ %00m/8 I $1(9CI$ 0.33F9CO$0.1F9unle** other9i*e*peci#ied'


"in. T&p. "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC. &.0 &.3

%;&m/ IO 1.0/8 4O 1%I $ 10.% to 23 . &.0 &.(


I $ 10.% to 2% : %.0 10m

I $ 11.% to 1 : 2.0 &0


IO $ %.0m/ to 1.%/ : 10 10

mIO$ 2%0m/ to

%0m/ : %.0 &0

9)/ $62%

oC : %2 : -o

RippleRe?ection RR # $ 120=>9I$ 11.% to 21.% % 3 : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/8 )+$62%oC : 2 :

Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1 : m

Short Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%8 )/ $62%oC : 230 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote

1;:oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature ;Chan!e* in O due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t BetaAen into account *eparatel;4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dut i* u*ed;

5


33/73


34/73

KA78XXKA78XXA

)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA780.


C8 IO $ %00m/8 I $19CI$ 0.33F9CO$0.1F9unle** other9i*e*peci#ied'


"in. T&p. "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC ;. 10 10.(

%.0m/ IO 1.0/8 4O 1%I $ 12.% to 2% ;.% 10 10.%


I $ 12.% to 2% : 10 200m

I $ 13 to 2% : 3 100

:oad Re!ulat ion "Note1' Re!load )+ $62%oC

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 200m

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : ( (00

9)/ $62% oC : %& : -o


I $ 13 to 23% 1 : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/9)+$62%oC : 2 :


Short Circuit Current ISC I $ 3%8 )/$62%oC : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote


3


35/73

KA78XXKA78XXA



C8 IO $ %00m/8 I $1;9CI$ 0.33F9CO$0.1F9unle** other9i*e*peci#ied'

Parameter %&m!ol *on/itionsKA782KA782$

(nit"in. T&p. "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC 11.% 12 12.%

%.0m/ IO1.0/8 4O1%I $ 1(.% to 2 11.( 12 12.


I $ 1(.% to 3& : 10 2(0m

I $ 1 to 22 : 3.0 120


IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 11 2(0m

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : %.0 120

9)/ $62% oC : : -o


I $ 1% to 2%%% 1 : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1& : m

Short Circuit Current ISC I $ 3%8 )/$62%oC : 230 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+ $ 62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote


7


36/73

KA78XXKA78XXA

)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA78-.




"in T&p "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC 1(.( 1% 1%.

%.0m/ IO1.0/8 4O1%I $ 1.% to 30 1(.2% 1% 1%.%


I $ 1.% to 30 : 11 300m

I $ 20 to 2 : 3 1%0


IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 300m

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : ( 1%0

9)/ $62%oC : ;0 : -o


I $ 1&.% to 2&.%%( 0 : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1; : m


4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote


8


37/73

KA78XXKA78XXA





(nit"in T&p "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC 1.3 1& 1&.

%.0m/ IO 1.0/94O 1%I $ 21 to 33 1.1 1& 1&.;


I $ 21 to 33 : 1% 30m

I $ 2( to 30 : % 1&0

:oad Re!ulat ion "Note1' Re!load )+ $62%oC

IO $ %m/ to 1;%/ : 1% 30m

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : %.0 1&0

9)/ $62% oC : 110 : -o


I $ 22 to 32%3 ; : d@




4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote


6


38/73

KA78XXKA78XXA





(nit"in T&p "a#

Output olta!e O

)+

$62% oC 23 2( 2%

%.0m/ IO 1.0/8 4O 1%I $ 2 to 3& 22.& 2( 2%.2%


I $ 2 to 3& : 1 (&0m

I $ 30 to 3 : 2(0


IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 1% (&0m

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : %.0 2(0

9)/ $62%oC : 0 : -o


I $ 2& to 3&%0 : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 2& : m

Short Circuit Current ISC I $ 3%8 )/$62%oC : 230 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+ $62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote

1;:oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature ;Chan!e* in O due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t BetaAen

into account *eparatel;4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dut i* u*ed;

0


39/73

KA78XXKA78XXA

)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA780-A.

"Re#er to the te*t circuit*;&oC 7 )+ 7 612%oC8 Io $1/9 I $ 109C I$0.33F9C O$;1F9unle** other9i*e

*peci, #ied'

Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in T&p. "a# (nit

Output olta!e O

)+ $62%oC (.; % %;1

IO $ %m/ to 1/8 4O 1%I $ .% to 20

(.& % %.2

:ine Re!ulation "Note1'Re!line

I $ .% to2%

IO $%00m/ : % %0

mI $ & to 12 : 3 %0

)+ $62%oC

I$ .3 to 20 : % %0

I$ & to 12 : 1.% 2%

:oad Re!ulation "Note1'Re!load

)+ $62%oC

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : ; 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1/ : ; 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : ( %0

)/ $62%

oC : 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ & to 1&

: & : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1 : mShort Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%9)/ $62%

oC : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$ 62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote

1;:oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature;Chan!e in O due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t BetaAen into account *eparatel;4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dut i* u*ed;


40/73

KA78XXKA78XXA

)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7803A.

