GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS & MITIGATION:TOWARDS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
RHODORA M. GONZALEZ, PhDDepartment of Geodetic Engineering, UP Diliman
THE NEED FOR A CONCERTED EFFORT
GOVT ACADEME
PEOPLE
HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?
RECENT DISASTERSRECENT DISASTERS……
Earthquake Indonesia
Landslide – Quezon ; Leyte
Hurricane Katrina
Flooding Asia & Europe
Tsunami Asia
Cyclone China /Vietnam
DISASTER TRENDDISASTER TREND
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
DISASTER DEFINITIONDISASTER DEFINITION
Why deal with disasters?Why deal with disasters?• Disasters are events that result in mortality and damagemortality and damage which
exceed the response and recovery capabilities of the affected area, creating the need for outside assistance
• Annual costs of more than 100 billion US$ worldwide
• Disasters have been increasing in number
• Division into:
– Natural disasters
– Man-made disasters
– Man-induced disasters (accelerated/aggravated by human influence)
• The Philippines is one of the most disaster prone areas in the world, there is an urgent need to bring critical data to scientists in real-time. The scientists can then quickly make evaluations and issue timely warnings.
• Combining expertise (science & local knowledge) could result in important synergies that can develop and apply new technologies that could save lives.
• We better treat them as ¨natural phenomena¨to be understood and be prepared for in order to live in harmony with nature
Why deal with disasters?Why deal with disasters?
DISASTER TYPES:DISASTER TYPES:
• Extra-terrestrial:– asteroid impact
• Internal Geo-dynamic processes:– Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption
• External Geo-dynamic processes:– Landslide, soil erosion, land degradation
• Hydro-meteorological:– Floods, Tropical storms, drought
• Ecological / environmental:– Pollution, crop disease,
• Epidemics:– SARS, HIV / AIDS, Avian Flu
• Technological:– (Industrial) accidents
• Conflicts:– War, land mines, terrorism
Hazards are purely naturalHazards are purely natural
Hazards are purely humanHazards are purely human--mademade
Natural process Natural process accelerated /aggravated byaccelerated /aggravated bySocial /anthropogenicSocial /anthropogenicprocessesprocesses
Human Suffering
Occurrence of disasters depends on:
Presence of HAZARD(s)(potentially damaging phenomenon)
SUSCEPTIBILITY /VULNERABILITY(amalgamation of factors for occurrence) RISK (threat imposed on something valuable)
e.g., threat to life / property
HighModerateLowNot Susceptible
HighModerateLowNo risk
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• Population growth
• Unplanned settlements due to land scarcity
• Climate variability and climate change
• Migration of population to cities
• Higher vulnerability of industrial zones
• Increased environmental degradation
• Densely populated communities
• More people living on marginal lands
• High risk due to natural & human-made hazards
Paradigm Shift inDisaster Management
•• Before:Before:Disaster risk management– (“REACTIVE”)the effective organization, direction and utilization of available counter-disaster resources
•• Today:Today:there must be pre-disaster mitigation measures to avoid or reduce impact of disasters. (“PRO-ACTIVE” / PREPARED)
Pre-disaster measures to prevent or mitigate disasters are called Disaster Risk Management
Disaster risk management
e.g. Landslide inventoriese.g. Landslide inventories
• Knowledge of occurred
landslides aids to
mitigate landslide
disasters and increases
the willingness for
disaster preparedness
• Landslide inventories
are the basis for
susceptibility maps and
hazard zonation maps
THE NEED FOR A CONCERTED EFFORT
GOVT ACADEME
PEOPLE
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTATIONS MASS MOBILIZATION & IMPLEMENTATION
HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?
GOVT. ORGANIZATION & INFRASTRUCTURE
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AS PART OF DEVT PROCESS
GeodesyGeodesy
An interdisciplinary science that uses space technology and ground-based measurements to study the shape and size of the Earth, the planets and their satellites
Photogrammetry and Remote SensingPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing
The technology of acquiring information about the Earth's surface and atmosphere using sensors onboard airplanes or satellites.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
A combination of hardware and software used to manipulate, store, retrieve, view, and analyze spatial data.
LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY:ƒ(slope, soils, landuse-landcover, rainfall)
ELEVATION
SOIL MAP
LANDCOVER-USE MAP
SLOPE MAP/ DEM
HAZARD MAP
RIVERS
SLOPES
Proximity &River Drainage
RISK MAP
Landslide risk sub-model: ƒ(rivers) RAINFALL
•Hazard assessment
•Vulnerability assessment
•Risk Assessment
•GIS mapping and scenario building
Disaster risk management elements
PrePre--Disaster PhasesDisaster Phases PostPost--Disaster phasesDisaster phases
• Risk Identification
•Mitigation •Risk Transfer •Preparedness •EmergencyResponse •Rehabilitation
and •Reconstruction
•Physical/ structural works
• Insurance/ reinsurance
•Early warning systems.
•Communicationsystems
•Humanitarian assistance / rescue
•Rehabilitation/Rconstruction of damaged critical infrastructure
•Land-useplanning and building codes
•Financial market instruments
•Monitoring and forecasting
•Clean uptemporaryrepairs and restoration of services
•Macroeconomic and budget management
•Economic incentives
•Privatization of public services with safety regulations
•Shelter facilities•Emergency planning
•Damage assessment
•Revitalization of affected sectors(exports,tourism)
•Hazard assessment
•Vulnerability assessment
•Risk Assessment
•GIS mapping and scenario building
•Education, training and awareness
•Calamity funds• •Contingency
•planning (utility •companies / •public services)
•Mobilization ofrecovery measures
• Incorporation of disaster mitigation
components in reconstruction
•Early warning systems.
•Communicationsystems
•Monitoring and forecasting
•Shelter facilities•Emergency planning
•Contingency planning (utility companies / public services)
GEOINFORMATION PLAYS A BIG ROLE GEOINFORMATION PLAYS A BIG ROLE
Risk is a spatial problemRisk is a spatial problem
• Hazard:How much water when and where?
• Elements at risk:Which elements where, and how many/much ?
• Vulnerability:How much water where?
Risk is a multidisciplinary spatial problemRisk is a multidisciplinary spatial problem
• Hazard assessment:done by earth scientists, hydrologists, volcanologists, geologists, etc.
• Elements at risk:done by geographers, urban planners, civil engineers
• Cost estimation:done by economists
• Vulnerability:done by structural engineers, civil engineers, social workers
• Risk assessment:Done by GIS experts
Vulnerabilitymap
Risk map
Hazard map
Cost information
Elements at risk
Aerial photographs
Satellite images
GPS
Statistical tables
• Risk is the likelihood orprobability of a hazard event
of a certain magnitude occurring. Risks are measures of the threat of hazards.
• Risk is the actual exposure
of something of human value
to a hazard. Often regarded
as the product of probability and loss..
-ADPC
RISK
Landslide risk input dataLandslide risk input data
Traditional New
Total Risk
Rainfall, intensity, duration, frequency
Landslide Occurrences
Triggering Factors
Elements at Risk
Landslide Hazard X
Specific Risk
Vulnerability X
type, magnitude,time, activity
Earthquake catalog
Building stock
Run-out zones
Amount
P (type, magnitude) / time & location
Temporal probability of landslide initiation
E.g. nr/ $ / object[0..1] / (type,magnitude, distance)
NR/$ loss (type, magnitude) / time
NR/$ loss (type, magnitude) / time
Landslide hazard methods
Heuristic analysis
Statistical analysis
Inventory analysis
Deterministic analysis
m - (distance) /(type, magnitude)
P(type, volume)/ time
EnvironmentalParameters
Population
Infrastructure
Geology,Soil,
Landuse,
Slope, Height
Internal relief,
Hydrology
P(type, volume)/ location
Spatial probability of landslide initiation(Susceptibility)
Vulnerabilityrelations
∑ All landslide types∑ All landslide volumes∑ All triggering events∑ All elements at risk
Spatial landslide risk assessmentSpatial landslide risk assessment
GeoinformationGeoinformation in Disaster Managementin Disaster Management
• Mapping extent of disaster• Damage assessment• Relief coordination• Evacuation
• Disaster relief
• Catalogues with spatial component
• Hazard assessment
• Elements at risk mapping
• Vulnerability assessment
• Risk assessment
• Spatial Decision Support Systems
• Disaster prevention
• Disaster plans
• Anomalies in a time series
• Forecasting & Early warning
• Monitoring of an ongoing situation
• Disaster preparedness
• Post-disaster census
• Identification of sites for reconstruction
• Update hazard, vulnerability
and risk databases
• Disaster recovery
e.g., Use of satellite data for e.g., Use of satellite data for inventory of landslidesinventory of landslides
