| Date post: | 20-Jan-2019 |
| Category: |
Documents |
| Upload: | hoangthuan |
| View: | 237 times |
| Download: | 0 times |
,2018
4
:rhema-journal.com E-mail:[email protected]
:
7767769 17.11.2016.
: 109240,,..,.1618,.223
2002.
8:372.8ISSN 2500-2953
2.2018
Rhema.
,2018
Thejournalhasbeenpublished since2002
Thejournalispublished4timesayear
E-mail:[email protected] accessedvia:rhema-journal.com
THE FOUNDER: MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity
Massmedia registration certificate 77-67769asof17.11.2016
Editorial office: Moscow,Russia,Verhnyaya Radishchevskayastr.,1618,room223,109240
ISSN 2500-2953
2.2018
Rhema.
;-
;--..;;-. ,;
..;--, . ;
-..; ; .
, -;.
,;-.
;-.
,,.
,;--, , . ,;,.,.
PhD();-,;-;--.
, --...
, ; -,.
; -,,.,.
,,.
PhD (); -(),,.
; .. -; ,.,.
PhD();(),.-,.
, -, ; ... ; -; ...
; , -,.
;--;--.
,;,.
, ; -,.
; ( ), . ,.
; .
Editorial BoardEditor-in-ChiefAnton V. Zimmerling Dr. Phil. Hab.; head of the Institute forModern Lin-
guistic Research, Moscow Pedagogical State University; principal research fellowattheInstituteofLinguistics,RussianAcademyofSciences;professorattheDepart-ment of General Linguistics and Russian Language, Pushkin State Russian Lan-guage;professorattheDepartmentofComputationalLinguisticsandFormalModelsofLanguage,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity.
DeputychiefeditorEkaterina A. LyutikovaDr.Phil.Hab.;associateprofessorattheDepartmentof
TheoreticalandAppliedLinguistics,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity;headoftheLaboratoryofGeneralLinguisticsandGrammaticalTheory,InstituteforModernLinguisticResearch,professor at theDepartmentofComputationalLinguistics andFormalModelsofLanguage,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity.
ExecutivesecretaryPavel V. Grashchenkov Dr. Phil.Hab.; associateprofessor at theDepartment
of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Philology, Lomonosov MoscowStateUniversity;researchfellowattheInstituteofOrientalStudies,RussianAcademyof Sciences; senior research fellow of the Laboratory of General Linguistics andGrammaticalTheory, Institute forModernLinguisticResearch,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity.
Lyubov G. Chapaeva Dr.Phil.Hab.; professor at theDepartmentofGeneralandAppliedLinguistics,InstituteofPhilologyandForeignlanguages,MoscowPeda-gogicalStateUniversity.
Aleksandr Feduta Dr.Phil.Hab.; editor-in-chief of thebiographical almanacPersonalityandTime,Minsk,Belarus.
Natalia D. GalskovaDr.Ped.Hab.;rofessorattheDepartmentofLinguodidac-tics,MoscowRegionStateUniversity.
Elena V. GetmanskayaDr.Ped.Hab.;professorattheDepartmentofMethodsofTeachingLiterature,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity.
Atle Grnn Dr.Phil.Hab.;professoratILOSDepartmentofLiterature,AreaStudiesandEuropeanLanguages,UniversityofOslo,Norway.
Ilona KissPhDinPhilology;chiefeditoroftheRussianQuarterjournalofBuda-pestEtvsLorndUniversity; professor at theDepartment of theWorldsLitera-tures,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity,seniorfellowattheRussianInstituteforAdvancedStudies,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity.
Alexey A. Korenev PhD in Pedagogy; senior lecturer at the Departmentof Foreign Language Teaching Theory, Faculty of Foreign Languages and AreaStudies,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity.
Pavel Lavrinec PhDinPhilology;associateprofessor,headoftheDepartmentofRussianPhilology,VilniusUniversity,Lithuania.
Anatoly Liberman Dr. Phil. Hab.; professor at the Department of German,DutchandScandinavian,UniversityofMinnesota,USA.
Silvia Luraghi PhD in Philology; associate professor at the DepartmentofHumanities,SectionofGeneralandAppliedLinguistics,UniversityofPavia,Italy.
Mikhail Mikhailov PhD inPhilology; professor at theSchool ofLanguage,TranslationandLiteraryStudies,UniversityofTampere,Finland.
Igor A. Pilshikov Dr. Phil. Hab.; senior research fellow at the Instituteof the World Culture, Lomonosov Moscow State University; editor-in-chiefoftheFundamentaldigitallibraryRussianliteratureandfolklore.
Nerea Madariaga Pisano PhD in Philology; associate professor at the De-partmentofClassicalStudies(SectionofSlavicPhilology),UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Vitoria,Spain.
Vladimir A. Plungian Dr. Phil. Hab., full member of the Russian AcademyofSciences;deputydirectoroftheVinogradovInstituteofRussianLanguage,RussianAcademyofSciences;headoftheSectorofTypology,Instituteoflinguistics,RussianAcademy of Sciences; professor at the Department of Theoretical and AppliedLinguistics,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity.
Velka A. Popova PhD in Philology; associate professor at the Departmentof Bulgarian, research fellow at the Laboratory of Applied Linguistics, FacultyofHumanities,theConstantinofPreslavBishopShumenUniversity,Bulgaria.
Natalia V. SerdobolskayaPhDinPhilology;associateprofessorattheTrainingandResearchCenterforLinguisticTypology,InstituteofLinguistics,RussianStateUniversity for the Humanities; head of the Laboratory of Linguistic Typology,InstituteforModernLinguisticResearch,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity.
Andrej Stojanovi Dr. Phil. Hab., full professor; head of the DepartmentofForeignLanguages,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia.
Mladen Uhlik Dr. Phil.Hab., professor; head of theDepartment of Russian,Institute of Slavic Languages, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Ljubljana,Slovenia.
Tatiana M. Voiteleva Dr.Ped.Hab.,professorattheDepartmentoftheMethodsofTeachingRussianLanguageandLiterature,MoscowRegionStateUniversity.
Suren T. ZolyanDr.Phil.Hab.,professor; leading research fellowat theDe-partment of Theoretical Philosophy, Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and LawStudies,NationalAcademyofSciences,Yerevan,Armenia;professorattheInstitutefortheHumanities,ImmanuelKantBalticFederalUniversity,Kaliningrad,Russia.
2.2018
.
..(VIII,2731).............. 9
....: ....................... 16
... ............................ 39
..:................ 48
.:.......................... 62
.. .............................. 84
.. ....... 112
ntents 2.2018
PHILOLOGY AND TEXTOLOGY
A.V.KotovaOnthesourcesofasimileinValeriusFlaccusArgonautica(VIII,2731) .............. 9
S.M.PronchenkoPropernamesinthepoeticsystemofCountA.K.Tolstoy:paradigmaticandsyntagmaticaspects................... 16
A.TernikaThepoeticsoftimeinTurgenevsAndreiKolosov........... 39
LINGUISTICS
M.D.VasilyevaProgressivedemaskingtaskasamethodtostudyvisualwordrecognition:thecaseofinflectednouns............ 48
E.PinelliPresentationofthepastandthefutureinNewYearsaddresses:onthedataofV.Putinsspeeches..................... 62
N.V.SerdobolskayaDirectquotationconstructionwiththeverbdumat(think)inRussian.................................. 84
TEACHING THEORY
A.A.KorenevFeedbackinlearning,teachingandeducationalcommunication ..................... 112
9
Rhema. . 2018. 2
.
..
- , 196084 . -,
(VIII, 2731)
(VIII, 2731), . -, , -, , tertium comparationis. (A. R. IV, 5761; Verg. A. I, 498504), . : , , , , .
A.V. Kotova
Saint-Petersburg State Academy ofVeterinary Medicine, St. Petersburg, 196084, Russian Federation
On the sources of a simile in Valerius Flaccus Argonautica (VIII, 2731)
The article discusses a simile in Valerius Flaccus Argonautica (VIII, 2731), which is connected with the myth of Endymion and the Moon. The author reveals lexical parallels and situational similarities with other texts, specifies the features that are common for the tenor and the vehicle of the simile, and establishes what is its tertium comparationis. The author also analyzes the verse lines (A. R. IV, 5761;
Rhema. . 2018. 2
10
.
ISSN 2500-2953
Verg. A. I, 498504), which served as the literary sources for both the content and the form of the simile under discussion.Key words: epic, Roman literature, Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, similes in Roman literature.
. , , - . -
. , , , .-
.,-:-,,.-
(.2731),,-,.:
(1)qualisadhucsparsiscomitumperlustracatervisLatmiusaestivaresidetvenatorinumbra,dignusamoredeae,velatiscornibus1etiamLunavenit:roseotalispernubilaductorimplethonorenemustalemqueexspectatamantem.,,,,:2.
1velatiscornibus.,,[Maserius,1519,CVII].. , velatis cornibus , , ,[Burman,1724,.648649]..-[Langen,1897,.522]..,velatiscornibus,[Spaltenstein,2005,.391],,[Spaltenstein,2005,.391392].,velatiscornibus,in umbrapernubila:,.
2.
.
11
Rhema. . 2018. 2
-., , -
3.;,- (ad IV, 57) [Brunk, 1813, . 274275] (ad III,4951) [Wendel,1914,.132133], :,,;-,,., , , ,;,,. , (ad III,
4951) [Wendel, 1914, . 132133] , ,.(ad IV,57) [Brunk1813:275],:
(2).,,.
(V,1,4):
(3),.,(..).
(I,7,5):
(4),..,:.,,.
3 , : ,Pl.Phd.72C,Cic.Tusc.I,92,Catul.66,56,Str.636,Ov.ArsIII,83,Hyg.Fab.271.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
12
.
ISSN 2500-2953
,.,.,,(...).
tertiacomparationis?-,-. , : in umbra per nubila; : perlustra nemus.Tertiumcomparationis .- [Maserius, 1519,CVII;Ravisius Textor,1600,.178],,dignusamoredeae;:roseohonore. , :
,expressis verbis (dignus amore deae)., tertium comparationis -. [Burman, 1724, . 649; Summers, 1894, . 22;
Grtner,1994,.333;Liberman,2002,.348]-,,,(IV,5761):(5),
:,,,.,:-,,,.
- ? -, :Latmius;amore;inumbra,pernubi-la; -, (, ,,),,-,-.
.
13
Rhema. . 2018. 2
,.(,,,),,:;;;qualistalis;qualissic;uthaudaliter..;,:;ut;velut;ceu..- qualis,quantus,tantum,quam,ut,velut(i),ceu,qualiter. -
(.2731), , -4(.498504):
(6)qualisinEurotaeripisautperiugaCynthiexercetDianachoros,quammillesecutaehincatquehincglomeranturOreades;illapharetramfertumerogradiensquedeassupereminetomnis(Latonaetacitumpertemptantgaudiapectus):taliseratDido,talemselaetaferebatpermediosinstansoperiregnisquefuturis.,;,,():,,,,[],.
:,,-qualis talis talem. ,.,talistalem-
,:talis,talem , .,,-,,.
4-:deasdeae;catervacatervis.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
14
.
ISSN 2500-2953
.12.
Verg. Aen. I, 498504
qualis talis talem
O1 S1 S1
S ; O .
. 1. Verg. Aen. I, 498504
Val. Flacc. VIII, 2731
qualis talis talem
O1 S1 S2
S ; O .
. 2. Val. Flacc. VIII, 2731
, :,-.,
:Val.Flacc.VIII,2731,-.,,.
/ References
Brunk,1813ApolloniiRhodiiArgonautica/Exrec.etcumnotisRich.Fr.Phil.Brunkii.T.II.Lipsiae,1813.
Burman,1724C.ValeriiFlacciSetiniBalbiArgonauticon libriocto /CuranteP.Burmanno.Leidae,1724.
Grtner,1994GrtnerU.GehaltundFunktionderGleichnissebeiValeriusFlac-cus.Stuttgart,1994.
Langen,1897C.ValeriFlacciSetiniBalbiArgonauticon libriocto.Parspost.cont.librosIVVIII/Enarrav.P.Langen.Berolini,1897.
.
15
Rhema. . 2018. 2
Liberman,2002ValeriusFlaccus.Argonautiques.T.II:ChantsVVIII/TextetabliettraduitparG.Liberman.Paris,2002.
Maserius,1519C.ValeriiFlacciSetiniBalbiArgonauticonlibrioctocumerudi-tissimisAegidiiMaseriiParrhisiensiscommentariis.VaenundanturinaedibusIoannisParvi&IodociBadiieorumdemimpressoris.1519.