"Re#er to the te*t circuit*;&oC 7 )+ 7 612%oC8 Io $1/9 I $ 119C I$0.33F9C O$0.1F9unle** other9i*e

*peci, #ied'

Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in T&p "a# (nit

Output olta!e O

)+ $62%oC %.%& .12

IO $ %m/ to 1/8 4O 1%I $ &. to 21

%. .2(


I$ &. to2%

IO $ %00m/ : % 0

mI$ ; to 13 : 3 0

)+ $62%oC

I$ &.3 to 21 : % 0

I$ ; to 13 : 1.% 30


)+ $62%oC

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : ; 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1/ : ( 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : %.0 %0

)/ $62%

oC : 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ ; to 1;

: % : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1 : mShort Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

oC : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote


2


41/73

KA78XXKA78XXA


"Re#er to the te*t circuit*;&oC 7 )+ 7 612%oC8 Io $1/9 I $ 1(9C I$0.33F9C O$;1F9unle** other9i*e

*peci, #ied'

Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in T&p. "a# (nit

Output olta!e O

)+ $62%oC .&( & &.1

IO $ %m/ to 1/8 4O 1%I $ 10. to 23

. & &.3


I$ 10. to2%

IO $ %00m/ : &0

mI$ 11 to 1 : 3 &0

)+ $62%oC

I$ 10.( to 23 : &0

I$ 11 to 1 : 2 (0


)+ $62%oC

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1/ : 12 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : % %0

)/ $62%

oC : 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ 11.% to 21.%

: 2 : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%oC : 2 :

Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1& : mShort Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

oC : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%oC : 2.2 : /

1ote


4


42/73


43/73

KA78XXKA78XXA



*peci, #ied'

Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in. T&p "a# (nit

Output olta!e O

)+ $62%C ;.& 10 10.2

IO $ %m/ to 1/94O 1%I $12.& to 2%

;. 10 10.(


I$ 12.& to2

IO $ %00m/ : & 100

mI$ 13 to 20 : ( %0

)+ $62%C

I$ 12.% to 2% : & 100

I$ 13 to 20 : 3 %0


)+ $62%C

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : % %0

)/ $62%

C

: 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ 1( to 2(

: 2 : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%C : 2.0 :


C : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%C : 2.2 : /

1ote



44/73

KA78XXKA78XXA


"Re#er to the te*t circuit*;&oC 7 )+ 7 612%oC8 Io $1/9 I $ 1;9C I$0.33F9C O$;1F9unle** other9i*e

*peci, #ied'


Output olta!e O

)+ $62%C 11.% 12 12.2%

IO $ %m/ to 1/8 4O 1%I $ 1(.& to 2

11.% 12 12.%


I$ 1(.& to30

IO $ %00m/ : 10 120

mI$ 1 to 22 : ( 120

)+ $62%C

I$ 1(.% to 2 : 10 120

I$ 1 to 22 : 3 0


)+ $62%C

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : % %0

)/ $62%

C

: 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ 1( to 2(

: 0 : d@

Dropout olta!e Drop IO $ 1/9)+ $62%C : 2.0 :

Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1& : mShort Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%C : 2.2 : /

1ote


3


45/73

KA78XXKA78XXA

)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA78-A.

"Re#er to the te*t circuit*;&oC 7 )+ 7 612%oC8 Io $1/9 I $239C I$0.33F9C O$;1F9unle** other9i*e

*peci, #ied'


Output olta!e O

)+ $62%C 1(. 1% 1%.3

IO $ %m/ to 1/8 4O 1%I $ 1. to 30

1(.( 1% 1%.


I$ 1.; to30

IO $ %00m/ : 10 1%0

mI$ 20 to 2 : % 1%0

)+ $62%C

I$ 1.% to 30 : 11 1%0

I$ 20 to 2 : 3 %


)+ $62%C

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : % %0

)/ $62%

C

: 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ 1&.% to 2&.%

: %& : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1; : mShort Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%9)/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%C : 2.2 : /

1ote


7


46/73

KA78XXKA78XXA



*peci, #ied'


Output olta!e O

)+ $62%C 1.( 1& 1&.3

IO $ %m/ to 1/94O 1%I $ 21 to 33

1.3 1& 1&.


I$ 21 to33

IO $ %00m/ : 1% 1&0

mI$ 21 to 33 : % 1&0

)+ $62%C

I$ 20. to 33 : 1% 1&0

I$ 2( to 30 : % ;0


)+ $62%C

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 1% 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1.0/ : 1% 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : %0

)/ $62%

C

: 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ 22 to 32

: % : d@


Output Re*i*tance rO # $ 1=> : 1; : mShort Circuit Current ISC I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%C : 2.2 : /

1ote


8


47/73

KA78XXKA78XXA



*peci, #ied'


Output olta!e O

)+ $62%C 23.% 2( 2(.%

IO $ %m/ to 1/94O 1%I $ 2.3 to 3&

23 2( 2%


I$ 2 to3&

IO $ %00m/ : 1& 2(0

mI$ 21 to 33 : 2(0

)+ $62%C

I$ 2. to 3& : 1& 2(0

I$ 30 to 3 : 120


)+ $62%C

IO $ %m/ to 1.%/ : 1% 100

mIO $ %m/ to 1.0/ : 1% 100

IO $ 2%0m/ to %0m/ : %0

)/ $ 2%

C

: 10 : -o

Ripple Re?ection RR# $ 120=>9IO $%00m/I $ 2& to 3&

: %( : d@



C : 2%0 : m/

4eaA Current I4 )+$62%C : 2.2 : /

1ote


6


48/73


49/73

F)AT($)% Ideal #or printed circuit Board

:o9 #or9ard volta!e

:o9 leaAa!e current

4olaritJ marAed on Bod

Eountin! po*itionJ /n

ei!htJ 1.20 !ram*

:O"

.3%&";.1'E/.

