Rice Productivity Final TNAU CBE Bala 26May2011

8/6/2019 Rice Productivity Final TNAU CBE Bala 26May2011

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26 May 2011Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-Bala

Vethaiya Balasubramanian

ENHANCING RICE

PRODUCTIVITY: CHALLENGESAND OPPORTUNITIES

Intl. Agricultural Consultant & TrainerRamya Nursery Illam42, Thadagam Road (Near TVS Nagar)Coimbatore 641025, IndiaTel: 91-422-240-0327; mobile: 91-94863-94901

E-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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9

876

54321

AD1 500 1000 1500 2000

AD1.2 1650.51850.0

1930.0

1975.0

1999.0

2050.5lobal opulationGrowth-D1 2050

lobal opulationGrowth-D1 2050

BillionBillion

-o o d P o p u la tio nR a c e


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Food: A Weak Link


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Rice: Importance

Particulars Global India

Area (m ha) 155 44

Production, unmilled paddy rice (m

t)

642 142

Food for (% of the totalpopulation)

50 60

Per capita food energy/calorieintake(% of total)

20 30

Per capita protein intake (% oftotal)

13 18

Contribution to GDP (%) -- 18


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iverse Rice Ecosystems

Irrigated Rainfed uplands

Ranifed lowlands Saline Terraced Hill Rice

Reasons for low productivity in IndiaReasons for low productivity in India


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Percent area in different riceecologies

iceEcologies rea( )ha Productiopaddy( )trrigated .4 7 .5 3ainfedlowland 14 .2 0ainfedpland

4 .4lood prone .3 .7Total 44 .41 4

ertilizer N use( g ha -1 ). Irrigated: 139. :Rainfed wetland8. Upland: 36. -Flood prone: 21

India RiceSituation


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Agriculture: Natural Resources

Genetic: rice and other crop varieties Water, land, soil nutrients Weather elements: temperature,

radiation, atmospheric gases (e.g. CO2) Biological organisms: beneficial &

antagonistic External inputs: organic materials,

fertilizers, chemicals

Source: S.P. Kam, IRRI


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1. GR Challenge: Biodiversity Loss



Genetic & BiotechGenetic & BiotechOptionsOptions


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Breeding HY Rice Varieties

A high yielding hybridwith Xa 21gene (fromwild rice) released byCNRRI,China

HYVs: IR8, IR36, IR64, etc.: Yield: 8-10 t ha-1

Hybrid varieties: 10-15% higher yieldAerobic rice varieties: Water-efficient HYVs for non-

puddled rice growingTransgenic varieties: HYVs resistant to insect pests

& diseases & tolerant to flood, drought, salinity, Pdeficiency, etc.

Green Super Rice (GSR): HYVs tolerant to biotic &abiotic stresses and with rapid early growth



Wide Hybridizationfor Disease Resistance and

Abiotic Stress Tolerance

IR73678-6-9-B) derivedfrom O. sativa cvIR64 x O. rufipogonreleased as a nationalvariety (AS996) in2002): tolerant toacid sulfate soils (>100,000 ha in

Mekong Delta,

IR73885-1-4-3-2-1-6derived from O. sativa cvIR64 x O. rufipogonreleased as variety(Matatag 9) in 2002 forcultivation in tungro-prone areas of thePhilippines.

IR 72102-4-159-1-3-3derived from the crossofO. sativa x O.longistaminatareleased as a HYV(NSICRc112) in 2002in the Philippines



Molecular Tagging of Major Genesfor Stress Tolerance

Disease/insect Number of genes Genes taggedBacterial blight 24 Xa1, Xa2, Xa3, Xa4, xa5,

xa10, xa13, Xa21

Blast 30 Pi-1, Pi2, Pi4, Pi5, Pi6, Pi7,Pi9, Pi10

BPH 11 Bph1, Bph10

Gall midge

SubmergenceSalt tolerance

P-deficiencyDrought

6

11

1several

Gm1, Gm2, gm3, Gm4, Gm5,Gm6Sub1 (e.g., Swarna sub1)Saltol

Pop 1106 GSR (drought-tolerant)56 GSR (multiple pests-disease tolerant)



