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Rhetorical Strategies
Organizational ways of thinking to achieve the greatest clarity
and strength in conveying those ideas to others
Exemplification
• Purposes:1) Makes writing more vivid + interesting2) To explain or clarify ideas
• Used in almost all writing:1) reports, cover letters, editorials,
proposals, law briefs, + reviews2) creative stories, novels, songs, poems
Nature of Examples
• Choose wisely: specific + relevant examples
• Representative: should be typical of main point/concept
• Organized in order that serves your purpose, is easy to follow, + has max effect
ExampleNatalie Goldberg, Be Specific
Be specific. Don’t say “fruit.” Tell what kind of fruit – “It is a pomegranate.” Give things the dignity of their names. Just as with human beings, it’s rude to say, “Hey, girl, get in line.” That girl has a name. (As a matter of fact, if she’s at least twenty years old, she’s a woman, not a “girl” at all.) Things, too, have names. It is much better to say, “the geranium in the window” than “the flower in the window.”
Description
• To convey through words, the perceptions of our five senses
Why use description?1) To inform2) To develop a dominant impression
Types of Description
1) Objective: factual, emphasizes actual qualities of subject, + minimizes writer’s responses
- ex. Surgeon describing operation2) Subjective: often uses colorful language, figures of speech; is impressionistic
- ex. Food critic describing meal
Common Uses
• Can stand alone
• (Used with narration) to describe setting or character, provide context
• (Used with/as definition) to define unusual objects or things
• (Used with process) to clarify steps
Example
James Wilson – The “Shaw”
I open my eyes and see street vendors of all shapes and sizes. I see little children trying to sell ten dollar cutlery sets to every motorist that stops at a street light, and grown adults selling the latest in scandal fashion. With clothes bearing slogans like “Let the Juice Loose” or “Free O.J.,” you can’t help but think that people will try to make money off of anything these days.
Narration
Can you guess what will happen next?
Whenever you recount an event, tell a story or anecdote, you are using narration.
That night, Tyler overcame his fear and crept through the swamp to set the trap. Silently, his eyes like two, empty hollows reflecting the light of the moon, he knelt down…
Narration• Can be fiction or non-fiction + is used in
combo with other rhetorical strategies
• Nonfictional narratives: biography, autobiography, history, news reporting
• Why use them? - they are compelling- share meaningful experiences with others
Narration Construction
• Establish context• Choose point of view• Select “showing” details
- who, what, where, when, why, how• Choose organization: beginning to end,
flashback, in medias res• Consistent verb tense, dialogue, transition
sequence
Process Analysis
• A series of actions/stages that follow one another in specific order + lead to specific end
• Why use it?1) to give directions2) to inform
• Combine one of reasons w/other rhetorical strategy to evaluate the process in question
Examples
• Directional: operator’s manual for PC or cooking instructions on frozen food package
• Informational: how presidents are elected or how plants reproduce
• Evaluative: Paul Roberts’s “How to Say Nothing in 500 Words” – description of ineffective writing process + c/c w/more effective process