.21"%.%'

.1;"%.0'

1.21.0"30.%'"2%.('EIN.EIN.

.032"0.&'4OS. .030"0.':/D

.220"%.'.220"%.'.1&0"(.'.1&0"(.'

Dimen*ion* in inche* and"millimeter*'

(A6I(8( !ATI4:$A4# 2%2,T!I,A%,'A!A,T2!I$TI,$

Ratin! 2% C amBient temperature unie**

other9ie* *peci#ied. Sin!le pha*e hal#

9ave8 0=>8 re*i*tive or inductive load.

For capacitive load8 derate current B 20K.


50/73

R/)ING /ND C=/R/C)RIS)IC CRS "00%E )=R 10E'

1.&

1.%

FIG.1,)4IC/: FOR/RD CRRN)

DR/)ING CR

FIG.2,E/IEE NON,R4)I)I FOR/RDSRG CRRN)

%0

(0

1.2

30

0.;C

0. 20

0.3

10

& 2% %0 % 100 12% 1%0 1%

C/S)E4R/)R8"C'1 % 10 %0 100

NE@R OF CC:S /) 0=>

FIG.3,)4IC/: FOR/RD

C=/R/C)RIS)ICS

FIG.(,)4IC/: RRS

C=/R/C)RIS)ICS

%0 %0

10 10

3.0 3.0

1.0 1.0

)?$2% C

0.1 0.1

)?$2% C

.01 & .2 .( . .& 1.0 1.2 1.( .01&

20 (0 0 &0 100 120 1(0

FOR/RD O:)/G8"'

)?$2% &.3m* Sin!le =al#

Sine ave

+DC method

Sin!le 4ha*e

=al

Re*

# av

i*tive

e 0

OrI

=>

nductive:oad

4ul*e idth

300u*

INS)

/N)

/NOSFOR

/R

/R

/GFOR

/RDC

4

/FOR

/RDSRG

RRS:

//GC

RR


51/73

4RCN) OF R/)D 4/ RRSO:)/G8 "K'


52/73

26

De#elo/ment and ConstructionInitial de*elo+ment for t/e !FI# based lig/ting control s0stem uses a /ig/

+ower $irit !FI# reader. T/e first reader recei*ed from t/e ,al )ol0 !FI# lab did not

communicate or +ower u+ correctl0 after se*eral weeks of attem+ting to connect to

t/e reader. T/e reader was returned to t/e lab and retested and= after a++ro-imatel0 1

week= t/e reader was tested and did communicate wit/ t/e com+uter. As de*elo+ment

for t/e +roect mo*ed forward issues began to arise relating to t/e real functionalit0 of

using suc/ a /ig/ +ower reader. T/e +rimar0 issue wit/ t/e reader /ad to do wit/

recreating t/e entire +rogram e*er0 time it is im+lemented in a new en*ironment. #ue

to a lack of attenuation consistenc0 between t/e walls= t/e s0stem would not be

consistentl0 reliable= and could inad*ertentl0 c/ange t/e lig/ts to t/e wrong room.

T/is is w/ere t/e locali&ed !FI# reader seemed far more +ractical for a t0+ical /ome

or office setting. $e*eral da0s of searc/ing resulted in t/e (ele-is 13.56('& !FI#

reader wit/ a++ro-imatel0 1C3 feet of range de+ending on t/e tags. N


53/73

Fi*ure '&- "ele.is RFID reader ,it0


54/73

2

,onnecting t/e 13.56 ('& reader into t/e s0stem uses an AT(:A256

microcontroller attac/ed to t/e $TKC6 t/roug/ t/e on board $)I bus. T/e !FI#

reader data is eit/er +rocessed on t/e microcontroller or sent out *ia t/e network

connection= de+ending on t/e t0+e of node. T/e reader is connected to t/e

microcontroller *ia t/e $)I bus along wit/ 2 control lines for +rogramming t0+e

?setu+ or data@ and antenna ?rece+tion or transmission@. Figure 11 +ro*ides an idea of

/ow t/e registers were set u+ to test t/e I$7 +rotocols for t/e reader because t/e

actual tag t0+e was unknown. T/e /ig/ fre"uenc0 reader uses a /ardware rece+tion

transmission encoding and maorit0 *oting to control all 13 control registers set u+ for

I$7 A$K 1563. T/e final test uses I$7 1563 F$K because of t/e tags t0+e and t/e

slig/tl0 long range of t/e reader. 8sing t/e 13.56 ('& reader created se*eral maor

issues in t/e design because of actual +roblems wit/ t/e reader communicating wit/

t/e microcontroller. T/e first issue came directl0 from t/e !FI# reader


55/73

2

as t/e internal clock +ro*iding confirmation t/e s0stem was o+erating correctl0. %ack

of time and resources +re*ent full s0stem im+lementation on t/e larger scale= but t/e

small scale does +ro*ide an e-cellent e-am+le of /ow t/e main +rogram o+erates.