Ravisius Textor, 1600 Theatrum poeticum atque historicum sive Officina Io.RavisiiTextoris.Basileae:SumptibusAndreaeCellarii,1600.
Spaltenstein, 2005 Spaltenstein F. Commentaire des Argonautica de ValriusFlaccus(livres6,7et8).Bruxelles,2005.
Summers,1894SummersW.C.AStudyoftheArgonauticaofValeriusFlaccus.Cambridge,Bell,1894.
Wendel,1914ScholiainTheocritumvetera/Rec.C.Wendel.Lipsiae,1914.
07.11.2017
The article was received on07.11.2017
; ,-
Kotova Anastasia V.PhDinPhilology;associateprofessorat theDepartmentofForeignLanguages,Saint-PetersburgStateAcademyofVeterinaryMedicine
E-mail:[email protected]
Rhema. . 2018. 2
16
.
ISSN 2500-2953
..
.. ., 243020, . ,
.. :
- (18171875). - . , -, , , , , , , , , , ., , - , - , -- , . : .. , , - , - .. , , .
S.M. Pronchenko
Branch ofBryansk State Academician I.G. Petrovski University inNovozybkov, 243020, Novozybkov, Bryansk Region, Russian Federation
Proper names in the poetic system of Count A.K. Tolstoy: paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects
The article systematically considers the proper names from the lyrical and lyric-epic works of the prominent Russian author Alexei K. Tolstoy (18171875).
.
17
Rhema. . 2018. 2
The functioning of the poetonyms is analyzed in respect to their paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects. As a result, the functional features of the poetonymosphere of the names used by Tolstoy are identified, as well as the role and significance of the poetonymosphere in his satirical, humorous, and medical poems, juvenilia, ballads, epic songs, parables, odes, fables, narrative poems, poetic billets, etc. The following important categories of poetic speech are revealed: the aesthetic function of words, the authors individual semantic-stylistic system and the particulars of word usage, the meaning of the word in poetry.Key words: A.K. Tolstoy, poetonymosphere, proper names in the poetic text, lyrical and liro-epic works, paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects.
,-,,--...:-
,,,,,.
- , ,.
1. ..
, -- , ,[,1907,.278]. , , , [] , [-,1910,.10].,..:
,, , , -,[,1907,. 279]. [,.283];,,
Rhema. . 2018. 2
18
.
ISSN 2500-2953
(...). , [, 1907, . 290]; [,.291];,-[,.295,296]. ..
. ; ,,-.-.,.[,.309].,.
.,, , ...[,1901,.4]... -
-[,.3].-,,,,II, , - [ , . 4]. .. ,- . .. , , -,,,,...[,.11]...:- - , - ... [, 1969,.14]....; ( .. . ..) ,.,,;
.
19
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, [,. 10]. .. , .. ,,-,...[,1910,.10]. (.....)-
... [, . 11].; -,., , ,[,1907,.295]. -
.. . , -.- - ,,,-,, , , , .--,,- , -.,- ..[,1990,.3738].,,,-..,-,,- [, 2006, . 83]. -, ( -) []: ,,[,2008,.98].
Rhema. . 2018. 2
20
.
ISSN 2500-2953
2. -
, . 1(,-,-..[,1978]).
. 1. - ..
1.():;31,- ( );, ( );; ( , , );--;;;JagoCompostello (,);Anton (;-DerHeiligeAntonvonNovgorod(1871)).2.(,,):-
;1();2 (.. ); 3 (.. , ,-,..);;;;;1();2();; ( );;;
1.
.
21
Rhema. . 2018. 2
;;;;1(-);2(-...(1872));3();;(); ;1 (-,);2(, , , ); ; ;;1,-; 2 -; ; ; ; ( ); ; ;--;;--;();;;, , ,1;;-; ; ( ); ; ; ; ; ; ; ;;1(..,..);1(,... (1840- .)); 2 ( -(1840-.));;;;;;;;;(,); ( ); ( (1854));(I);;;, , ( (1873));;;; ; 1 ( );;; ; ; Timacheff;,2();; ( ); ; ; ; ;; Louis le Dsir ( -VIII);Veillot(..,); Barbarossa Rote Bart (= ) ( I, ); falschenDemetrius Demetrius (--).3. ( ): ; ; ; 2
(,);;;2();;.4. ( ): ; ;
;;.5.():-
.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
22
.
ISSN 2500-2953
6.(): (..).7. ( ):
; ; ; ; ; (- (1868).. );; ; (.. (1868));AveMaria ();Castadiva(.- (1831); , ); LieberAugustin(,).8. : ( -
.. , ... (1830)); ( ); ( ; . -...(1860-.(?)));;(,(1821)..,.-.);--(--..-1840...).9. ( -
): (,):(-); (-..()(1854)); (=,....(1858));(=,.,...(18511852));(.,...(1856)).10.():
.11.(,
):;Apollo;;;;; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; (.-.);;;; ( );;;;;-();;;;,- ;;-;;;;; ; ( .-. ; .. , . -...(1869));;;;;;;;;;;;;Jup-piter().
.
23
Rhema. . 2018. 2
12. ( ): ().13.():
(): (,):; (,):; (,):;-;; ; , - Dnieperstrom; ;;;;-;;;;-;Elbe;
(): ( ): ; ; ;;;;;;( ); ; ; ();;;;;;-;;;;-,Kiew;;;;;;;;1;; -; ; ; ; (- -); ( -);;;;; ;;Dbeln ( ); Karlsbad (-);Knigingrtz();Kursk();Novgorod();Plauen();Sadova().;
():;;; (,,,,):;; ; ; ; ;;;;;;;;
(): ( , ): (=.-);
( , , , , -):(),(.-);
( : , ,, ): ( -- );; (); ;;; ; ;;PalazzoGeoli;Pillnitz ();
Rhema. . 2018. 2
24
.
ISSN 2500-2953
(,,): (,,,):();;-;;;;;;();, Griechenland;;; ;;;;;;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;;; 2 ( );-;;;;;; ();,,-,;;;;;;;;
( , , ):;;Rgen();Salamis();
( , , , ,): Sophia-Dom;Kloster des heil'gen Anton().14. ( , , ):
;().15.():-
(.-.).16. ( , -
,,.):;(- ); ( ); (); . (); ( ); ; ().17.(,,,-
):().-
():=(...(1840-.)),- = ( (18561858)), - = ( ( 1860- .)), = I ( - ) ( (1868)), = --((1870)),=..-, ( (18721873)),
.
25
Rhema. . 2018. 2
= ( , , ...(1856)). . - -
.. 1 188-. : 1 ( ) (342); (26); (,-- ) (24); ( .. (1875))(18);((1873))(18); ( ) (16); (15); (, .. 1871 .) (14); ( (1871) (?)) (13); 1 () (12); (12); ( ) (12); 3 ( , , , -)(10);()(10);(, ) (10); (. -...)(9);(.)(9);()(8);(8);()(7); ( ) (7); ( I) (7); Anton (, Der Heilige Anton von Novgorod(1871)) (7); ( ... (1841)) (6); (6); (6); (6); (6); (.. , , )(6);()(6);(,...(1856))(6);(. ) (6); ( , , -)(6);-()(5); ( ) (5); (, , -)(5);(.()(1870))(5);- ( ) (5); (, , .. -) (5); ( ) (5); (. () (1870)) (5); (5);Veillot (..,)(5);(4);(-..()(1854))(4); (4); (4); ( .. () (1854)) (4);- (4); ( (1854)) (4); ( I) (4); (..) (4);
2.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
26
.
ISSN 2500-2953
(4);(3);(3);2(-) (3); ( , . (18691870))(3);(3);(,)(3);()(3);(3);(3);(,)(2);(2);(2);-()(2);(2);(2);(2);(2); (2); (2); ( ) (2); (, , ) (2); (2); ( (1873)) (2); -(2);(2);(2);(2);Fedor(.(Nunbinichhierangekommen...)(1870))(2);Plauen()(2).,,:
,,,,(..,). -
.1.1
- ..
..
%
(1188 )
1 618 52
2 ,:
314128954117147432111
261183110,60,30,30,20,10,10,1
3 132 11
.
27
Rhema. . 2018. 2
..
%
(1188 )
4 31 3
5 24 2
6 19 2
7 13 1
8 9 1
9 8 1
10 6 1
11 5 0,4
12 4 0,3
13 1 0,1
14 1 0,1
15 1 0,1
16 1 0,1
17 1 0,1
..- -. : , , , ,,.,:1),-
,,: ,:,;
( ) : ,,,;2) ,
(, (1873)): , ,
.1
Rhema. . 2018. 2
28
.
ISSN 2500-2953
,,,,,,,-,--,,,,,-,,,,,,,,-.:
,,,,,:???,!,,!
,,-.,::,!,???
[,1969,.428].
. , , - : ( , ), (.. , , );; ; ; ; ; ; (); ; ; ; - ; (.., ); ; ., -,:-;-;--;,-(..,-).-
. , , -...:1)-,-:,-
,,,,-,,,,-,,...;
.
29
Rhema. . 2018. 2
2) , . . + ., . . + - ., . + . . . + . .:--,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,--,-;3) ,
, [, 1978, . 44] . + . : (-..),(),( , ),(18311917.),,.
,-(--,,--)(---,,,LouisleDsir,Sophia-Dom)...
:),:,,1
( ),,,,,.;) ,
: 1 (.. , .. ), (.. , ),(,),(..).;) : , , ,
, , -- (. ,8);) , -
: , (, ), ( - ), -,(.-.,-, ), ( .
Rhema. . 2018. 2
30
.
ISSN 2500-2953
, ), (), (),, (), , , ( , -), ( , ), ( ), (), , , (..,).--
.,.--:), (, ); ) , - : - , (),--(),(- ); , ,,, 2 (),.--
... , : 1 ( ), ,, ,, , ,, , 1 ( ),,, -, 3 (, , , ),- ( ), ( ,).,,:, , , , , ,,,,,.
( ):,,, ., - (-, , --, ):-:-,-,-,-, -,-; -:-,-,-,--,-; , : , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
.
31
Rhema. . 2018. 2
,.;(.-).- - , , - -, - [, 1978, . 165]: ,-(1868)..,(.--),,,,(1868)...
.-, , ,, ( (1873)), ( ...(1867)),(()(1856)), ( () (1867)), ( (1870)),((1867)),AveMaria(.II ( ) (1875)), JagoCompostello ((1854)) . , , -(..:(1867),(1869),(1868),...(1869));1(-)(:-(1867),(1869),--(1871),(1871),(1871),(1868)).
3. -
: - - , ,,--...-
--:1) , -
,,
Rhema. . 2018. 2
32
.
ISSN 2500-2953
; -,.;2),-
( , , , , ,,);3) ,
().
, .,
.:
-...,,,...
[,1969,.223]((1840-.));
,....,;.
,,...
[,.375377](
(1868)).
-:
,,?..
[,.61](,...(1840-.));
.
33
Rhema. . 2018. 2
,,,?;,,...,,,,,,
[,1969,.97,103]((18561858));
,,?
[,.242](...(1861));
:!,.
[,.270](
(1869));
,,,!..,,(),,,-!
,,,?,,!..
[,.394395](..
(18681869)).
, :
Rhema. . 2018. 2
34
.
ISSN 2500-2953
,,...!!...
[,1969,.97,99]((18561858));
,...
[,.226]((1840-.));
,,-,,,
[,.248]((1867));
,,,!..,,,,,!..
[,.257258]((1869));
,,,,,...
[,.276]((1869));
,,,!..
[,.451]((1854);.
.
35
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, -.-.-
, , :-, .,:-,-,--,-,-,-.
4.
, - ...,-- , -(.:,-,),, , . - (, , ,) , , , , . -, , , , , , ,- . ,,,-, (--,,).--
: -,..,,-,, - (, -,,,.);
( = , = I) (=);
Rhema. . 2018. 2
36
.
ISSN 2500-2953
, : , ,,;
: , ,,;
,- , :-,,, ,,,,,;
-:, ,;
- :--, -, -, -, -,-; -, -, -,-,-;
,-:,,,1;
-, - : 1 ( ), 2 (.. ), 3(..,,).
: ,-(, , , , , );
, - (, , , , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,);
, (,,),- - (,, , , , , ), ( -, ,, , , ), - (--,-,-);
.
37
Rhema. . 2018. 2
-:-,,-; -, -, --,-,--,-.-
..-.
/ References
.. ... -..,/.[Aikhenval'dYu.I.Neskol'koslovopoeziigrafaA.K.Tolstogo[SeveralwordsaboutpoetryofthecountA.K.Tolstoy].Moskow.]