2. Water Use &2. Water Use &IrrigationIrrigation

Issues & OptionsIssues & Options


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Water Resources: Characteristics

Water: Most precious NR essential for life onearth 97.5% saline: oceans, salt lakes

2.5% freshwater: 2.24% glaziers & 0.26% renewablefreshwater in rivers, lakes, aquifers, soil moisture

Highly variable in time & space and continuouslycirculating

India: Water resources 4% annual runoff in global rivers to support 16% of

global population Annual rain: 1120 mm Water flow in Indian rivers:

1863 b m3

Annual per capita: 2340 m3 in 1980 1170 m 3 in

2009due to population growth Agriculture use > 70%-80% of the freshwater



4.6 5.3

10.6

2.3

14.9

51.8

19.6

2.4 2.54

2.11.8 1.5 1.8 2

8.7

20.7

9.9 10.6

4.2

7.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

China India Pakistan UK USA Bangladesh Nepal

1955

1990

2025

Per Capita Water Availabilityin Selected Countries (000 m3)


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Water Loss & Degradation:I. Natural Causes

Tropical weather High temp Rapid evaporation

Destruction of water structures by

cyclones & floods Poor rainfall distribution: droughts,floods Poor water use

Climate change Reduced rainfall, sea-

level rise & salinization of coastalaquifers


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Water Loss & DegradationII. Human-made Causes

Pollution of surface waters: Dumping of sewage,industrial & hospital wastes in water bodies

Uncontrolled, excessive soil mining from riverbedsReduced recharge of aquifers

Encroachment & blocking of natural waterways Poor maintenance and/or closure village/temple

tanks, ponds, wells

Over-exploitation of groundwater 500-600 m

deep wells heavy metals (Arsenic) Poor adoption of water harvesting methods:

household, roadside, large buildings, villagelevel, state level, national


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Annual Water Demand by Vario

Sectors

83%

5% 7%

5%

irr igation domestic industry energy

Annual Water Demand by Vario

Sectors

69%

11%

15%

5%

irr igation domestic industry energy

2000

2025

1.10-15% less in share

of irrigation

2. Higher generation of wastewater


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Water supply

A major economicdriver in 21st Century


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Coping with Water Shortages

Improve the use of all watersources

Treat and reuse non-traditional watersources (waste water, brackishgroundwater, seawater, mine water)

Use non-traditional water for cooling& processing in power plants

Switch to renewable energytechnologies (wind, solar) that donot need water for cooling

Condense evaporation from coolingtowers for reuse

Conserve and efficiently use all water


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Rice Farming: Enhancing Water Use

Efficiency


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Water Use Per kg Grain

Rice :3000-4000 l

Wheat:800 l

Irrigated rice variety:For each day reduction in duration,farmers can save 50,000 l water ha-1

Crops/Varieties vs.

Water Use


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03 April 2008Rice NRM-TVM-Kerala (Bala)

Precision Land Levelingon Water Use & Yield of Unpuddled TPR

Leveling method Water use(m3 ha-1)

% Savingin water

Rice yield(kg ha-1)

WP(kg m-3)Laser leveling 6900 31 5800 0.84

Traditional leveling 9050 - 5500 0.61

Mean of 40 farmer participatory trials (Source: R.K. Gupta, 2005)


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Improving Water Use-I

Efficient irrigation: Drip, Fertigation,AWD, farmer-managed small irrigationsystems

Groundwater irrigation >> Surfaceirrigation

Water harvesting systems:

houses & large buildings, road & highwaysides, village level State level National level

restore tanks/ponds/wells

groundwater recharge (excess flood


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Improving Water Use-II

Dryland agriculture: Farm ponds,life-saving irrigation at critical cropstages, portable sprinklers, solar-

powered water pumps, etc. Better climate prediction-

warning & crop insurance

systems


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Agriculture & Water Use

Water use

parameters

Water source

Rainfall Surfaceirrigation

GroundwaterirrigationWater volume High Moderate Low

Reliability Low Medium tovariable

High, on-demandirrigation

Crop yields Low, variable High Highest

Productionrisks

High Low Lowest

Possibility ofPrecisionagriculture

No Yes Yes

Energy use forirrigation

Nil Low High

FarmersPreference

Low High Highest


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3. Land Issues


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Land Availability Issues

Land area limited Land available per capita

decreasing fast:

Population growth Conversion of farm land to other

uses: housing, recreation, industry,infrastructure

Degradation of land: desertification, salinity, etc.