Fi*ure ''- IS= Protocols $sed )or Testin*

T/e +rogram went t/roug/ a build and test c0cle during de*elo+ment to

ensure t/e s0stem o+erates wit/in +arameters. To create t/e +rogram t/e first ste+

in*ol*es initiali&ing t/e !FI# reader= de+ending on t/e !FI# reader t/is is done wit/

eit/er setting u+ t/e $)I bus for transmission and rece+tion or setting u+ t/e

microcontroller for rece+tion of 24baud 8A!T data transfer. 7nce t/e reader is

+ro+erl0 initiali&ed= data rece+tion and I#s are tested using a known tag id along wit/

a logic anal0&er and %,# screen. If e*er0t/ing o+erates correctl0 t/e associated I# is

dis+la0ed on t/e screen wit/out errors. For t/e scale model t/is took se*eral attem+ts

because t/e functions often recei*ed erroneous data and stored t/at data as actual id

information. T/e ne-t maor ste+ in*ol*ed adding eac/ id number to t/e

microcontroller and de*elo+ing a met/odolog0 to com+are it against ot/er sa*ed id

numbers. In order to make t/e com+arison onl0 a +ortion of t/e id is com+ared= 2

s+ecific digits= to sa*e +rocessing clock c0cles. If t/e id matc/es an0 of t/e registered

tags a flag is set in order to indicate t/e +resence of a +erson in a room. 7nce t/at


56/73

2

function a++ears to be full0 o+erational t/e ne-t ste+ in*ol*es adding an additional

!FI# reader to t/e s0stem. T/is in*ol*es setting u+ t/e +rimar0 de*ice to recei*e

!FI# id data from eit/er t/e establis/ed network or from t/e wireless bee. T/e

additional microcontroller reads in t/e !FI# data using t/e same code de*elo+ed for

t/e first reader= t/e onl0 difference is t/at t/e second reader does not do an0

+rocessing> it is onl0 designed to send t/e data out. T/e +rimar0 reader +rocesses t/e

e-ternal !FI# data *ia an e-ternal interru+t. T/e lig/t data onl0 gets out+ut after

+rocessing= based on t/e tags in room flags. Full detail of /ow t/e code o+erates is in

t/e code located in a++endi- . T/e +rogram is *er0 *ersatile allowing different

!FI# readers to be added to t/e s0stem wit/ onl0 minor code modifications.

Fi*ure '%- '%&>AC Li*0tin* Control ode

T/e second maor com+onent for t/e s0stem is t/e lig/ting node w/ic/

+ro*ides /ig/ *oltage lig/ting control for in /ome use. ;/en designing t/e /ig/

*oltage controller s+ecial care is taken to ensure t/e /ig/ and low *oltages s0stems

are +ro+erl0 se+arated. T/e s0stem also uses se*eral grounding +oints to +ro*ide an


57/73

3

e-tra le*el of +rotection. T/e lig/ting node to t/e rig/t contains 2 c/annels for

lig/ting control. For /ig/ *oltage switc/ing t/e s0stem uses 2 $'A!) solid state

rela0s rated for 129A, wit/ a ma-imum load of A allowing for /ig/ +ower

demanding a++lications to connect to t/e s0stem. T/e lig/t 77FF logic connects to

a microcontroller ?not s/own@. T/e data can eit/er come from t/e bee wireless

microcontroller or from a wired connection de+ending on t/e a++lication.

In order to +rogram t/e wireless bee microcontroller t/e module must first

connect to t/e com+uter *ia a 8$B connection and be +rogrammed for t/e desired set

u+. T/e +rimar0 control unit in t/e s0stem is set u+ as a coordinator in t/e network

and t/e ot/er nodes are set u+ as end nodes. T/e lig/ting nodes are set to out+ut data

to t/e digital I7 +ins on t/e de*ice based on t/e recei*ed data. T/e !FI# reader

nodes are set to send data to t/e +rimar0 node based on information +ro*ided b0 t/e

microcontroller. To send data= t/e microcontroller out+uts t/e control codes for

transmission and t/e s0stem automaticall0 sends t/e data. T/e bee modules are *er0

straig/t forward to work wit/ and t/ere is sufficient online data if t/ere is an0

assistance needed for setu+.

T/e final +roof of conce+t design uses a scale model of a /ome and two 125

k'& !FI# readers connected to two inde+endent microcontrollers. T/e +rimar0

controller out+uts t/e lig/t data for t/e rooms and is set according to t/e tag in t/e

room. In t/e e*ent multi+le cards are +resent in a room t/e s0stem automaticall0

defaults to a standard lig/t setting. T/e small scale model +ro*ides a great e-am+le of t/e

*ersatilit0 and +ortabilit0 of t/e s0stem.


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31

Inte*ration and Test ResultsT/e small scale s0stem +ro*ides an e-cellent e-am+le of /ow t/e s0stem

o+erates in t/e real world. It uses a 125 k'& !FI# reader arranged in t/e same

fas/ion t/e larger scale s0stem would be arranged in. T/e +rimar0 reason for using a

small scale s0stem comes from issues arising from t/e 13.56('& reader

communicating wit/ t/e !FI# tags. T/e main issue came from different I$7

+rotocols for t/e s0stem and t/e lack of abilit0 to reall0 test functionalit0 wit/out

knowing if t/e tags were correct or if t/e tags e*en /ad I# numbers on t/em because

man0 I#s re"uire +rogramming. After continued testing t/e antenna on t/e (ele-is

!FI# reader does modulate as e-+ected and will read in !FI# data. T/e *erification

came from t/e antenna out+ut and clock out+ut on t/e oscillosco+e= +ro*iding a

communication +at/ between t/e reader and t/e microcontroller= see a++endi- # for

, code.