Risk assessment needs GIS analysisGIS analysis-->Geoinformation awareness for all who are
involved in disaster risk management
Disasters shape the future of our planetDisasters shape the future of our planet(captured in satellite images)(captured in satellite images)
Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space
Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space
Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space
Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space
LandslidesLandslides
• Cherry Hills, August 1999
-Punongbayan 1999
• Panaon Island, December 2003
- The Philippine Star 2003
LandslidesLandslides
• Guinsaugon, February 2006
- US Marines 2006
LandslidesLandslides
Example: Example: Mapping of landslidesMapping of landslides
• Aerial photographs showing landslide scars which have been detected in SPOT (20m resolution) change images
• Two SPOT images were classified (MLC) and post-classification images were compared
• Simple Assumption due to the location of the study area : Change in land cover = natural earth movements
• Detected slides were compared to air photos: Detection rate ~70%
• Errors of commission mainly because of human induced changes
Nichol & Wang (2005)
SCALES OF ANALYSISSCALES OF ANALYSIS
• National Scale- 1:1,000,000 covering the entire country intended
to generate awareness• Regional Scale
- between 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 covering large catchments for reconnaissance & planning
• Medium Scale- between 1:25,000 to 1:100,000 covering a municipality for detailed planning
• Large Scale- between 1:2,000 to 1:25,000 covering a barangay or part of a city for design and mitigation
• Site Investigation Scale- between 1:200 to 1:2,000 covering the area where engineering works will be carried out for detailed design
CommunityCommunity--based approachesbased approaches
Profiles Mapping Transects
Focus group discussions
Livelihood/coping analysis
Problem Tree
Ranking
CVA
DECISION-MAKING
Participatory Design of a GISParticipatory Design of a GIS““The primary medium of participatory design is conversationThe primary medium of participatory design is conversation””
((NovickNovick and Wynn, 1993)and Wynn, 1993)
INVOLVING STUDENTSINVOLVING STUDENTSIN MISSIONIN MISSION--ORIENTED RESEARCHORIENTED RESEARCH
LANDSLIDEHAZARD MAP
INTEGRATING SCIENCE & LOCAL KNOWLEDGEINTEGRATING SCIENCE & LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
CRUCIAL LOCAL OBSERVATIONS TO CONSIDER
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONTHEY ULTIMATELY WRESTLE WITH THE PROBLEMATIC SITUATION
TOWARDS SCIENCE-INFORMED SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
GOVT
PEOPLE
POLICY
ACTION
Academe Expertise
IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE:IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE:
For FLASH FLOODS & LANDSLIDES, the signs to watch out for are:
• Drying up of rivers,• Heavy rains lasting more than 12 hours, • High levels of water in rain gauges (instruments were washed away).
REAL, QUEZON (Feb. 2005)
700Million
• Mitigation & increased preparedness
- Minimize the effects of a hazard by taking the appropriate precautionary actions
- Map high risk areas for different disasters to increase preparedness and ameliorate damage
- This includes the planning for efficient response, public awareness of danger, public education and awareness campaigns, evacuation plans, etc.
• Provision of early warnings
- Continuous monitoring of environmental parameters can allow a developing situation to be identified
- This is routinely done with meteorological satellites to anticipate droughts, forest fires, volcanic eruptions etc.
GeoinformationGeoinformation in Disaster Management in Disaster Management
• Monitor the hazard in real time
- Provide information on the evolution of the event and foresee future stages of the hazard.
• Assess the damage
- Qualitative or quantitative investigation of damage caused by an event, as well as access to the site
• Provide relief- Provide spatial information to maximise effectiveness of
relief efforts (e.g. supply of goods to places of greatest need)- Monitoring of residual hazard to avoid secondary disaster- Aid in local and regional planning to ensure appropriate
rebuilding
GeoinformationGeoinformation in Disaster Managementin Disaster Management
ConclusionsConclusions
• Geo-Information tools have become essential for landslide hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment
• ^ Landslide inventory maps needed !• Joint-learning for geo-hazard risk
preparedness and mitigation.