, 1907 .. , .. : . ,1901. [Aleksandrovskii G.V. Nekotorye cherty zhizni, lichnosti i mirovozzreniyagrafaA.K.Tolstogo:Literaturnyiocherk[Somelinesoflife,personalityandoutlookofthecountA.K.Tolstoy:Literarysketch].Kiew,1901.]
,2006..-//.2006.1..8189.[KalinkinV.M.Fromliteraryono-masticstoapoetonimologiya..2006.1.Pp.8189.]
,2008..: //.2008.2..96101.[KalinkinV.M.Poetonimologiya:fromnotesaboutsciencemetalanguage..2008.2.Pp.96101.]
, 1907 ..:..-, .. , . .. , .. , .. -, . .. . ., 1907. [Kotlyarevskii N.A. Starinnye portrety:E.A.Baratynskii,D.V.Venevitinov,knyaz'V.F.Odoevskii,V.G.Belinskii,I.S.Tur-genev, graf A.K. Tolstoi [Ancient portraits: E.A. Baratynsky, D.V. Venevitinov,princeV.F.Odoevsky,V.G.Belinsky,I.S.Turgenev,countA.K.Tolstoy].St.Peters-burg,1907.]
,1910..(,,-)..,[1910][KruglovA.V.Desyat'poetov:(Portrety,biografii,kharakteris-tiki)[Tenpoets:(Portraits,biographies,characteristics)].Moscow,[1910].]
,1978..-..,1978.[Podol'skayaN.V.Slovar'russkoionomasticheskoiterminologii[DictionaryoftheRussianonomasticterminology].Moscow,1978.]
,1969....:4-. /..-.. 1. . , , . . . . ., 1969. [Tolstoi A.K.Sobraniesochinenii[Collectedworks].YampolskyI.(ed.).Vol.1.Moscow,1969.]
,1990..:..,1990.[FonyakovaO.I.Imyasobstvennoevkhudozhestvennomtekste[Propernameinthearttext].Textbook.Leningrad,1990.]
Rhema. . 2018. 2
38
.
ISSN 2500-2953
,1969...//....: 4- . / . . . . 1. . -,,.....,1969..350. [Yampol'skii I.A.K.Tolstoi.TolstoiA.K. Sobraniesochinenii.YampolskyI.(ed.).Moscow,1969.Pp.350.]
05.12.2017
The article was received on05.12.2017
;-,- .. .
Pronchenko Sergei M. PhD in Philology; associate professor at the Depart-ment of Social, Economic andHumanitarianDisciplines, Branch ofBryansk StateAcademicianI.G.PetrovskyUniversityinNovozybkov
E-mail:[email protected]
.
39
Rhema. . 2018. 2
.
, 394018 . ,
..
.. . , - . - - . : , , , .. , , .. , - XIX .
A. Ternika
Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018, Russian Federation
The poetics of time in Turgenevs Andrei Kolosov
The article discusses the poetics of time in Ivan Turgenevs short novel titled Andrei Kolosov and is focused on the temporal organization of the text and its connection with characterology. The author establishes the plot-forming role of the poetics of time and considers the concepts that are fundamental to the subject of research. The role of two time axes the time of the narrative and the time of the plot is highlighted. And also our objective is to explain the time gap, which is largely determined by the weak position of the narrator. Key words: Turgenev, Andrei Kolosov, time, short novel, poetics, narrative, charac-terology in short novels of I.S. Turgenev.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
40
.
ISSN 2500-2953
.. -.,..,- , .,,- . : .. , .. , .. -, .. , .. . , - .. ..-[,1972,.86].-..- [Peace, 2002]. The novels ofTurgenev:symbolsandemblems,-,. -
.. ..,-, [, 2002]. .,,-
..,.. (1844) ..-
, 1844.. XIX . , -...-,-[,1962,.248].,-,-.
.
41
Rhema. . 2018. 2
,-,- , , , -,.,-,[,2003,.312].:,,-,,-, ()[,1980,.7].,
.-,: , , -. [].-,,-,:[,1980,.8].,,[, 1998, . 313416], -., (..)-
, , , . -, , .-:,- , , -[,2000,.519]..., : ,[,2000,.87].
:,-,,.,,--,.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
42
.
ISSN 2500-2953
,,-,-.,:,- , -.-
, -.,[,1980,.7], . -,,:[,.8].,-, :.: ;[,.9].,,
, : ,-, ...[].-
[ ]. [ ]. -, , .,.: ,,-,,, , ; : , , [, 1980, . 12]. : - , [,.11].,
, [ , . 33]. ,,-:,.-, , .
.
43
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, , ,,,,. : -
.: -;,...[,1980,.12]., , ,:...-...[,.13].-
:-,[,.12].:-., , : [,.20]., -., . - , : ,,[,.16]., , -:[,.19].,,-., -
:... ... . -,,[].,,,-. ,
: , -., -. . -:
Rhema. . 2018. 2
44
.
ISSN 2500-2953
, [, 1980, . 23]. , .,-
- : , , [ , . 24]. , .,
, [ , . 27] - : ,;,,[].
.,-,,,,[,1980,.10].,
. , : -:,- [, . 28]. , ,. , , , -
, -.,, : - , ... [,.19].,, .,-,:,...,-,......,[,.24]. , -
.,
.
45
Rhema. . 2018. 2
. , , ,,,,.-,-:-,,.,-
., , , , - . [-,1980,.28]. , , ,.,,!.,,[,.2829].-, , ,,...,
.:-,,?[,.31]., , ,. -
, ,.:-,[,. 32]. , , :?-.,.[,.33]. , , ,
.-,,
Rhema. . 2018. 2
46
.
ISSN 2500-2953
. , .,-
- , .,,-,.,,,,,,-,,.
/ References
,1972..-..,1972.[BatyutoA.I.Turge-nev-romanist[TurgenevtheNovelist].Leningrad,1972.]
,1975....,1975.[Bak-htinM.M.Voprosyliteraturyiestetiki[Questionsofliteratureandaesthetics].Mos-cow,1975.]
, 2000 .. //....:7..,2000..2..5175.[BahtinM.M.Problemytvorchestva Dostoevskogo [Problems of Dostoevsky's Creative Act]. Bahtin M.M.Sobraniesochineniy.Vol.2.Moscow,2000.P.5175.]
, 1962 .., . .-., 1962.[ByalyjG.A.,Turgenevirusskijrealizm[TurgenevandRussianrealism].MoscowLeningrad,1962.]
, 1998 . . III. ., 1998.[GenetteG.Rabotypopoetike.Figury III [Worksonpoetics.Figures III].Mos-cow,1998.]
, 1972 .. -., 1972. [KurlyandskayaG.B.HudozhestvennyjmetodTurgeneva-romanista[TheartisticmethodofTurgenevthenovelist].Tula,1972.]
, 2002 .. .. . , 2002. [Logutova N.V. Poetika prostranstva i vreme-ni romanovI.S.Turgeneva[Poeticsofspaceand timeofnovelsby I.S.Turgenev].Kostroma,2002.]
,2000..-.,2000.[NyubinaL.M.Poehtikaipragmatikamnemonichesko-gopovestvovaniya [Poetics andpragmatics of themnemonic narrative]. Smolensk,2000.]
, 2010 .. : - ; . 2- .., 2010.[Paducheva E.V. Semanticheskie issledovaniya: Semantika vremeni i vida v russ-komyazyke;Semantikanarrative[Semanticresearch:SemanticsoftimeandspeciesintheRussianlanguage;Semanticsofnarrative].Moscow,2010.]
.
47
Rhema. . 2018. 2
,1987......,1987.[Pustovojt P.G. I.S. Turgenev hudozhnik slova [Turgenev artist of the word].Moscow,1987.]
,1998...III.-/....;.....;,1998.[RicoeurP.Vremyairasskaz.Vol.12.Intrigaiistoricheskiyrasskaz[Timeandstory.Vol.12.Intrigueandhistoricalstory].Moscow,St.Petersburg,1998.]
,1980..//.....12..4:18441854,..,1982..733.[Tur-genevI.S.AndreyKolosov.TurgenevI.S.Polnoesobraniesochineniyvdvenadtsatitomakh.T.4:Povestiirasskazy18441854,Nov'.Moscow,1980.P.733.]
,1995..:-//..- .., 1995.. 7218. [Uspenskij B.A.A poetics of composition:Thestructureoftheartistictextandtypologyofacompositionalform.UspenskijB.A.Semiotikaiskusstva.Moscow,1995.P.7218.]
, 1979 .. .. ..,1979.[ShatalovS.E.,HudozhestvennyjmirI.S.Turgeneva[TheartisticworldofIvanTurgenev].Moscow,1979.]
,1969......,1969.[ShatalovS.E.Problemypoehtiki I.S.Turgeneva[Problemsofpoeticsof IvanTur-genev].Moscow,1969.]
, 2003 . .., 2003. [SchmidW. Narratologiya[Narratology].Moscow,2003.]
Peace,2002PeaceR.TheNovelsofTurgenev:Symbolsandemblems.Bristol,2002.
05.12.2017
The article was received on05.12.2017
-, -
Ternika Alina graduate student at the Department of History and TypologyofRussianandForeignLiteratureoftheFacultyofPhilology,VoronezhStateUni-versity
E-mail:[email protected]
48
Rhema. . 2018. 2
..
. .. , 119991 . ,
: 1
- , . , , , . . , , , - , . , . -, , - . , - . : , -, , , , .
1..,.....
49
Rhema. . 2018. 2
M.D. Vasilyeva
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
Progressive demasking task as a method to study visual word recognition: the case of inflected nouns2
The role of case in noun processing remains one of the unsolved issues in the visual word recognition literature. For instance, it is disputed whether different case forms have equal processing cost. The present work focuses on the proces-sing of Russian nominal inflection. The goal is to assess how joint factors such as case, ambiguity and context affect visual recognition of nouns in the singular form. Here we explore the early stages of word identification using the progressive demasking task. Progressive demasking reveals comparable results to the lexical decision task, supporting the idea that case processing differences are general and not task-specific.Key words: visual word recognition, morphological processing, progressive demasking task, Russian inflection, case, ambiguity.
1. IntroductionResearch on morphological processing constitutes a vast domain
in the visual word recognition literature. The core questions are howthe morphological structure is encoded in the mental lexicon and howmorphologicalcomplexityaffectslexicalaccess.In the present study,we extend ourwork on the processing of Russian
nominal inflection [Vasilyeva, to appear]. The prior study involvedonly the lexical decision task (LDT), a method that is widely employedin the visual word recognition literature (see, e.g. [Baayen, 2014]).In the LDT, the participant is presentedwith sequences of letters and hasto judgewhether they are legalwords.Nevertheless, the LDT has severaldrawbacks.ResponselatenciesmeasuredintheLDTreflectnotonlythetimecourse of the lexical access, but also the time spent for decision making[Diependaeleetal.,2012].Furthermore,theprocessingofwordstimulimay
2TheauthorwouldliketothankLeonoraLytchkoandAnnaKulakovafor theirassistancewithparticipantrecruitmentaswellasMariaFalikmanandOlgaFedorovafortheircommentsontheearlierversionofthispaper.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
50
ISSN 2500-2953
be affected by the properties of constructed non-words (see, e.g. [Baayen,2014]).Thus,Vasilyeva(toappear)sfindingsmightbeconfounded.One way of moving beyond the LDT preponderance, as suggested
in [Baayen, 2014], is to dispense with the investigation of isolatedlypresentedwordsandshifttotherecognitionofcontext-embeddedwords.Weacknowledgetheecologicalvalidityofthisapproach,yetitisnotparticularlysuitableforstudyingtheroleofcaseinwordrecognition.Effectsobservedforwordformspresentedinisolationdonotshowupforwordformsembeddedin sentences (e.g., [Hyn,Vainio, 2002]).We believe that the traditionalLDT research might still give considerable insight, if it is complementedwith another method that also involves the presentation of the stimulusinisolation,butlacksthedecisionmakingcomponentanddoesnotrequirenon-wordconstruction.One such task is the progressive demasking task (PDT) developed
by Grainger and Segui (1990). The PDT is a variant of the continuousthresholdlatencyidentification[Feusteletal.,1983]andmightberegardedasavisualmodalityanalogueofthegatingtask[Grosjean,1980]thatisusedintheauditorywordrecognitionresearch.InthePDT,thestimulus(signal)and the mask (noise) are rapidly presented one after the other in cyclesof constant length. With each successive cycle, the signal becomes moreprominent(thepresentationtimeofthestimulusincreases),whilethenoiseis slowly reduced (the presentation time of themask gets shorter). Underthese conditions, the participant has an illusion that theword is graduallyemergingfromthemask.Theparticipantstaskistopressabuttonassoonass/heidentifiestheword.SincethewordrecognitioninthePDTissloweddownorratherstretched
out,startingwith[Grainger,Segui,1990],thismethodwasassumedtocaptureearlystagesofvisualwordrecognitionand,thus,tobeparticularlyappropriatefortheinvestigationofperceptualproperties(suchaslength,surface(wordform)frequency,phonologicalandorthographicneighborhood).Subsequentresearchrevealed its sensitivity to semantic characteristics of the word (e.g., [Yapetal.,2012])andtoitsmorphologicalcomplexity(e.g.,[Laineetal.,1999]).Importantly, the PDT, unlike the LDT, is robust to postlexical (semantic)interference: for instance, the effect of the morphological family size (byamorphologicalfamilyweunderstandall thewordssharingthesameroot),whichisusuallyinterpretedasbeingsemanticinnature,ispresentintheLDT,butabsentinthePDT[Schreuder,Baayen,1997].Though word identification in the PDT happens in the visual modality,
parallels toauditorywordprocessingarealsodrawn [de Jonget al.,2000]:as in both cases theword unfolds over time,multiple candidatesmatchingtheincomingsignalareactivatedandevtntuallyonlyonecompetitorischosen.