T/e small scale s0stem o+erates *er0 cleanl0 alt/oug/ it still re"uires t/e tags

to be +laced in *er0 close +ro-imit0 to t/e reader e*en t/oug/ t/e0 are +laced in room

doorwa0s. T/e s0stem does lock u+ on occasion because of false data rece+tion

causing t/e s0stem to wait for data t/at will not s/ow u+ until t/e following card is

read.

7*erall t/e small scale design demonstrates /ow t/e s0stem o+erates *er0

well b0 c/anging t/e room lig/ting according to t/e id number registered in t/e room.

T/e small scale s0stem makes it *er0 eas0 to "uickl0 demonstrate /ow t/e larger

scale s0stem o+erates. T/is also demonstrates /ow trul0 scalable t/e s0stem can be=


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32

o+erating on a doll/ouse le*el all t/e wa0 u+ to real world im+lementation. ac/

node is full0 configurable for eit/er an !FI# reader wit/ or wit/out lig/ting= and t/e

lig/ting can be u+ to c/annels.

Fi*ure '?- Lo*ic Analyzer out/ut o) RFID Reader

Figure 13 s/ows t/e out+ut of t/e 125 k'& !FI# reader under +ro+er

o+erating conditions. )ower usage for t/e readers was relati*el0 /ig/= a++ro-imatel0

13mA= w/ic/ initiall0 made it c/allenging to find a 59 +ower su++l0 to +ower bot/

t/e readers. 7nce t/e microcontroller is +ro+erl0 in+utting data= t/e logic for t/e

s0stem is +rogrammed to accommodate se*eral !FI# tags. T/e small scale model

o+erates ust as e-+ected and +ro*ides a gatewa0 for large scale de*elo+ment. 7*erall

t/e design +ro*ides a trul0 scalable a++roac/ making it marketable for an0 si&e /ome.


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33

ConclusionT/e !FI# based lig/ting control s0stem design +ro*es /ow !FI# tec/nolog0

is effecti*e for /ome lig/ting control in order to reduce /ome energ0 consum+tion.

T/e +roof of conce+t design demonstrates a *ersatile s0stem ca+able of scalable

im+lementations. T/e design can be an0w/ere from a single node to se*eral do&en

wit/ minor +rogramming c/anges creating a mobile marketable +roduct. T/e design

does /a*e se*eral limitation suc/ as lig/ting control during t/e da0 *erses nig/t as

well as t/e issue t/at t/e users of t/e s0stem must alwa0s /a*e an !FI# tags on t/em

for t/e s0stem to work +ro+erl0. ;it/ furt/er ad*ancements in t/e design as well as

in !FI# tec/nolog0 t/is issues become minor com+ared to t/e ad*antages of using

suc/ a s0stem. T/e !FI# /ome automation s0stem +ro*ides a new le*el of control to

/ome lig/ting= reducing energ0 consum+tion and increasing /uman comfort.

T/e s0stem +resented in t/is +a+er is far from +roduction but does +ro*ide a

gatewa0 into full scale de*elo+ment. Future designs will include some form of time

monitor in order to sa*e mone0 and not /a*e t/e lig/ts on during t/e da0. T/e s0stem

will also include a com+uter connection to allow for tacking and easier registering for

t/e !FI# tags and lig/ting conditions. T/eir also needs to be some form of switc/

control to o*erride t/e s0stem w/en necessar0. 7ne large ste+ forward is using a

longer range !FI# reader. T/e (ele-is does o+erate well under limited conditions=

but an !FI# reader wit/ 3C5 foot range would o+erate muc/ more effecti*el0 for t/e

design. A !FI# based lig/ting control s0stem /as +otential to make it into t/e /ome

and office en*ironment es+eciall0 as !FI# tec/nolog0 im+ro*es. As time mo*es on=


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34

automated s0stems will continue to work t/eir wa0 into t/e li*es of +eo+le= reducing

energ0 consum+tion and increasing our +ersonal comfort.


62/73


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36

A//endi. B

$irit reader /ardware set u+ used for testing. T/e s0stem communicated wit/ t/e

com+uter using t/e t/ernet connection and a single antenna for reading t/e tags.

Fi*ure '4- Sirit Reader Hard,are Setu/

Fi*ure '5- "ele.is Internal Hard,are

T/e reader is setu+ b0 t/e +rogrammable encoder and t/e data is +rocessed t/roug/

t/e F$K decoder and maorit0 *oting according to t/e set u+ code.


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A//endi. C

, code for t/e +rimar0 control node wit/ attac/ed !FI# reader.

