RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

New Technology Options forActive CO2 (and NOx)

Emissions Management

Julianne Zimmerman

GREENFUEL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

Algae has multiple potential uses

Biodiesel

Ethanol & bioplastics

Green power

Biohydrogen

Fish food

Esterification

Gasification & reforming

Co-firing

Fermentation

Drying

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

Biodiesel from emissions is not a new ideaOpen ponds

Bioreactors

Unfortunately, past attempts at large scale operation were cost-prohibitive

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

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GreenFuel innovations

• Algal adaptation methodology Employs exclusively-licensed NASA

biotechnology apparatus

• Field bioreactor design Inexpensive to manufacture Inexpensive to operate

• Photosynthesis management protocol

Optimizes algae exposure to sunlight

* an economically viable solution

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

GreenFuel field trials 2004/2005

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

Field data(courtesy CK Environmental)

*data measured 9 am-5 pm**data measured 24 hrs./day

CO2

Reduction*

NOx

Reduction**

Sunny Days

82.3%± 12.5%

85.9%± 2.1%

Cloudy Days

50.1%± 6.5%

85.9%± 2.1%

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

Active CO2 management

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20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Seques-tration

EU Trading/ Penalty

GreenFuel

CO

2 m

itig

atio

n c

ost

($

/ to

n)

Price band

More CO2 per acre Much lower cost

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50

100

150

200

250

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350

400

450

Forestsequestration

GreenFuelmitigation

To

ns

CO

2 re

mo

ved

/ y

ear

/ ac

re

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

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High efficiency land use

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5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

GreenFuel Oilseed

Lb

s. o

f o

il p

rod

uc

ed

/ y

ea

r /a

cre

NewEngland

Arizona

rapeseedsoybeans

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

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Gas with land.shp#S 0 - 250 MW#S 250 - 750 MW#S 750 - 1500 MW

#S 1500 - 3000 MW

Over 400 GW capacity eligible for GreenFuel installations, based on land availability

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

All parties benefit

By converting CO2 and NOx emissions into clean, renewable biodiesel (or other products),

The plant/corporation decreases costs and increases profitability

The state/nation improves its Domestic fuel supply Energy security Economic productivity Air quality Global stature as an environmental leader

RGGI, 16 February 2005 © GreenFuel

TM

“I’ve looked at pollution control technology, both current and emerging, for a number of years… GreenFuel’s technology is really the only thing I’ve seen that deals with CO2 in an economic way.”

— Ryan Waddington, DTE