51
Rhema. . 2018. 2
Inthisvein,whentheresultsoftheauditoryandvisualLDTdiverge,thePDTpatternstogetherwiththeauditoryLDT[Baayenetal.,2003].If we turn to nominal recognition, case forms of the same lexeme are
the most likely competitors in the identification process. The nominativeasthecitationformisdetectedthefastest([Laineetal.,1999]forFinnish),but whether other (oblique) case forms are identified with equal speedis so far unknown. The nominative superiority effect is also observableintheLDT(see,e.g.[Feldman,Fowler,1987]forSerbian;[Laineetal.,1999]for Finnish; [Gor et al., 2017] forRussian),while comparisons of obliquecaseprocessinggivecontradictoryresults(see,[Feldman,Fowler,1987]foranulleffectinSerbian;[Clahsenetal.,2001]foraneffectinGerman,etc.).In[Vasilyeva,toappear],reproducingoncemorethenominativesuperiority
effect,wearguefordifferencesinRussianobliquecaseprocessing(herewewilldiscussonlythedataforsingular).TwoinflectionalclassesofRussiannouns (feminine -a andmasculine - )were considered in the LDT (caseendings are provided in Table 1). According to our findings, obliquewordforms can be divided at least into two groups: instrumental and -u wordforms (ACC.F3 and DAT.M) are processed faster than -e wordforms(DAT/LOC.FandLOC.M);femininegenitivebelongstotheeasiergroup,whilemasculinegenitivetothemoredifficultgroup.Moreover,femininenounsare processed faster thanmasculine nouns in instrumental and the -e form(DAT/LOC.FandLOC.M).
Table1Case endings of Russian feminine -a and masculine -nouns
in the singular form
NOM GEN DAT ACC INS LOC
Feminine -a -y -e -u -oj -e
Masculine - -a -u - -om -e
Theobjectiveof thepresentstudyis toexplorethepotentialof thePDTin the investigation of the Russian case processing. Additionally, wewant to estimate whether inflectional and relative entropy measures playthe same role in thePDTas in theLDT.The inflectional entropyencodesthe amount of information that is proper to the lexemes paradigm,whiletherelativeentropyshowshowdissimilartwofrequencydistributionsarethat of the target word and that of its inflectional class; the smaller this
3Abbreviations: Ffeminine,ACCaccusative,DATdative,GENgenitive,INSinstrumen-tal, LOClocative,Mmasculine,NOMnominative.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
52
ISSN 2500-2953
dissimilarityis,theeasieritistoprocessthenoun(e.g.,[Milinetal.,2009]for Serbian nouns; [Vasilyeva, to appear] for Russian feminine nouns).Formulasforcalculatinginflectionalandrelativeentropyareprovidedin(1)and (2), respectively, where the wordformwi belongs to the paradigm Pofalexemew,fstandsforfrequency,eistandsfortheinflectionalexponent,ICstandsfortheinflectionalclass.
(1) H Pf wf w
f wf w
i
w P
i
i
( ) = ( )( )
( )( )
log .2
(2) D IP ICf wf w
f w f wf e f e
i
w P
i
ii
( ) = ( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
log .2
To our knowledge, the impact of these measures on continuousword identification was not investigated. In principle, both measuresshould be associated with later stages of word processing similarlyto themorphological family size effect, and their influence, thus,will notemergeinthePDT.
2. MethodParticipants. 48 undergraduate or postgraduate students (32 female,
16male),aged1728yearsold(meanage20),allRussiannativespeakers,right-handed,withnormalorcorrectedtonormalvision,tookpartinthestudy.Stimuli.We used the same stimulus set as in [Vasilyeva, to appear]:
54 feminine and 54masculine base nounsmatched for lemma frequency.4 All stimuli did not undergo any stem alternations and had fixed stresson the stem. Length in the nominative form differed from 4 to 6 letters(eachgroupcomprisedonethirdofwordswitheachlength).CharacteristicsofthestimuliarepresentedinTable2.
4 We used the following words in our experiment (lemma frequency counts are giveninbrackets):
feminine nouns (mean: 47.39): anketa questionnaire (14.4), arfa hap (2.6), astraaster(3.8),auraaura(5.1),besedaconversation(87.5),bukvaletter.character(63.5),data date (49.5), doza dose (22.4), dyuna dune (2), fleita flute (5.8), gazetanewspaper(237.5),gitaraguitar(22.2),karetacarriage(9.4),kartamap(103),kassacashiersdesk(20.9),klumbaflower-bed(8.7),klyaksablot(4.5),koftajacket(7.7),lampa lamp (34), lapa paw (39.7), lenta ribbon (35.9), lira lyre (8), lyustralustre (9.9),mera measure (284.3),minuta minute (344.2),moneta coin (17.5),normanorm(111.3),orbitaorbite(15),palmapalmtree(14.3),pastapaste(6.3),pochva soil (56.2), poza pose (29.8), raketa rocket (62.9), rama frame (21.2),rana wound (29.4), rasa race (5.9), rifma rhyme (8.5), roza rose (42.7), shakhtapit(20.7),shinatire(15.3),shirmafolding-screen(5.3),shkolaschool(316),shlyapahat (34.2), shuba furcoat (18.7), shvabra mop (3.4), summa sum (130.6), trassaroute (32.5), travma trauma (19.6), tsifra numeric (62.2), tsitata citation (21.5),tykvapumpkin(5),vazavase(14.3),yakhtayacht(9.5),yurtayurt(2.7);
53
Rhema. . 2018. 2
Table2Word stimulus characteristics
Feminine M (SD) Masculine M (SD)
Lengthinlettersnominativesingularallsingularcaseforms
5.0(0.8)5.2(0.9)
5.0(0.8)5.8(1.1)
Lengthinsyllablesnominativesingularallsingularcaseforms
2.2(0.4)2.2(0.4)
1.8(0.6)2.4(0.7)
MeanLevensteindistancetothenearest20lexeme-neighbors5 2.0(0.4) 2.2(0.4)
Lemmafrequency6 47.4(76.5) 47.4(68.9)
Wordformfrequencyinsingular 7.3(19.3) 6.9(16.7)
Inflectionalentropy7 2.5(0.2) 2.5(0.3)
Relativeentropy 0.3(0.2) 0.3(0.3)
Nounswerepresentedinallsixcasesinsingular.Alatin-squaredesignwasemployedwiththenumberoflistscorrespondingtothenumberofcaseforms,sothatnoparticipantsawthesamelexemetwice.Asourwordswerepresentedwithout context, case labels for ambiguous endings (-y and -e for feminine
masculinenouns(mean:47.37):albomalbum(23.7),ananaspineapple(3.6),aromataroma (22.9), aspect aspect (35.6), atom atom (20.5), banan banana (7.3), batonloaf(ofbread)(5.3),bufetbuffet(20),butonbud(4.6),desertdessert(4),diplomdiploma (25.8), divan sofa (60.1), dzhip jeep (14.7), fontan fountain (18.4), fruktfruit(21.6),gimnhymn(14.8),idealideal(36),kanatrope(9),kaprizcaprice(7.1),kedr cedar (6.1), khalat bathrobe (36.1), klad treasure (7.5), komod dresser (5.2),kontur contour (15.3), kostyum costume. suit (81.3), kurort resort (12.8), metallmetal(57.5),momentmoment(306.8),nravtemper(17.8),ofisoffice(34.1),periodperiod(204.2),planplan(235.3),pledplaid(4.8),reisflight.voyage(22),remontreparation(64.2),ritmrhythm(30.6),rombrhombus(1.8),rulonroll(4.3),servisservice(14.6),sezonseason(69.2),shramscar(10.7),shtrafforfeit(32.3),simvolsymbol(46.4),soussauce(10.8),syuzhetstoryline(56.6),teatrtheater(305.3),teksttext(146.2),temptempo(49),tovaritemofgoods(115.5),tsiklcycle(43.6),virusvirus(106.5),vulkanvolcano(6),yarustier.layer(6.5),zhanrgenre(36).
5Itwascalculatedinthevwrpackage[Keuleers,2013].6 The source of lexeme frequency counts was the frequency dictionary [Lyashevskaya,
Sharoff, 2009]. Wordform frequency was measured in the Russian national corpora(www.ruscorpora.ru).Toavoidzero frequencies,before the statistical analysis,weaddedonetoallcounts,asproposedin[Brysbaert,Diependaele,2013].
7 In order to calculate these measures, we took exponent frequency from the database[Slioussar,Samojlova,2014].
Rhema. . 2018. 2
54
ISSN 2500-2953
nouns, - formasculinenouns) are somewhat arbitrary.Hence,wedonotexpect anydifferencesbetween locative anddative -e, nornominative andaccusative-,andweusethemeanoverthetwoconditionsinthesubsequentanalysesofcontrasts.Procedure.Each participant was tested individually and completed only
oneofthesixexperimentallists.StimuliwerepresentedusingthePsychoPysoftware [Peirce, 2009]. In each trial, themask (a row of hashmarks) andthe target stimulus were presented sequentially in cycles. The durationofthecyclewasheldconstant(210ms).Inthefirstcyclethedurationofthemaskwas195ms,andthedurationofthestimuluswas15ms.Insubsequentcycles,thedurationofthemaskdecreasedby15ms,andthedurationofthestimulusincreasedby15ms.Thecyclescontinueduntiltheparticipanthitthespacebarindicating that s/he has recognized the word. After that, s/he had to typethewordsothatwecouldchecktheaccuracyofidentification.
3. ResultsAccuracy data were not analyzed (incorrect responses constituted less
than5%ofthedata).Priortotheanalysisofreactiontimes(RTs),incorrectand too slow (> 3000 ms) responses were removed. We applied log-transformationtoreducethepositiveskew.Remainingoutlierswerecutoffviainterquartiletrimmingbyparticipants,items(lexemes),genderandcase.8 RawRTstonounsindifferentcasesareprovidedinTable3.Linear mixed-effects modeling for the RT analysis was implemented
in the package lme4 [Bates et al., 2014] in the statistical software R[RCoreTeam,2014].T-values,p-valuesandstandarderrorsweredeterminedin the package lmerTest [Kuznetsova et al., 2015]. Fixed and randomeffects were included only if they significantly improved the models fitin a backward stepwise model selection procedure. The best model wasselected by applying Chi-square log-likelihood ratio tests with regularmaximumlikelihoodparameterestimation.Subject and lexemewere treated as randomeffects.Trial order (z-trans-
formation on log numbers) was included to account for longitudinal taskeffects such as fatigue or habituation; experimental list was includedto rule out potential counterbalancing issues. Log-transformed lexeme andwordformfrequency,lengthinlettersandsyllables,meanLevensteindistancetothenearest20lexeme-neighbors,inflectionalandrelativeentropymeasureswereadditionally includedascovariates.We transformedallcountsexceptfor trial into five principal components explaining 93.5% of the variance,
8Thismethodpresupposes thatonly thoseRTsarekeptwhichfall in thefollowingrange:Q1 (2.5 IQR)
55
Rhema. . 2018. 2
inordertoavoidpotentialmulticollinearity[Baayen,2008].Thefirstprincipalcomponent (PC1) captured orthographic characteristics of the stimulus.The second component (PC2) is inversely related to frequency. The thirdcomponent (PC3) is inversely related to the relativeentropyandpositivelyrelatedtotheinflectionalentropy.