O

O A9!:,,125.cO

O ,reated 51211 1214 )( O

Aut/or olan ,%ark

O 125 k'& solution for !FI# based 'ome Automation $0stem

O

Pdefine FQ,)8

Pdefine F7$, ,lock $+eed

Pdefine BA8# 24

Pdefine 8B!! F7$,16BA8#C1

Pinclude Ra*rio./S

Pinclude Rutildela0./S

Pinclude Ra*rinterru+t./S

C initiali&ation functions

*oid %,#Qcommunication?int data@>

*oid %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@>

*oid %,#Qinitiali&ation?*oid@>

*oid 8A!TQinitiali&ation?*oid@>

*oid TQITQinitiali&ation?*oid@>

unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-1?*oid@>

unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-?*oid@>

C :%7BA% 9A!IAB%$

unsigned c/ar I#QAu-E12>

c/ar noQinfoE4 Uot !egisteredU>unsigned c/ar I#E1 UF34B6U>

unsigned c/ar I#1E1 UF32FBU>

unsigned c/ar I#2E1 UF342,B1U>

unsigned s/ort int inQarea1F%A:E2>

unsigned s/ort int inQarea2F%A:E2>

int main?*oid@

V

int count >

int i >

unsigned c/ar data>

unsigned c/ar I#E1>

unsigned c/ar tem+Qdata>

##!A -ff>

##!B -ff>

##!, -ff>

##!# -ff>

##!' -ff>

##!H -ff>

##!F -ff>


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3

)7!TA ->

%,#Qinitiali&ation?@>

8A!TQinitiali&ation?@>

TQITQinitiali&ation?@>

)7!TF -FF>

)7!TB ->

%,#Qcommunication?-1@> -1

C nable interru+ts

sei?@>

w/ile?1@

V

Qdela0Qms?@>

)7!TF ->

tem+Qdata 8A!TQ!-1?@>


for?i > i R 11> iWW@V

tem+Qdata 8A!TQ!-1?@>

C !emo*e $tart and $to+ Bits

if?tem+Qdata -A XX tem+Qdata -#@V

C do not/ing ?do not sa*e@

Y else V

I#Ei tem+Qdata>

Qdela0Qus?4@>

Y

)7!TF -FF>Y

C ,/eck I# number room +resences C

$et lig/ting out+ut

C I#

if?I#E I#E ZZ I#E I#E@V

for?i>iR1>iWW@V

%,#Qc/aracter?I#Ei@>

Y

inQarea1F%A:E [ 1>

if?inQarea1F%A:E 1@V

)7!TA -2>YelseV

)7!TA -2>

Y

if?inQarea1F%A:E 1 ZZ inQarea1F%A:E1 1@V

)7!TA -6>

Y else if?inQarea1F%A:E ZZ inQarea1F%A:E1 @V


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3

)7!TA -16>

Y else if?inQarea1F%A:E ZZ inQarea1F%A:E1 1@V

)7!TA [ -2>

Y else if?inQarea1F%A:E 1 ZZ inQarea1F%A:E1 @V

)7!TA [ -#>

Y

C I#1

Y else if?I#E I#1E ZZ I#E I#1E@V

for?i>iR1>iWW@V

%,#Qc/aracter?I#1Ei@>

Y

inQarea1F%A:E1 [ 1>

if?inQarea1F%A:E1 1@V

)7!TA -4>

YelseV

)7!TA -4>

Y

if?inQarea1F%A:E 1 ZZ inQarea1F%A:E1 1@V)7!TA -6>


)7!TA X -16>


)7!TA [ -2>


)7!TA [ -#>

Y

C I#2


for?i>iR1>iWW@V


Y

inQarea1F%A:E2 [ 1>


)7!TA ->

YelseV

)7!TA -12>

Y

YelseV

for?i>iR14>iWW@V

%,#Qc/aracter?noQinfoEi@>

Y

Y

C c/ange indicator lig/ts on stkC6

)7!T, ?inQarea1F%A:ERR ),@ X ?inQarea1F%A:E1RR ),1@ X ?inQarea1F%A:E2RR ),2@>

Y

return >

Y

*oid TQITQinitiali&ation?*oid@

V

##! ->

I,!A ?1 RR I$,1@ X ?1 RR I$,@>


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4

I($K ?1 RR IT@>

Y

*oid 8A!TQinitiali&ation?*oid@

V

C !FI# reader

O $et baud rate O

8B!!1 8B!!>

O nable recei*er O

8,$!1B ?1RR!1@>

O $et frame format data= 2sto+ bit O

8,$!1, ?RR8$B$1@X?3RR8,$\1@>

C A8 8IT

O $et baud rate O

8B!! 8B!!>

O nable recei*er O

8,$!B ?1RR!@>

O $et frame format data= 2sto+ bit O

8,$!, ?RR8$B$@X?3RR8,$\@> Y

unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-1?*oid@

V

O ;ait for data to be recei*ed O

w/ile ? ]?8,$!1A Z ?1RR!,1@@@>

O :et and return recei*ed data from buffer O

return 8#!1>

Y

unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-?*oid@

V

O ;ait for data to be recei*ed O

w/ile ? ]?8,$!A Z ?1RR!,@@ @>

O :et and return recei*ed data from buffer O

return 8#!>Y

C )

