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Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows...

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Content 2. Don’t overstate Be careful with universals. “Everybody knows p” means “There exists no one who does not know p”. It does not mean “Several friends say p”. Test yourself on your claims: ask yourself “How do I justify that?”. Modify them until you feel comfortable that what you said is what you can justify if challenged – but guarantee that by challenging yourself.
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Rhetoric
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Page 1: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Rhetoric

Page 2: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Content

1. Choose your audience and speak to it

If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldn’t have to be writing.

Imagine a reader who is a moderately knowledgeable computer sciences sophomore.

Ask yourself “How much explanation must I offer my imaginary reader?”. Keep adding details until you believe your reader would be comfortable.

If in doubt, err on the side of too much explanation.

Page 3: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Content

2. Don’t overstate

Be careful with universals. “Everybody knows p” means “There exists no one who does not know p”. It does not mean “Several friends say p”.

Test yourself on your claims: ask yourself “How do I justify that?”.

Modify them until you feel comfortable that what you said is what you can justify if challenged – but guarantee that by challenging yourself.

Page 4: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Overstatements

• Every time a robot is invented, everyone becomes extremely interested and curious.

Page 5: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Overstatements

• Technology continues to be an overwhelming presence in today’s world with Americans’ daily use of the internet and the personal computer.

Page 6: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Worst:

“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings.”

Page 7: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Equally bad:

“I don’t think that robots will ever be conscious, intelligent beings.”

Page 8: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Not actually much better:

“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings because they aren’t like us.”

Page 9: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Only a very tiny bit better:

“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings because they are purely digital while the neurons in our brains are also influenced by hormones and other chemicals in their environment.”

Page 10: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Only better for particular audiences:

“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings because <Oracle I believe in> says that people are special.”

Page 11: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Not much better:

“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings because they only do what they’re programmed to do.”

Page 12: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Slightly better:

“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings because they don’t perceive and act in the world.”

Page 13: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Making an Argument• Much better:

“Conscious, intelligent behavior appears to require the ability to do all of the following things:

• Balance conflicting goals.

• Perceive and interact with the world.

• Learn from experience.

• Apply a massive amount of knowledge to solve problems in real time.

So it is unlikely that robots will be able to act like conscious, intelligent beings until they too can do these things.”

Page 14: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Paper and Paragraph Structure

Page 15: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Sentences

Page 16: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Written and Spoken Language• Talking came (way) first.

Page 17: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Written and Spoken Language• Talking came (way) first.

• Writing captures speech for later. So read your paper out loud to yourself. If it sounds bad, it probably is bad.

Page 18: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Written and Spoken Language• Talking came (way) first.

• Writing captures speech for later. So read your paper out loud to yourself. If it sounds bad, it probably is bad.

• But there are a few differences.

Page 19: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• As always, that which is unknown is the most frightening.

Page 20: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• The unique choice for a flute as an instrument was because …

Page 21: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• Another important representative in the saga over artificial intelligence in ancient mythology is Hephaestus.

Page 22: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• You must first take a closer look at each individual law separately and from numerous amount of angles. One particular angle that opens up a vast array of uncertainty is …

Page 23: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• Therefore intelligence comes with the capability of fairly accurately predicting the consequences of a given action whether desired or undesired.

Page 24: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• The issue with rationing is the possibility of a black market to surge.

Page 25: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Clunky Sentence Structure

• Even animals such as snakes will learn over time as to which animals are desirable to eat, and will be given no example from those of their same species to follow.

Page 26: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• Man has always shown an unprecedented desire to advance our tools.

Page 27: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• Our way of life, so heavily relied upon technology, portrays the stark contrast to the days of manual labor.

Page 28: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• Using that definition one can acquire that a robot is made to simulate real behavior.

Page 29: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• Using that definition one can acquire that a robot is made to simulate real behavior.

Page 30: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• The rest of the brain comprises the basics of a complex living organism.

Page 31: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• Deep Blue portrays not an actual machine that learns to play chess, but instead is another plain object which carries the capacity of programming.