Table3Mean RTs to feminine and masculine nouns in different cases
(SD is provided in brackets)
Feminine Masculine
Nominative 1518(247)1536(256)
Accusative 1561(284)
Genitive 1539(279) 1602(297)
Instrumental 1559(270) 1611(311)
Dative1611(290)
1592(269)
Locative 1642(314)
Paired contrasts for case and gender were effectuated in the packagelsmeans[Lenthetal.,2016],p-valueswereFDR-adjusted[Benjamini,Hoch-berg,1995].Thefinalmodelincludedsubjectandlexemeasrandomeffectsandthefol-
lowing fixed effects: trial (2(1) = 71.47, p
Rhema. . 2018. 2
56
ISSN 2500-2953
Table4Final model for RTs
Random effects:
Groups Name Variance SD
Subject (Intercept) 0.001 0.036
Lexeme (Intercept) 0.013 0.113
Residual 0.016 0.127
Fixed effects:
B SE df t-value Pr (>| t |)
(Intercept) 7.311 0.018 69 403.95
57
Rhema. . 2018. 2
Participants identified feminine instrumental wordforms significantlyearlierthanmasculineinstrumentalwordforms;allothercontrastsforgenderwerenon-significant.
Table5Results of the paired contrasts analysis
(analyses with p 0.05 are given in bold)
df t p
F
NOM vs.
GEN 0.017 4835 1.94 0.090
ACC 0.026 4871 2.95 0.008
INS 0.023 4789 2.63 0.018
-eDAT/LOC 0.057 4821 7.45 < 0.001
GEN vs.
ACC 0.009 4819 0.10 0.411
INS 0.006 4879 0.63 0.596
-eDAT/LOC 0.040 4881 5.08 < 0.001
ACC vs.INS 0.003 4839 0.35 0.739
-eDAT/LOC 0.031 4818 3.98 < 0.001
INS vs. -eDAT/LOC 0.034 4789 4.39 < 0.001
M
-NOM/ACC vs.
GEN 0.039 4834 5.10 < 0.001
DAT 0.035 4846 4.54 < 0.001
INS 0.042 4779 5.51 < 0.001
LOC 0.061 4785 7.97 < 0.001
GEN vs.
DAT 0.004 4880 0.47 0.694
INS 0.003 4817 0.33 0.739
LOC 0.022 4848 2.49 0.026
DAT vs.INS 0.007 4839 0.80 0.499
LOC 0.026 4808 2.96 0.008
INS vs. LOC 0.019 4788 2.17 0.056
femininevs.masculine 0.012 105 1.49 0.200
-ojINS.Fvs.-omINS.M 0.031 449 2.77 0.014
-eDAT/LOC.Fvs.LOC.M 0.016 330 1.59 0.173
-uACC.Fvs.DAT.M 0.021 441 1.84 0.108
-eDAT/LOC.Fvs.-uDAT.M 0.010 324 0.97 0.411
-aNOM.Fvs.-NOM/ACC.M 0.012 315 1.19 0.321
Rhema. . 2018. 2
58
ISSN 2500-2953
4. DiscussionTheresultsofthecurrentPDTexperimentlargelyreplicatetheLDTdata
[Vasilyeva,toappear].Asinthepriorstudy,weobservedifferencesbetweencaseformsinthepresenceofthefrequencyeffect.InlinewithFinnishPDTdata[Laineetal.,1999],Russiannominativewordformsareidentifiedearlierthanobliquecaseforms.Apart from the nominative superiority effect, oblique differences arise
inthePDT.AsintheLDT[Vasilyeva,toappear],locativewordformstriggerlongerprocessingtimethan-uforms(DAT/LOC.FandLOC.M)andinstrumen-talforms;ininstrumental,femininenounsareidentifiedearlierthanmascu-linenouns.In contrast to theLDT data, themasculine locative identification is not
hindered incomparison to the feminine locative. In [Vasilyeva, toappear],wehypothesizethatthetwo-e-s(DAT/LOC.FandLOC.M)shareagramma-tical feature representation (as suggested in some formal accounts ofRus-sianmorphology,e.g.[Wiese,2004]).Duringthelexicalaccessstage,con-textandcasefrequencyserveasconflictingcues: thefrequencycuepointstothelocative[Slioussar,Samojlova,2014],whilethecontextcue(absenceofapreposition)pointstothedative.Thecompetitionbetweenthetwocan-didates triggers longer processing time compared to other oblique word-forms.IntheLDT,thecontextcueappearstowinoverthefrequencycueandlure the participant into the erroneous analysis ofmasculine -ewordformsasdativesandasubsequentreanalysis.InthePDT,thisisnotso,thusappeal-ingtothecontextmustbelongtothedecisionmakingstageoftheLDT.Anotherdiscrepancywith theLDT results concernsgenitiveprocessing.
IntheLDT,thesewordforms,similartolocatives,yieldtheslowestrespon-ses among masculine nouns. In the PDT, the masculine genitives behavedifferently:theyareidentifiedfasterthanthelocativeanddonotentailaddi-tionalprocessingcostcomparedtoothermasculineobliques.In[Vasilyeva,toappear],weproposeananalysis for the -a endings thatmirrors theana-lysisforambiguous-e-s,namelyasharedrepresentationforfemininenom-inativeandmasculinegenitive.Yetthisanalysisfailstocapturethefindingthataccording to theerroranalysis,masculinegenitives turnout tobe rec-ognizedmore accurately thanmasculine locatives. As the PDT results re-sembletheLDTaccuracydatainthisrespectandruncountertotheLDTana-lysisofresponselatencies,thesharedrepresentationhypothesisfortwo-a-sisquestionable.Anotherexplanationistobesought.TheLDTasadecisionmaking task implies recurrence to certain strategies (e.g., [Baayen,2014]),andtheprocessingcostassociatedwithmasculinegenitivesintheLDTcouldbestrategic-based.Accordingtowordgenderstudies(e.g.,[Holmes,Segui,2004]),sublexicalcuesplayasubstantialroleinthedecision-makingprocess,
59
Rhema. . 2018. 2
forinstancenounshavingwordendingstypicalfortheirgenderareclassifiedaswordsfasterandmoreaccuratelythannounshavinggenderatypicalend-ings.Inthenominative,-aisastrongindicatoroffemininegender.Process-ingofmasculinegenitivewordforms,alsoending in -a,mightbehinderedduetothismismatchbetweenthegenderofthenounandthegendersuppliedbythesublexicalcue.ParalleltotheauditoryLDT[Goretal.,2017],butincontrasttothevisual
LDT [Vasilyeva, to appear], phonologically overt feminine nominativesdo not differ from phonologically zero masculine nominatives. This goesin line with Baayen et al. (2003)s idea that the PDT, despite its visualmodality,isclosertospeechrecognition.As predicted, in contrast to the LDT data, effects of the inflectional
and relative entropy are absent in the PDT (analogously to the absenceofthemorphologicalfamilysizeeffectinthePDT,asreportedin[Schreuder,Baayen,1997]),supportingourclaimthattheyoperateatlaterstagesofwordprocessing.ThePDTallowstorethinkthedataobtainedintheLDTforRussiancase
inflectednouns.
References
Baayen, 2014 Baayen R.H. Experimental and psycholinguistic approachestostudyingderivation.Handbookofderivationalmorphology.LieberR.,tekauerP.(eds.).Oxford,2014.Pp.95117.
Baayenet al., 2003BaayenR.H.,McQueen J.,DijkstraT.,SchreuderR.Fre-quencyeffectsinregularinflectionalmorphology:RevisitingDutchplurals.Morpho-logicalstructure in languageprocessing.BaayenR.H.,SchreuderR. (eds.).Berlin,2003.Pp.355390.
Batesetal.,2014BatesD.,MaechlerM.,BolkerB.,WalkerS.Lme4:Linearmixed-effectsmodelsusingEigenandS4.Rpackageversion1.1-7.2014.URL:http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4.
Benjamini,Hochberg,1995BenjaminiY.,HochbergY.Controllingthefalsedis-coveryrate:apracticalandpowerfulapproachtomultipletesting.Journaloftheroyalstatisticalsociety.SeriesB(Methodological).1995.Vol.57.No.1.Pp.289300.
Brysbaert,Diependaele,2013BrysbaertM.,DiependaeleK.Dealingwithzerowordfrequencies:areviewoftheexistingrulesofthumbandasuggestionforanevi-dence-basedchoice.Behaviorresearchmethods.2013.Vol.45.No.2.Pp.422430.
Clahsen et al., 2001 Clahsen H., Eisenbeiss S., Hadler M., Sonnenstuhl I.Thementalrepresentationofinflectedwords:anexperimentalstudyofadjectivesandverbsinGerman.Language.2001.Vol.77.Pp.510543.
De Jong et al., 2000 De JongN.H., SchreuderR.,BaayenH.R.Themorpho-logicalfamilysizeeffectandmorphology.Languageandcognitiveprocesses.2000.Vol.15.No.45.Pp.329365.
Diependaeleetal.,2012DiependaeleK.,BrysbaertM.,NeriP.Hownoisyisle-xicaldecision?FrontiersinPsychology.2012.Vol.3.Pp.348.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
60
ISSN 2500-2953
Feldman,Fowler,1987FeldmanL.B.,FowlerC.A.TheinflectednounsysteminSerbo-croatian:lexicalrepresentationofmorphologicalstructure.Memory&Cog-nition.1987.Vol.15.Pp.112.
Feusteletal.,1983FeustelT.C.,ShiffrinR.M.,SalasooA.Episodicandlexicalcontributionstotherepetitioneffectinwordidentification.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:General.1983.Vol.112.No.3.Pp.309346.
Goretal.,2017GorK.,ChrabaszczA.,CookS.Processingofnativeandnonna-tiveinflectedwords:Beyondaffixstripping.JournalofMemoryandLanguage.2017.Vol.93.Pp.315332.
Grainger, Segui, 1990 Grainger J., Segui J.Neighborhood frequency effectsin visual word recognition: A comparison of lexical decision and masked iden-tification latencies. Attention, Perception, Psychophysics. 1990. Vol. 47. No. 2.Pp.191198.
Grosjean,1980GrosjeanF.Spokenwordrecognitionprocessesand thegatingparadigm.Attention,Perception,Psychophysics.1980.Vol.28.No.4.Pp.267283.
Holmes,Segui,2004HolmesV.M.,Segui J.Sublexicaland lexical influencesongenderassignmentinFrench.JournalofPsycholinguisticResearch.2004.Vol.33.No.6.Pp.425457.
Hynetal.,2002HynJ.,VainioS.,LaineM.Amorphologicaleffectobtainsforisolatedwordsbutnotforwordsinsentencecontext.EuropeanJournalofCogni-tivePsychology.2002.Vol.14.No.4.Pp.417433.
Keuleers, 2013 Keuleers E. Vwr: Useful functions for visual word recogni-tion research. R package version 0.3.0. 2013. URL: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vwr.
Kuznetsova et al., 2015 Kuznetsova A., Brockhoff P.B., Christensen R.H.B.Package lmerTest. R package version 2. 2015. URL: http://cran.uib.no/web/packages/lmerTest/lmerTest.pdf
Laineetal.,1999LaineM.,VainioS.,HynJ.Lexicalaccessroutestonounsin a morphologically rich language. Journal of Memory and Language. 1999.Vol.40.Pp.109135.
Lenth,2016LenthR.V.Least-squaresmeans:theRpackagelsmeans.Journalofstatisticalsoftware.2016.Vol.69.No.1.Pp.133.
Lyashevskaya, Sharoff, 2009 ., . ( -)..,2009.[LyashevskayaO.,SharoffS.Chastotnyislovar'sovremennogorusskogoyazyka(namaterialakhNatsional'nogokorpusarusskogoyazyka)[Frequen-cyDictionaryoftheModernRussianLanguage(onthebaseoftheNationalCorpusoftheRussianLanguage)].Moscow,2009.]
Milinetal.,2009MilinP..,ureviD.F.,MoscosodelPradoM.F.Thesimul-taneouseffectsofinflectionalparadigmsandclassesonlexicalrecognition:evidencefromSerbian.JournalofMemoryandLanguage.2009.Vol.60.No.1.Pp.5064.
Peirce,2009Peirce J.W.Generating stimuli forneuroscienceusingPsychoPy.FrontiersinNeuroinformatics.2009.Vol.2.No.18.
Schreuder, Baayen, 1997 Schreuder R., Baayen R.H. How complex simplexwordscanbe.JournalofMemoryandLanguage.1997.Vol. 37.No. 1.Pp.118139.
RCoreTeam,2014RCoreTeam.R:Alanguageandenvironmentforstatisti-calcomputing.RFoundationforStatisticalComputing.Vienna,Austria,2014.URL:http://www.R-project.org/
61
Rhema. . 2018. 2
Samojlova,Slioussar,2014SamojlovaM.,SlioussarN.Frequenciesofdifferentgrammatical features and inflectional affixes of Russian nouns: A database. URL:http://www.slioussar.ru/freqdatabase.html.