I$!?ITQ*ect@

V

s/ort int i>

unsigned c/ar tem+Qdata>

unsigned c/ar I#E1>

%,#Qcommunication?-1@> -1 C

read in I#


tem+Qdata 8A!TQ!-?@>

I#QAu-Ei tem+Qdata>

Y


I#Ei I#QAu-EiW1>

Y

Qdela0Qms?1@>

C ,/eck I# number room +resences C

$et lig/ting out+ut


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41

C I#

if?I#E I#E ZZ I#E I#E@V

for?i>iR1>iWW@V

%,#Qc/aracter?I#Ei@>

Y

inQarea1F%A:E [ 1>

if?inQarea1F%A:E 1@V

)7!TA -2>

YelseV

)7!TA -2>

Y


)7!TA -6>


)7!TA -16>

Y else if?inQarea1F%A:E ZZ inQarea1F%A:E1 1@V)7!TA [ -2>


)7!TA [ -#>

Y

C I#1

C c/eck and out+ut lig/t settings


for?i>iR1>iWW@V


Y

inQarea1F%A:E1 [ 1>


)7!TA -4>

YelseV

)7!TA -4>

Y


)7!TA -6>


)7!TA X -16>


)7!TA [ -2>


)7!TA [ -#>Y

C I#2Y else if?I#E I#2E ZZ I#E I#2E@V

for?i>iR1>iWW@V


Y

inQarea1F%A:E2 [ 1>



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42

)7!TA ->

YelseV

)7!TA -12>

Y

YelseV

for?i>iR14>iWW@V

%,#Qc/aracter?noQinfoEi@>

Y

Y

C c/ange indicator lig/ts on stkC6

)7!T, ?inQarea1F%A:ERR ),@ X ?inQarea1F%A:E1RR ),1@ X ?inQarea1F%A:E2RR ),2@>

Y

*oid %,#Qcommunication?int data@

V

communicate wit/ %,# dis+la0

)7!TH ->

)7!TH -4>

)7!T' data>

)7!TH ->Qdela0Qus?4@>Y

*oid %,#Qinitiali&ation?@

V

initiali&ation se"uenceCC142 %,# dis+la0

Qdela0Qms?2@>function set


Qdela0Qus?4@>

dis+la0 ctrl

%,#Qcommunication?-F@> -F

Qdela0Qus?4@>

clear dis+la0


Qdela0Qus?4@>

entr0 mode


Qdela0Qms?2@>

initiali&ation com+leteY

*oid %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@

V

send c/aracter data

)7!TH -1>

)7!TH -5>

)7!T' c/aracter>

)7!TH -1>

Qdela0Qus?4@>Y


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43

A//endi. D

,ode for (ele-is !FI# reader for antenna modulation

O O

O A9!:,,1.c

O 13.56 ('& !FI# reader wit/ %,# attac/ment C #efine librar0

O ,reated 46211 1316 )( Pdefine FQ,)8

O Aut/or olan ,lark Pinclude Ra*rio./S

O Pinclude Rutildela0./S

C mods Pdefine (I$7 3

O Pdefine (7$I 2

O ,/ange $)I to sla*e^ ?o@ Pdefine $,K 1

O #etermine clocking fre"uenc0 CC ok ?514@ Pdefine $$

O set u+ (7$I Z (I$7 CC

ok ?514@ C Function definitions

O anal0&e I$7 +rotocol int %,#Qcommunication?int data@>O int %,#Qinitiali&ation?*oid@>

O int %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@>

*oid Initiali&eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@>

C ,ommunication wit/ !FI# reader *oid TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?int #ata@>

O #ri*e b0 (7# Z !TB ?7+erating mode@ *oid Initiali&eQI7?*oid@>

O (7# ,onfig (7# 1 ,ommunication int !ecie*eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@>

O (7# !TB Function

O ,onfiguration int main?*oid@

O 1 Transmission V

O 1 !eser*ed c/ar /elloE4 U!FI# )roto]]]U>

O 1 1 !ece+tion c/ar dataQt0+eE5 UdataU>

O #I Z ,K used to control c/i+ Z transmit data int count >

O (7# assert /ig/ eac/ time sending register config int i >

info ?5us@ int in+utQdata>

O u, CCS #irection Transmission Z !ece+tion

O SS,7FI: (7# Initiali&eQI7?@>

O ($B first

O ?4Cbit Address Z Cbit #ata fields@ for?i>iR14>iWW@

O ,K 12 +ulses V

O Assert (7# ' after e*er0 12Cbit write c0cle %,#Qc/aracter?/elloEi@>

O $elect Aalog modulation de+t/ ?T(odInde- bit@ Qdela0Qus?4@>

Analog ,onfig register Y

O

O $T (7#

C $et ,onfiguration mode for !FI# reader

C I7 )I A$$I:(T C (7# !TB

O )7!T' ?C@ %,# #ATA Qdela0Qms?5@>

O )7!TH ?C3@ %,# ,T!% )7!T# -##>

O )7!TA ?C@ $;IT,'$ Qdela0Qms?1@>O )7!T# ?C@ %#s

O )B $$ $_, )7!T, ->

O )B1 $,K $,K

O )B2 (7$I (7$I C 7ut+ut configuration data to !FI#

O )B3 (I$7 (I$7 C I$7 configuration for I$71563 A$K

O ), 78T (7# ?1J (odulation@

O ),1 78T !TB C #etermined from (%121 data s/eet

?Transmission!ece+tion $%@ section 13= +g. 21


71/73

45

C 12Cbit data ?address=data@

)7!T, -1> %,#Qc/aracter?dataQt0+eEi@>

)7!T, ->

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-4@> Qdela0Qus?4@>

)7!T, -1> Y

)7!T, -> Y

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-11@> count and s+ace transmissions