Page 32: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• … extremely unique …

Page 33: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Vocabulary

• ... desire to fulfill a sense of loneliness …

Page 34: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Subcategorization Rules

• … sensory predictions on what the door should be like

Page 35: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Subcategorization Rules

• Almost destroyed, it could do nothing to counteract against the onslaught.

Page 36: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Subcategorization Rules

• We create concepts to gain common sense on what will happen if …

Page 37: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Subcategorization Rules

• It may not be adequate as justification to certain ideas.

Page 38: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Pronouns and Antecedents

• When the receiver obtains it, they would send it to the government.

Page 39: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Reduced Relative Clauses

• This first situation presented brings up many …

Page 40: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Quantifiers and Negation

• Robots can only walk on even surfaces.

Page 41: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Dangling Modifiers

• Zuse realizes the technology will eventually become an artificial brain in 1938.

Page 42: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Dangling Modifiers

• One has to calculate the ball’s trajectory when it reaches the arm, involving a set of mathematical equations.

Page 43: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Dangling Modifiers

• The next two examples are creations of Jacques de Vaucanson, which took on unique features to fool humans.

Page 44: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Dangling Modifiers

• The second law will conflict when multiple orders are given to a robot by different people that are contrasting.

Page 45: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Dangling Modifiers

• The stereotype of the crazed, mad scientist secretly working in their laboratory on a creation that could be dangerous to all has also become a fixture of pop culture, which may have started with Frankenstein’s story.

Page 46: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Dangling Modifiers

• Much the same occurs with all mammals and birds who are raised by their parents.

Page 47: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Parallel Structure

• Therefore to achieve intelligence, one must not just be able to change behavior, but create concepts that will allow for the being to analyze and relatively efficiently handle new challenges.

Page 48: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Parallel Structure

• This robot stood at five and a half feet tall, made out of wood, and painted white to simulate marble.

Page 49: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Which, That, Who

• It represents the thoughts of so many current conservatives that currently live in the world.

Page 50: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Which, That, Who

• … such as the mechanical duck which could simply digest food.

Page 51: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Which, That, Who

• These robots are given the three laws which they must abide by.

Page 52: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Which, That, Who

• It is ingrained that things, which are unfamiliar, in most cases can be dangerous.

Page 53: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Split Infinitives

• The robots of the movie industry need to only stay in the movie industry and never arrive in the world of the real.

Page 54: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Split Infinitives

• … because it is programmed to never kill a human.

Page 55: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Eats, Shoots and Leaves

Page 56: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Eats, Shoots and LeavesA panda walks into a café. He orders a sandwich, eats it, then draws a gun and fires two shots in the air.

"Why?" asks the confused waiter, as the panda makes towards the exit. The panda produces a badly punctuated wildlife manual and tosses it over his shoulder.

"I'm a panda," he says at the door. "Look it up.“

The waiter turns to the relevant entry and, sure enough, finds an explanation.

"Panda. Large black-and-white bear-like mammal, native to China. Eats, shoots and leaves."

Page 57: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Commas

• In order to do this his goal was …

Page 58: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Commas

• They are developed over time generally by observed example.

Page 59: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Where Writing Differs (or Not) from Speaking - Colloquialisms

• Our world is so brilliant and compartmentalized.

• If you have ever seen the movie, I Robot, Will Smith hated robots.

• As, we all know, the Turing Test …

Page 60: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Where Writing Differs (or Not) from Speaking – Grammar (My Opinion)

• None of these traits are found in humans.not ok

• … robots that people can relate to …ok

Page 61: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Citations

• … until in 1978 when a man named Vernon Mountcastle published a paper titled, “…”.

Page 62: Rhetoric. Content 1. Choose your audience and speak to it If you were writing for a person who knows just what you know, you wouldnt have to be writing.

Citations

• … until in 1978 when a man named Vernon Mountcastle published a paper titled, “…”.

until the publication of “…” [Mountcastle 1978].


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