Vasilyeva, toappearVasilyevaM.D.Russiancase inflection:Processingcostsand benefits.Advances in formal Slavic linguistics 2016.D.Lenertov,R.Meyer,R.imk,L.Szucsich(eds.).LanguageSciencePress,toappear.
Wiese,2004WieseB.Categoriesandparadigms.OnunderspecificationinRus-siandeclension.Explorationsinnominalinflection.G.Mller,L.Gunkel,G.Zifonum(eds.).Berlin,2004.Pp.321372.
Yapetal.,2012YapM.J.,PexmanP.M.,WellsbyM.,HargreavesI.S.,HuffM.J.Anabundanceofriches:cross-taskcomparisonsofsemanticrichnesseffectsinvisualwordrecognition.FrontiersinHumanNeuroscience.2012.Vol.6.Article72.
09.11.2017
The article was received on09.11.2017
-,-...
Vasilyeva Maria D.postgraduatestudentattheDepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedLinguisticsoftheFacultyofPhilology,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity
E-mail:[email protected]
Rhema. . 2018. 2
62
ISSN 2500-2953
.
, 27100 . ,
: ..
.. . - . , - , . : , , , , .
E. Pinelli
University ofPavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
Presentation of the past and the future in New Year's addresses: on the data of V. Putin's speeches
In this paper I analyze how time is framed in New Year Addresses by the Russian President V.V. Putin during his three terms in office. The analysis of key words (KWIC) such as proloe past and buduee future, of past and future verb forms and of the contexts in which they occur make it possible to understand how the past and the future are conceptualized in discourse.Key words: political discourse, frame, past, future, Russian.
63
Rhema. . 2018. 2
1.
,-,,,,. ,
, , , , . . ,,,-, :,,.-
.(-). -
..(20002003;20042007;20122017)..-
, -.-, . , , .,-., ..,- (6)(6.1,6.1.1,6.1.2,6.1.3)..
2. -
.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
64
ISSN 2500-2953
[,2007; ,2011], ,... ,
:-. , , ,..-,[,2012,.53]. : ( ),(,--),[, 2007, . 302]. , -.- , -. , , , , , ,-...,(,-
,) [, 2006, . 53]. .. ,:)(-
)(.[,1997]);)-
,;) ,
[,2011,.47]. -
- . , .
65
Rhema. . 2018. 2
3. -
, , , .,-
- ., , - , - , - . ,, ,[Santulli,2005;,2008;Pinelli,2014]. -
,. ...- , , - [,2001,.16].- , -. , .-
,.,,, . , .. , [-,2011].-(6.1).
Rhema. . 2018. 2
66
ISSN 2500-2953
4. :
[Lakoff,Johnson,1980;Boroditsky, 2000;Nez et al., 2006 .] -. , -
[Boroditsky, 2000; Nez et al., 2006],:.
,,-,(1).
(1).
,-,..,. : - , ,(2),- , , , ,, -(3).
(2).
(3).
[Boroditsky,2000;Boroditsky,Ramscar,2000.], -. , 6, -
.,-,-,,.
4.1.
.
67
Rhema. . 2018. 2
.,-.,-... --1 [Martin,Wodak,2003,. 2]., ; ,/-.,.., , ,,-2[Martin,Wodak,2003,.8]. ,
-.,- -,, [Sambre, 2017;Benckendorff,2008],[McGinnis,2009],-, [Dunmire, 2011; , 2016 .].,---.-, . . , -, , [Dunmire, 2011, . 4].,,,,-[.Fairclough,2003,.166167].,
..,- . - 3
1 Our basic strategy has been to treat discourse on the past as involving a serialrecontextualisationofevents.
2Thehistoryofnations,ofpeople,ofgroupsisnotagivenfactbutisconstantlydiscursivelyconstructedanew,inschoolbooks,inthemedia,bypoliticiansintheircommemorativespeechesatimportantevents,byadministrators,andbylaypeoplerelatingtheirownlife-stories.
3Futurityisneverapurelytemporalconcept;itnecessarilyincludesanelementofpredictionorsomerelatedmodalnotion.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
68
ISSN 2500-2953
[Lyons,1977,.677].,,-,[Edelman,1988].., , - [Fairclough, 2003, . 167]. , , -,,,[Edelman,1988,.8].
5. :
-,1991.-. , ,
- . ,-.-. .
,,,.,,.., , .. .-.-
.
5.1. -
..20002017.,:)20002003.;)20042007.;)20122017..
69
Rhema. . 2018. 2
4034 ( 1073;983;1978).-,- . , .
AntConc,(KWIC,Keywordincontext)- () . ,,,,.
6. -
. ,,.
5..,-,,:
(4),,,,.(31.12.2002)
,:
(5), ,,.(31.12.2003)
.,16,- . , (1416),,.
(6)2007,,...(31.12.2006)
Rhema. . 2018. 2
70
ISSN 2500-2953
(7), .(31.12.2001)
, : -, ( (6)) ( (7)), -. (3 ), , - -.,,(1516)-,... , ().
(8). (31.12.2013)
e (8) . ,-(23).
(9) ,,.(31.12.2002)
(9), , . -:,().
6.1.
-.,-,. .1-
..-. () () ; - () ().
71
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, ...
1
..
,20002003 .
,20042007 .
,20122017 .
46(13,64%)
18(5,34%)
32(9,49%)
96(28,48%)
8(2,37%)20
(5,93%)33
(9,79%)61
(18,1%)
.
- () -(..1).,,.
, , -20012003.,..(2).,,,-,-.,-,,2000., . 2000.,-,.
2
..
2000 2001 2002 2003
4 20 7 15
5 1 0 2
Rhema. . 2018. 2
72
ISSN 2500-2953
, , , -.
,..-...-, , - [a, 2011]. ,,- . , , , a . , :);,,,-
..,,,..;);,,,;);,-
-,-,,,..;);,
,..;);,
..;) ; ,
..-
.-,..,-.
6.1.1.
- ...--(3),.
73
Rhema. . 2018. 2
3
,20002003 .
,20042007 .
,20122017 .
16 2 9
29 16 23
3, . -...,-[,2010,.21].- , , ,-,.,()()[,1994,.12]., , , , (6 ),
(6)(2),- : :
(10),,,,.(31.12.2001)
(10)-,., (10) 4. ,
, , - . ,
4, ..
Rhema. . 2018. 2
74
ISSN 2500-2953
6.1,-.4.
4 ,
% % % %
,20002003. 1 2,17 20 43,47 0 0,00 28 60,86
,20042007. 1 5,55 11 61,11 0 0,00 10 55,55
,20122017. 9 28,12 13 40,62 10 31,25 9 28,12
11 11,45 44 45,83 10 10,41 48 50,00
. .
, (. .4). , , . (10) .. -,,,. , .,2748-.4,46%,.
(11) ,.,,,,. (31.12.2007)
(11) , ,
75
Rhema. . 2018. 2
.,,, ,- , ; , ,,, , , -.,,,..-, :() ,- , -, . ,14,, . - (11), , .(10) .,,-. , -
,,- . , ,:,--.
6.1.2.
...()()5.,-
,,. 6.1.1., .-. (. 4.1),
5-,.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
76
ISSN 2500-2953
,,,,.
5
..
,20002003 .
,20042007 .
,20122017 .
1 9 11
21(34,42%)
7 11 22
40(65,57%)
(...)(...),-.
(12),,,. (31.12.2013)
(12) . -,,,,(13).
(13) ,,.(31.12.2000)
,(13),-. (-),.,-
, (6).
77
Rhema. . 2018. 2
6 ,
% % % %
,20002003. 4 50 0 0 0 0 2 25
,20042007. 9 45 10 50 9 45 6 30
,20122017. 13 39,39 6 18,18 13 39,39 18 54,54
26 42,62 16 26,22 22 36,06 26 42,62
. .
6 , , (. . 3), , . , , -((14)).
(14),,,.(31.12.2014)
(14) (). , ,., , , ,.6,
,(42,62%).
(15) ,,,, , , , .(31.12.2007)
Rhema. . 2018. 2
78
ISSN 2500-2953
(15) ., , .-: ( , ).(36%)-(10%),-(15),., (15)
, .. . , (..3),26%(..6).
(16),. (31.12.2012)
,-((16)),.- , , .(15)(16),,-,.- : .-..,-[,2011,.110125].
(17),,,, ..,,,.(31.12.2014)
(18)(),:,,., ,,,,,,,,.(31.12.2017)
79
Rhema. . 2018. 2
(17) -.(18) , . ,
,.,.-:,,-,.
6.1.3.
, 6.1.1 6.1.2, -,.-,,,(7).
7 . ..
19(19,79%)
3(4,91%)
, (19,79%):
(19) ..(31.12.2013)
20%,,.,(19) .,-,,,,.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
80
ISSN 2500-2953
.
(20) 2016.,,,,.,,.(31.12.2016)
, , , (20).
7.
-...
.,-. , ,
.-,,,-:-,.-.,:-,...-
., , - , .. -.
81
Rhema. . 2018. 2
/ Referens
,2001..:..,2001.[BaranovA.N.Vvedenievprikladnujulingvistiku[Introductiontoappliedlinguistics].Textbook.Moscow,2001.]
,2011..-:-: . . . . , 2011. [Varavkina V.Yu. Novogodneeobrashchenie glavy gosudarstva: zhanrovaya spetsifika i lingvokognitivnoemodelirovanieobrazaadresata[NewYear'saddressoftheheadofstate:genrespe-cificityandlinguocognitivemodelingoftheaddressee'simage].PhDmanuscript.Omsk,2011.]
,2008..- // - . . 2008. . 2 (2).C.1619.[GranevaI.Yu.Russianpronounmyintermsofactualformodernlin-guisticsproblemoflanguagemanipulationwithmind.VestnikVyatskogogosu-darstvennogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. Seriya Lingvistika. 2008.No. 2(2).Pp.1619.]
, 2007 .. : - // - 2007. ., 2007. C. 302306. [Kondratenko N.V. The New Year addressasaritualgenreofpoliticaldiscourse:themainmacro-structuralcomponentandits representation.TrudymezhdunarodnoikonferentsiiDialog2007.Moscow,2007.P.302306.]
,2017..:- // .2017..1..1924. [Lasit-saL.A.NewYear'saddressoftheheadofstate:semanticfeaturesoftheritualgenreofpoliticaldiscourse.VestnikOrenburgskogogosudarstvennogouniversiteta.2017.No.1.Pp.1924.]
,1984....,1984.[MaslovYu.S.Ocherkipoaspektologii[Essaysinaspectology].Leningrad,1984.]
,1994..-//.1994..34..731.[PaduchevaE.V.Taxonomiccategoriesofverbsandsemanticsofaspectualoppositions.Semiotikaiinformatika.1994.No.34.P.731.]
, 2010 E.. . . . ., 2010. [Paduche-vaE.V.Semanticheskieissledovaniya.Semantikavremeniividavrusskomyazyke.Semantikanarrativa[Semanticstudies.ThesemanticsoftimeandtenseinRussian.Thesemanticsofnarrative].Moscow,2010.]
, 2016 .. : --,XIX.(18551881)XXI.(20002014):....-..,2016.[SolopovaO.A.Lingvopoliticheskaya
Rhema. . 2018. 2
82
ISSN 2500-2953
prognostika: sopostavitel'noe issledovanie modelei budushchego Rossii v politich-eskikhdiskursakhRossii,SShAiVelikobritaniiXIXv.(18551881)iXXIv.[Lin-guopoliticalprognostication:acomparativestudyofmodelsof thefutureofRussiainthepoliticaldiscoursesofRussia,theUnitedStatesandBritainofthe19thcentu-ry (18551881) and the21st century (20002014)].PhDmanuscript.Ekaterinburg,2016.]
,1997..//.1997..1..6688.[FedosyukM.Yu.The research ofmeans of speech impact and the theory of speech genres.Zhanryrechi.1997.No.1.P.6688.]
,2006..:..,2006.[ChudinovA.P.Politicheskayalingvistika[PoliticalLinguistics].Textbook.Moscow,2006.]
Benckendorff ,2008BenckendorffP.Envisioningsustainable tourism futures:Anevaluationofthefutureswheelmethod.TourismandHospitalityResearch.2008.Vol.8.No.1.Pp.2536.
Boroditsky, 2000 Boroditsky L. Metaphoric structuring: Understanding timethroughspatialmetaphors.Cognition.2000.Vol.75.Pp.128.
Boroditsky,Ramscar,2000BoroditskyL.,RamscarM.The rolesofbodyandmindinabstractthought.PsychologicalScience.2000.Vol.13.No.2.Pp.185189.
Dunmire,2011DunmireP.L.Projecting the future throughpoliticaldiscourse.Amsterdam/Philadelphia,2011.