Large-scale
ConclusionsConclusions
• Earth Observation data can aid during the whole disaster management cycle
• Automation techniques are needed to aid data interpretation
• There is a need for routine monitoring
GeoinformationGeoinformation for Allfor AllRemains a challenge:Remains a challenge:
-- Access to Access to geoinformationgeoinformation-- Competence in handling Competence in handling geoinformationgeoinformation-- Equipment costEquipment cost-- Earth Systems Science EducationEarth Systems Science Education-- Generalized Curriculum for laymanGeneralized Curriculum for layman
ConclusionsConclusions
GOVT
PEOPLE
POLICY
ACTION
Academe Expertise
““Change the perception that disasters are Change the perception that disasters are technical problems for technical peopletechnical problems for technical people””
ConclusionsConclusions
Levels of Participation in Disaster Risk Mgt. Levels of Participation in Disaster Risk Mgt. (Villasis and Cardona, 1999 )
NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTERUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines--DilimanDiliman
TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRYGEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRYUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines--DilimanDiliman
DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERINGTelephone Nos.: (02) 920Telephone Nos.: (02) 920--8924 ; (02) 9818924 ; (02) 981--8500 loc.31248500 loc.3124
TrainingTrainingProgramsProgramsThe UP TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED
GEODESY AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY(TCAGST) is the research and extension arm of the Department of Geodetic Engineering. Together with the National Engineering Center (NEC), it offers training programs, continuing professional education (CPE), and short courses for government employees, practitioners, and other agencies engaged in spatial information production and utilization.
• Training ProgramsThe TCAGST offers training programs featuring courses on applied informatics (Course B+), resource mapping and valuation (Course E+), and geomatics technology update (Course G) suitable for technical, local government personnel and practitioners of geodetic engineering.
• Continuing Professional Education (CPE)The CPE provides modules on geodetic engineering science, geodetic engineering technologies, and geodetic engineering laws as prescribed by the PRC for updating and upgrading the knowledge of licensed geodetic engineers.
• Short Courses (1-2 weeks)Short courses conducted at the TCAGST range from basic to advanced topics in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Specialized topics such as Land Use Mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS, and Sub-meter Positioning using Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) are also being offered.
For more Informaton: Call us at Tel. Nos.: 981-8500 local 3124; Telefax: 920-8924; or email us at this address: [email protected]
Degree ProgramsThe DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC
ENGINEERING offers an undergraduate program in Geodetic Engineering and two graduate programs in Remote Sensing.
• Bachelor of Science in Geodetic EngineeringThis 5-year undergraduate program offers a comprehensive and relevant curriculum highlighting the advanced science and technologies in the fields of surveying, mapping and cartography, geodesy, and geomatics.
• Master of Science in Remote SensingThis graduate program includes 30 units of graduate courses on the principles, advances, and applications of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) including a 6-unit master’s thesis.
• Diploma in Remote SensingThis graduate program offers 24 units of graduate courses on the principles and applications of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems.
The DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING andThe DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING andThe The TRAININGTRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY AND SPACE TECHNOLOGYAND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
OUR VISION:OUR VISION:Our vision is to become an education and research hub for the vast network of our students and graduates in providing excellent and exciting new educational and technical applications of earth and space observation and measurement science.
OUR MISSION:OUR MISSION:Our mission is to bring out the best in our students and together – to develop new ways by which science and technology of earth and space observation and measurement can be strengthened to make it work for the good of our society.
Our Department:Our Department:In 2001, the DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING was conferred the CENTER OF EXCELLENCE award by the Commission on Higher Education in recognition of its academic achievements and excellence in training and educating young geodetic engineers.
A home of the GE Board Exam Topnotchers, with the record of consistently passing professional examinations. The Professional Regulations Commission, through the Board of Geodetic Engineering, recognized the department’s exemplary performance in such examinations.
Our Students:Our Students:Our undergraduate students form a core of skilled, talented, and competitive enthusiasts from various national and science high schools from the different regions of the country.
Our graduate students represent a vast range of disciplines – professionals with engineering background, specialists in geology, geography, agriculture and forestry that reflect the multidisciplinary character of the field of remote sensing and GIS.
“The emerging role of engineers and scientists is to develop new ways of seeing our environment….. in the search for a sustainable society..”
University of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City
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