)7!T, -1> )7!T# `countSS1>

)7!T, -> countWW>

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-2@>

)7!T, -1>

)7!T, -> TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-56@>

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-3@> Y

)7!T, -1>

)7!T, -> C )!7H,T +seudo ,7#

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-4BF@>

)7!T, -1> O

)7!T, -> TA:s stored into memor0

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-5F@>

)7!T, -1> !ead in I# number from !FI# reader 1

)7!T, -> determine +erson associated wit/ tag ?lig/t setting@TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-6FB@> 1st read ?room entr0@

)7!T, -1>

)7!T, -> ,/eck if reader 2 /as I# data waiting for transmission

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-F@>

)7!T, -1> 2nd read on ?same tag@ an0 reader ?room e-it@

)7!T, ->

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-B@> reset room lig/ting

)7!T, -1>

)7!T, -> out+ut lig/t information to Bee *ia T-

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-#F@>

)7!T, -1> O

)7!T, ->

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-A1F@> return >

)7!T, -1> Y)7!T, ->

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-BF@> *oid Initiali&eQI7?*oid@

)7!T, -1> V

)7!T, -> ##!A ->

TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?-,3F@> ##!, -FF>

)7!T, -1> ##!' -FF>

)7!T, -> ##!H -FF>

##!# -FF>

C !A#! To !ece+tion (ode )7!T# -FF>

)7!T, -3>

%,#Qinitiali&ation?@>

)7!T# -FF>

w/ile?1@ C make sure $)I is not in low +ower mode

V )!! RR)!$)I>

Qdela0Qms?5@>in+utQdata C make (7$I= $,K and $$ out+uts

!ecie*eQ$)IQ(aster?@> ##!B 1RR(7$I X 1RR$,K X RR$$ X

RR(I$7>

in+utQdata >

if?in+utQdata ] @V Initiali&eQ$)IQ(aster?@>

for?i>iR4>iWW@ Y

V


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46

int %,#Qcommunication?int data@ ?RR,)7%@ X rising

V leading edge

communicate wit/ %,# dis+la0 ?1RR,)'A@ X sam+le

)7!TH -> leading edge

)7!TH -4> ?RR$)!1@ X ?RR$)!@> clock s+eed

)7!T' data> $)$! ?RR$)IF@ X $)I interru+t flag

)7!TH -> ?RR;,7%@ X ;rite

collision flag

Qdela0Qus?4@> ?RR$)I2@ > #oubles $)I clock

return > )7!TB 1 RR $$> make sure $$ is /ig/

Y Y

int %,#Qinitiali&ation?*oid@

V

initiali&ation se"uenceCC142 %,# dis+la0 *oid TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?int #ata@

Qdela0Qms?2@> V

function set assert t/e sla*e select

%,#Qcommunication?-3@> -3 )7!TB RR $$>

Qdela0Qus?4@>

dis+la0 ctrl $tart transmission%,#Qcommunication?-F@> -F send /ig/ b0te first

Qdela0Qus?4@> $)#! ?#ata SS @ Z -F>

clear dis+la0

%,#Qcommunication?-1@> -1 ;ait for transmission com+lete

Qdela0Qus?4@> w/ile ?]?$)$! Z ?1RR$)IF@@@>

entr0 mode

%,#Qcommunication?-6@> -6 ;ait for transmission com+lete

Qdela0Qms?2@> w/ile ? ?$)$! Z ?1RR@@ @VY

initiali&ation com+lete send low b0te ne-t

$)#! -FF Z #ata>

return >

Y ;ait for transmission com+lete

w/ile ?]?$)$! Z ?1RR$)IF@@@>int %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@

V deCassert sla*e select

send c/aracter data )7!TB 1 RR $$>

)7!TH -1> Y

)7!TH -5>

)7!T' c/aracter>

)7!TH -1> int !ecie*eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@

Qdela0Qus?4@> V

)7!T# -F>

return >

Y w/ile?]?$)$! Z ?1RR$)IF@@@>

*oid Initiali&eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@ )7!T# ->

V

$),! ?RR$)I@ X o interru+ts return $)#!>?1RR$)@ X $)I enabled Y

?1RR#7!#@ X s/ifted out

($B ?*erified 51511@

?1RR($T!@ X master


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4

Bi(lio*ra/0y

E1U#atas/eet.U Paralla.. Feb. 26. ;eb. 5 (a0 211.R/tt+www.+aralla-.comdldocs+rodaudio*is!FI#C!eaderC*1.2.+dfS.

E2#igi. UBeeC)!7 2.15.4 7( !F (odules C #igi International.U Di*i

International : "a+in* @ireless "%" Easy. #igi= 211. ;eb. 6 Hune

211.

R/tt+www.digi.com+roductswirelessCwiredCembeddedCsolutions&igbeeCrfC

modules+ointCmulti+ointCrfmodules-beeCseries1Cmodule.s+S.

E3(ele-is. U9B121C# *aluation Board.U "ele.is;com. (ele-is= $e+t. 2.

;eb. 6 Hune 211.

R/tt+searc/.digike0.comscri+ts#k$earc/dksus.dll^#etailS.

E4(%I$. U(%121.U @,,;mele.is;com.(ele-is= $e+t. 2. ;eb. A+r.

211. R/tt+www.mele-is.comAssets(%121C#atas/eetC455.as+-S.

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