Edelman,1988EdelmanM.Constructingthepoliticalspectacle.Chicago,1988.Fairclough,2003FaircloughN.Analyzingdiscourse:Textualanalysisforsocial
research.London,2003.Lakoff, Johnson,1980LakoffG., JohnsonM.Metaphorswe liveby.Chicago,
1980.Lyons,1977LyonsJ.Semantics.Vol.2.Cambridge,1977.Martin,Wodak,2003MartinJ.R.,WodakR.Introduction.Re/ReadingthePast:
Critical and Functional Perspectives on Time and Value. Martin J.R., Wodak R.(eds.).Amsterdam/Philadelphia,2003.Pp.116.
McGinnis, 2009 McGinnis T.A. Seeing Possible Futures: Khmer youth andthediscourseof theAmericanDream.Anthropology&EducationQuarterly.2009.Vol.40.No.1.Pp.6281.
Nezetal.,2006NezR.E.,MotzB.A.,TeuscherU.Timeaftertime:Thepsy-chological reality of theEgo- andTime-reference-point distinction inmetaphoricalconstrualsoftime.MetaphorandSymbol.2006.Vol.21.No.3.Pp.133146.
Pinelli, 2014 Pinelli E. Luso dei pronomi nel discorso politico russo. PutineMedvedevaconfronto.StudiItalianidiLinguisticaTeoricaeApplicata.2014.No3.Pp.423448.
Santulli, 2005 Santulli F. Le parole del potere, il potere delle parole: retoricaediscorsopolitico.Milano,2005.
Sambre,2017SambreP.Theexperientialfuture:socio-cognitionandmultisen-sory marketing in Matera European Capital of Culture 2019.Cognitive ModelinginLanguageandDiscourseacrossCultures.BaicchiA.,PinelliE.(eds.).Cambridge,2017.Pp.213227.
Wodak, Chilton, 2005 A new agenda in (critical) discourse analysis. Theory,methodology and interdisciplinarity.Wodak R., Chilton P. (eds.). Amsterdam/Phi-ladelphia,2005.
83
Rhema. . 2018. 2
13.03.2018
The article was received on13.03.2018
, ,,
Pinelli Ericapost-docresearcherandlecturerattheDepartmentofHumanities,UniversityofPavia,Italy
E-mail:[email protected]
Rhema. . 2018. 2
84
ISSN 2500-2953
..
, 125009 . , ; , 119991 . ,
1
, : ( , , ), (-, , , ) - ( : ?). . -, -, , . -, -, () , . , - , , , - . - : , . : , , , , , , .
116-18-02003.-.
85
Rhema. . 2018. 2
N.V. Serdobolskaya
Institute ofLinguistics, Russian Academy ofSciences, Moscow, 125009, Russian Federation;Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
Direct quotation construction with the verb dumat (think) in Russian2
Finite asyndetic complement clauses present an interesting phenomenon to the theoretical and typological works, considering that they allow a number of different interpretations: a parenthetical clause (Eto interesnyj, ya dumayu, vopros, lit. This is an interesting, I think, question), a complement clause (Ya-to, durak, dumal, segodnya vyhodnoj, lit. I, as a fool, thought there is a holiday today) or a direct speech construction (On dumal: Kto zhe na menya napal?, He was thinking: Who assaulted me then?). The paper is devoted to the direct speech construction with the verb dumat think in Russian. First, I show that the clause that conveys the matter of thought actually has all the properties of the direct speech constructions in Russian, see the list of the direct speech properties in works. Second, I argue that the direct speech construction with dumat (almost) does not show clause reduction, as it happens with the asyndetic constructions of supposition. Namely, the direct speech construction with dumat can have common nouns as subject of thought, the matrix clause can host adverbials, converbal clauses, epistemic expressions and main clause phenomena. All these properties are attested with both initial, medial and final clauses with dumat (i.e. irrespective of the linear position of the matrix clause to the dependent clause).Key words: complementation, complement clauses, clausal arguments, asyndetic subordination, citation, direct speech, main clause phenomena.
1. -
,.,[Noonan,1985]( ), ,,
2 The work is supported by the RSF grant 16-18-02003. I would like to thanktheanonymousreviewersfortheirin-depthcommentsandsuggestions.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
86
ISSN 2500-2953
.,-,; - . . : ;-,[Noonan,1985,.3941]. ,
,-..(1)(2):(1),(2)-,:
(1)[,]// ////-. (:.19391945.Academia..2011)
(2)-2[]-. :2.[],. (http://wap.trotting.forum24.ru/?1-1-20-00000002-000-10001-0)
- , ()[,2015,.2324;,2018,.280]:
(3) :..(:,..,2002.10.27)
[,1980,.650], (2), ( ,);[,1954]- . .. - (1) - (2) [, 1996, . 322]., (1) ,,
87
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, [Deh, Kavalova, 2007]: -,,-(,..)-3.,(2),,,.- -[,2017],.:
(2)*,/,-.()
(2)*,, , /,-.()
,,;- [,1996,.322;,2017].[,2017;,.],
(2) (3) -.,(3),, , -:1-, (). (2),,:
(3)*,:,,.()
,,-,-(),(3),:
(3) ,:,,.()
3Parentheticalsareexpressions thatare linearlyrepresentedinagivenstringofutterance(ahostsentence),butseemstructurally independentat thesametimeinterrupt theprosodicflowofanutteranceareoutsidethefocus-backgroundstructureoftheirhostutteranceandareusuallyassociatedwithnon-truthconditionalmeaning.[Deh,Kavalova,2007,.1].
Rhema. . 2018. 2
88
ISSN 2500-2953
, - .,-4(4)- [, 1954,.409],.(3)(5)(6);.[,.].- .. , :1(-,5)2.1 [,2015,.23;,2018:.280282], (2.1),.[,.].
(4):,.(:..?(1979))
(5) , ,,,(:.(20032005))
(6),.., .,.(:.(2000))
/,,-.,--, , :
(3)*,.()
(4)*,,.()
1.,-6:
4[,2003,.1133].5:1:
;:,,.;2.1:1-,,;:,.
6.
89
Rhema. . 2018. 2
/. , (:;), /-,(. (1)).,-:- ,.
1
/ ,
,
1.
(4) + +
(5)
(6)
2.
(2)
3.
,,(1)
,,/-- . .-,,7.,
,.
(;ruscorpora.ru),
7,.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
90
ISSN 2500-2953
. , (,..),-,. 2 , (3) -
. ( 3) / (2).4,- , , .-5.
2.
, , , , [.,2006;,1954;,1996,.337343;-.,2009;,2017,].[,2009,.],- : (,)().:(-),,-[.,2006],-[,1996,.335354]. -
( , ),--, (. (3) ),-[,2001,.430432;, 1954; , 1965; , 1990/1998; ,1996, .337343;.,2006;.,2009, .296; 2017, ]. -, (i : i ), (i , i - ). , -,
91
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, .: :!,.[,2001;,2017]-
(,), (,, , -) (mainclausephenomena).,-(,,-:,-),, , , .. - [, 2001, . 430432;.,2009,.297;,2017,.360].- -(.[Hooper,Thompson1973];[,1990;,1999]),,- [,2017,.357]., (: ) (*,).,-
:1);2)-;3);4);5);6)., , ,
-vs./.,(4),,,-,.. . (3) , -
(7),- , :1- , -, .. (). , (8)1-.(). (9)
Rhema. . 2018. 2
92
ISSN 2500-2953
, (8) , , (,-);(10) ( , ) . ,, 14. -,-,,,.8
(7) :..(:,.(2002).,2002.10.27)(=3)
(8),,--...(http://www.dni.ru/regions/2016/1/12/325304.html)
(9),-,,,,,,-:,,, (:.(1964))
(10)[.,]////// ?(:.,2002)
, (.).-,-: (. [Aelbrecht, Haegeman, Nye,2012];[,1999]).-
.,- - , (,
8,,.:(i),[]--
.(http://kachestvo.ru/interesno/kak-izbavitsja-ot-pryshhej.html).(ii) -
?(http://www.yaplakal.com/forum23/topic1431412.html).
93
Rhema. . 2018. 2
Hesaid:IliveinMoscow:), (Hesaidhe lived inMoscow ,/). ( ), (-,..-).,,- (),(.-[,2016]),-,. , -
, ( [, .]) . -. ( [,2016],-,.).,, - -,.(3)-: ... (www.octaviarussia.ru/forum/showthread.php?t=213&page=45). ;-45-(20045):
(11) [,][]/.////.. (:()./..2010)
, - , - , ((11)).
Rhema. . 2018. 2
94
ISSN 2500-2953
,- , -,15(1000- 15 )..,--, , ,. -
[, .] , . , ,.,,-
.-/.- , vs.,-.
3. 9
[,2017],-:,(12),(13):
(12) [,,,38,1971] /..(:,.,/(2009))
(13) ,,,90.(:,..,2003)
9,-,[,2015;,2018]2.1(),.,[,.].
95
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, , 90% - + - . ,.-,-
[,1992;,1996,.321334]:
(13).(),90.()
.90,(),.()
.90,().()
[Urmson, 1963; Thompson, Mulac, 1991;Thompson, 2002], :(),()(- , , , , (14)). , [,2017].
(14) ,,.,,,. (:.:.,1998)
-, -, (. [, 2017]; ). (12):,10,
10, , , , , ,.
Rhema. . 2018. 2
96
ISSN 2500-2953
, , -,(-[,1990]).,(12)-,(15):
(15) ,,, ,,,,. (:.(19681991))
:
(15)*, ,11.()
-[,1990],- [, 1999] (main clause phenomena [Emonds,1970;Hooper,Thompson,1973].,:
(16) *, ,.[,1990,.304]
(17) *,,.[,.316]
(18) *,-.[]
(16)(18) .,(,, ,(17)), . , . ([Aelbrecht, Haegeman,
Nye,2012]; [,1999]), -,,(,,
11,,(, ,),.4.
97
Rhema. . 2018. 2
-),-,..(,-, .: ,-?). [, 2016] ,
,,,.,(19),-(,-):
(19) . ,! [,2016]
.*, ,!.*, !
,(-) - , , , , -.,- , [Urmson,1963;Thompson,Mulac,1991;-, 1996, . 321334; Thompson, 2002]. -,., ,-
,(12),(19)(13). , , - . , -,2.,-,?,(.(3)(4)) /?
Rhema. . 2018. 2
98
ISSN 2500-2953
,-.,,-
[,2003,.1130].[,.],,-,(,) (,).-.
4. 2,-
,.,,--., - 12 [Aikhenvald, 2004, . 123]; -,. ,. ,
.,-(.,,[,1954,.409;-,1976;,1999.]):
(20).[,1976,.138]
, , ;, -(,). - , , ,.(20).
12 , - , , , ,.[Daniel,2006].
99
Rhema. . 2018. 2
--..:-(..);,-,-,-[,1954,.410].,
( -, ,, ..). 3, - (- , , )., ?,-
,:
(21), :,,-.(:.../(1964))
(22) ,,.(:..,2000)
(23) ,? .(:..,2000)
, , /.- , - . / , . + ++-(227317- )., ( 1000 ,
Rhema. . 2018. 2
100
ISSN 2500-2953
)-.,
.-., ,/.,-,-(-, ), .-
( 2). -,(22)(23),.[,1954,.410;-,1991,.404].:-,300+ + (XIX.):
(24) ,,,.(:...(1835))
,- + . 1000 - .
, , -..(25),(27)(28),(26),(27)(28)(29),(26)(28)-.:
(25) !(Instagramphotos)
(26),,,,,-.(:.(19651990))
101
Rhema. . 2018. 2
:
(27) , ,,,- (:...(1862))
:
(28) ,?,, ,,. (:...-(1964))
(29),!,,,-. (:.(2007))
, . - [,1983;,1996,.325],..//,. ,-,-[Thompson,2002;Deh,Wichmann,2010]., , , - . -. [, 1983,, 1996, . 321334] , [Deh,Kavalova,2007].,-
,:
Rhema. . 2018. 2
102
ISSN 2500-2953
(30) , )))(http://forum.mariupol.ru/lofiversion/index.php/t925p9837.html)
(31) :?(vk.com/topic-41296779_27581383)
(32) ,! .-, (:...(1892))
(33), , ,. (:.(2010))
, (30) (33) -;(31)(32)-.,
,.,,,, (34)(35),(36)(37)(38)(39):
(34) ,.(2045.ru/forum/67/406/)
(35) ..(http://forum.dreamhackers.org/lofiversion/index.php?t83-200.html)
(36) ,,,,,.(LinnL..2015..https://ficbook.net/)
(37) ,,. (:...(1971))
(38),.,, ,.(:.(2012))
103
Rhema. . 2018. 2
(39) ,,, ,-,.(:...(1925))
,,,.,
(.- 3). -, :,:
(40)-, ... (http://forum.pickup.ru/index.php?/topic/20279--)
(41),, ,,,. (...11.08.2017)
(42) .(http://www.pictaram.org/hashtag/)
-, - /, - , , , , -- (. (40) (41)):
(43) ,. (http://www.svadbaspb.ru/forum/razdel25/tema24297/skip30/)
(44) ,:, (:().(1966))
Rhema. . 2018. 2
104
ISSN 2500-2953
(45) , ,,,.(:....1876(1876))
(46) ,?..,.?(:....(2017))
, (46),.,,,..-., -
,,.(47),(48)-(49).
(47) ,,! :.(:..,12.05.2017)
(48) , ,,,,(:.(2016))
(49).! .,.(:..,9.02.1940)
,- ( , , , -), . , , , , , ( ) - . :
105
Rhema. . 2018. 2
- (.[,2017])., ,
. [, 1999], -(,,..youknow,Iguess[Thompson,2002]),,,,.- (. [,1999]).,:,:
(50) *,,.()
(,[],).:,-,,,.:
(50)??,,.()
,;,-, ,,.,,,,:
(50) ,.()
(51) ,.(https://forums.drom.ru/novosibirsk-life/t1151309636-p44.html)
,-,, . backchannel-, , . , ,[,,,1981,.258]. , -
() (, ) , , ,,-..
Rhema. . 2018. 2
106
ISSN 2500-2953
,.1. : (3) ;
/-.2. : : -
(2).3.(1).4. ,
,,.
5. ,
.,, ., ()- , -., , -, , .-:, . [, 1990], , - , ..,
:,-., (,,),-.-
2.-
.-:., /
107
Rhema. . 2018. 2
-. ; ( ).-.
2
( )
,
,
,
.
.
,
1.
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + +
2. + + +
3.
,,
4.-
,,
- : - ( , ),,, ( -:, ,,,).
Rhema. . 2018. 2
108
ISSN 2500-2953
.,- [, 1999], - - , . , -
, : , .,,-,-:,-.
/ References
, 2015 .. - // LingVaria (X). 2015. Krakw, 2015. . 1327.[ApresjanJ.SyntacticinformationforActivedictionaryofRussian.LingVaria(X)2015.Krakw,2015.Pp.1327.]
,2018.. // . . 2. / .. (. .). ., 2018. . 280282.[ApresjanJ.D.Articleontheverbdumat' think.Aktivnyjslovar'russkogoyazyka.T.2.DE.ApresjanJ.D.(ed.).Moscow,2018.]
, 1991.. ..,1991. [Valgina N.S. Sintaksis sovremennogo russkogo yazyka [Syntax ofModernRussian].Moscow,1991.]
, , , 2006 .., .., - .. . ., 2006. [Valgina N.S., Rosental D.E.,FominaM.I.Sovremennyjrusskijyazyk[ModernRussian].Moscow,2006.]
,1965....,1965.[GvozdevA.N.Ocherkipostilistikerusskogoyazyka[SketchesonRussianstylistics].Moscow,1965.]
...,1954/.....,1954.[Grammatikarusskogoyazyka[AgrammarofRussian].VinogradovV.V.(ed.).Moscow,1954.]
, 1992 . - . Mnchen, 1992. [Zaliznyak Anna A. Issledovaniyaposemantikepredikatovvnutrennegosostoyaniya[Studiesonthesemanticsofinnerstatepredicates].Mnchen,1992.]
,,,1981..,..,.....-..,1981.[ZemskayaE.A.,KitajgorodskayaM.V.,ShiryaevE.N.Russkayarazgovornayarech'.Obshchievoprosy.Slovoobrazovanie.Sintaksis[Russianspokenlanguage.Generalissues.Wordformation.Syntax].Moscow,1981.]
109
Rhema. . 2018. 2
,1999..-//:.60-../...,...,1999..539543.[KobozevaI.M.Ontwotypesofparentheticalconstructions.Tipologiyaiteoriyayazyka:otopisaniyakob"yasneniyu.K60-letiyuA.E.Kibrika.RahilinaE.V.,TestelecY.G.(eds.).Moscow,1999..539543.]
,1999b..-.ThirdEuropeanConferenceonFormalDescriptionofSlavicLanguages,.,21999. [Kobozeva I.M. The problem of identification and syntactic representationofRussian complex sentenceswith illocutionary independent subordinate clause.TalkattheThirdEuropeanConferenceonFormalDescriptionofSlavicLanguages,LeipzigUniversity,2dDecember1999.]
,1983..//-..21..,1983.[KrejdlinG.E.Somesyntacticpropertiesofcomplement-takingpredicates.Semiotikaiinformatika.Vol.21.Moscow,1983.]
,1990/1998...//- . ., 1990. ( : . ., 1998.) [Kruchinina N.I. Directspeech. Indirect speech.Lingvisticheskij ehnciklopedicheskij slovar'.Moscow,1990.(2deditionasBol'shojehnciklopedicheskijslovar'Yazykoznanie.Moscow,1998.]
, 1976 .. . ., 1976.[LaptevaO.A.Russkij razgovornyjsintaksis [ColloquialRussianSyntax].Moscow,1976.]
.,2009,/-..,..,..,..//-:/.-..,...,2009..288309.[LitvinenkoA.O.,KorotaevN.A.,KibrikA.A.,PodlesskayaV.I.Constructionswithcitation,or"someoneelse'sspeech".Rasskazy o snovideniyah: korpusnoe issledovanie ustnogo russkogo diskursa.KibrikA.A.,PodlesskayaV.I.(eds.).Moscow,2009.Pp.288309.]
,2003 / . . .. .; , 2003. [Novyj ob"yasnitel'nyj slovar'sinonimovrusskogoyazyka[TheNewExplanatoryDictionaryofRussianSynonyms].ApresyanYu.D.(ed.).Moscow;Vienna,2003.]
, 1990 .. ://Revuedestudesslaves. T. 62. Fascicule 12. Lnonciation dans les langues slaves. En hommage Ren LHermitte. Sous la direction de Jean-Paul Smon et HlneWodarczyk.Paris,1990..303320.[PaduchevaE.V.Betweensentenceandstatement:subjectivemodalityandsyntacticinsubordination.Revuedestudesslaves.T.62.Fascicule12.Lnonciation dans les langues slaves. En hommage Ren LHermitte. SousladirectiondeJean-PaulSmonetHlneWodarczyk.Paris,1990.Pp.303320.]
, 1996 .. . - . . ., 1996.[PaduchevaE.V.Semanticheskieissledovaniya.Semantikavremeniividavrusskom
Rhema. . 2018. 2
110
ISSN 2500-2953
yazyke. Semantika narrativa [Studies in semantics. Semantics of tense and aspectinRussian.Semanticsofnarrative].Moscow,1996.]
, 2001 .. -. ., 2001. [Peshkovskij A.M. Russkij sintaksis v nauchnom osveshchenii[Russiansyntaxinlinguisticresearch].Moscow,2001.]
,2017a..://-:-2017..16(23)..2..,2017..355371.[PodlesskayaV.I.Jaskazhutebesposlednejprjamotoj:Directandindirectspeechviewed through the prism of prosodically annotated corpus data. ComputationalLinguistics and Intellectual Technologies: Papers from the Annual InternationalConferenceDialog.Vol.16(23).Part2.Moscow,2017.Pp.355371.]
, 2017b .. : - // 2017.., 2017. . 287294. [Podlesskaya V.I. Direct and indirect speech reportingstrategiesinspokenandwrittendiscourse:acomparativecorpusstudy.Proceedingsof the international conference Corpus linguistics2017, June 2730, 2017,St.Petersburg.St.Petersburg,2017.Pp.287294.]
,1980/..... 2.., 1980. [Russkaya grammatika [Russian grammar].N.Yu. Shvedova (ed.).Vol.2.Moscow,1980.]
, 2016 .. -: // ....10..,2016..256274.[SajS.S.TenseinRussianfinitecomplementclauses:neutralizationandpointofreference.TrudyInstitutarusskogoyazykaim.V.V.Vinogradova.Vol.10.Moscow,2016.Pp.256274.]
,..-//.-/..,..(.)..[SajS.S.InteractionbetweentenseandfinitinessinRussian.Interactionbetweengrammaticalcategories.Typological studies. Mal'chukov A.L., Hrakovskij V.S. (eds.). St. Petersburg.Inpress.]
,2016..-//-.....10.(3012016.)..,2016..275295.[Serdobol'skayaN.V.Phenomenaof syntactic insubordination in actant sentenceswith theverbdumat' 'think'.TrudyInstitutarusskogoyazykaim.V.V.Vinogradova.Vol.10.MaterialymezhdunarodnojnauchnojkonferenciiGrammaticheskieprocessy i sistemyv sinhronii idiahronii(30maya1iyunya2016g.).Moscow,2016.Pp.275295.]
, 2017 .. -//.2017.5..735.[Serdobol'skayaN.V.AsyndeticcomplementclauseswiththeRussianVerbdumatthink.Voprosyyazykoznaniya.2017.5.Pp.735.]
111
Rhema. . 2018. 2
, .. ..[Serdobol'skayaN.V.Asyndeticconstructionwithaverbtodumat''think'inRussian.Inpress.]
Aelbrecht,Haegeman,Nye,2012AelbrechtL.,HaegemanL.M.V.,NyeR.MainClause Phenomena: New Horizons (Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 190).Amsterdam/Philadelphia,2012.
Aikhenvald,2004AikhenvaldA.Y.Evidentiality.Oxford,NewYork,2004.Daniel,2006DanielM.Reportedspeech inArchi:newapproach to theold
data. Handout of the talk given at international conference MorphosyntaxedeslanguesduCaucase,Paris1114dcembre2006.
Deh,Kavalova,2007DehN.,KavalovaY.Parentheticals.(LinguistikAktuell/LinguisticsToday106).JohnBenjamins,2007.
Deh,Wichmann, 2010DehN.,WichmannA.Sentence-initial I think (that)andIbelieve(that).Prosodicevidenceforuseasmainclause,commentclauseanddiscoursemarker.StudiesinLanguage.2010.Vol.34.1.Pp.3674.
Emonds,1970EmondsJ.RootandStructure-preservingTransformations.Ph.D.dis.MIT,1970.
Hooper, Thompson, 1973 Hooper J.B., Thompson S.A. On the applicabilityofroottransformations.LinguisticInquiry.1973.Vol.4.4.Pp.465497.
Noonan,1985NoonanM.Complementation.LanguageTypologyandSyntacticDescription. Vol. 2: Complex Constructions. Shopen T. (ed.). Cambridge, 1985.Pp.42140.
Thompson,Mulac,1991ThompsonS.A.,MulacA.ThediscourseconditionsfortheuseofthecomplementizerthatinconversationalEnglish.JournalofPragmatics.1991.Vol.15.Pp.237251.
Thompson , 2002 Thompson S.A. Object complements and conversation:towardsarealisticaccount.StudiesinLanguage.2002.Vol.26.1.Pp.125164.
Urmson, 1963 Urmson J.O. Parenthetical verbs. Philosophy and ordinarylanguage.Ch.E.Caton(ed.).Urbana,Chicago,London,1963.Pp.220240.
24.09.2017
The article was received on24.09.2017
;- - --,,.;-,
Serdobolskaya Natalia V. PhD in Philology; senior researcher at the Finno-Ugric group of Ural-Altaic Department, Institute of Linguistics of the RussianAcademyofSciences;headoftheLaboratoryforLinguisticTypologyoftheInstituteofModernlinguisticstudies,MoscowPedagogicalStateUniversity
E-mail:[email protected]
112
Rhema. . 2018. 2
..
. , 119991 . ,
, . , - , . -, - . : , , , , .
A.A. Korenev
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
Feedback in learning, teaching and educational communication
The article looks at the notion of feedback in education, psychology and linguistics. Giving a historical overview of feedback-related studies in Russia and abroad, the author focuses on the interpretation of this notion in psychology and linguistics, as well as the dual nature of its understanding in education. The article also defines the role of feedback in the assessment process, gives an extended typology of feedback and provides methodological recommendations on giving feedback.Key words: teachers feedback, academic feedback, assessment for learning, motivation, pedagogical communication.
113
Rhema. . 2018. 2
1.
-,-. , , -,,,-,,.,-,--,. -
- -, , -, . ,-.
, . (feedback) -,-.
2. , - -
, . --. ,
- . .. , (),
Rhema. . 2018. 2
114
ISSN 2500-2953
-,- [,2011,.21]..- , .. -- , .- . , , -, , , ..., (, ).,--: ; ; . , ..
-,.
(,)