Deterioration of irrigation

infrastructure


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Land-use Change Issues


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Land Management Options

Reduced & zero tillage Direct seeding under crop residues Vegetation cover, mulching, barriers

across slopes Rehabilitation of degraded lands:

Rehabilitation of saline-alkaline lands Recovery of nutrient depleted land:

efficient, crop need-based nutrient mgt Polluted land: waste treatment

nutrients recovery & use


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Planting Rice-Wheat into Loose Residues

Less weeds; better moisture conservation; &higher OM addition


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Mulch: Brown Manuring in DSR

qNo additional irrigation water neededqReduces weed population by nearly half, controls second flushqRecycles nutrients & supplies 15-20 kg N ha-1


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4. Soil ResourceDegradation Issues & options


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Soil Resource Degradation


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Nutrient umber of development blocks withndicated nutrient statusLow Medium HighN 228 118 8

P 170 184 17

K 47 194 122

S S deficiency scattered over 130 districts

Mg Very acid soils in Kerala and other southern states

deficient in Mg

Zn % ,50 of 200 000 soil samples analyzed found deficient inZn

Fe , Widespread Zn deficiency in upland calcareous soils

B ,Parts of West Bengal Karnataka and Kerala deficient in B

utrient deficiencies in Indian Soils( - - )PI Canada India 2000


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Progressive Depletion ofProgressive Depletion ofSoil Nutrients - IndiaSoil Nutrients - India


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Motto:

Use All NutrientSources

To Maintain SoilFertility


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BNF: Green ManuresRich in N, K, Ca & Mg; Poor in P & S


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Biosolid Wastes: Nutrients + Energy

Home composter: 3-pots method Rural composting: Pile or pit methods

Vermi-composting

Mesophilic or Thermophilic digesters:Industrial, municipal use

ING-N2010-Delhi-N Forms-Bala03-07 Dec 2010


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Potential Nutrient ContributionOrganic Wastes - India

W t W t M t O ti


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Waste Water Management Options


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Eco-san Toilet: Waste RecyclingDeveloped by SCOPE

Treated Urine as Liquid Fertilizer for Rice


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Treated Urine as Liquid Fertilizer for Rice(Trial by SCOPE + TNAU)

W t t A i lt


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Wastewater Agriculture


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27-29 Nov 2010CRRI-Rice-2010 WS- Sust NRM (Bala)

Animal Farming & Manure Mgt

Reduce CH4 production: Improvingfeeds, feed additives, grass

Small farm crop-animal systems:

Coupling crops & animals cropresidues for animals & manure forland

Mesophilic & thermophilicdigestion of manure: Recoverenergy & nutrient-rich sludge,recycled water for crops


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31 Oct 2008MD Team - MD Rice PPT New Delhi (Bala)

Fertilizer Use:Challenges & Options

F t C t lli NUE


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Factors Controlling NUE

Nitrogen Flows in Food Chain, China 2005


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Nitrogen Flows in Food Chain, China 2005(Ma et al 2010)

Add 13 kg N toFood-Chain

1 kg Food-N toConsumers

NUE (%)Crops: 26Animals: 11Food Chain: 9

External N supply Options


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External N supply Options

Mi i i L k f N i t E i t


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Soil N Supply

Plant N Demand

SynchronizeSynchronize

MineralFertilizer

INS: LegumesResidues, Orgwastes, SOM

Minimize Leakage of N into EnvironmentImprove N-Use Efficiency


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Precision Farming Developed CountriesComputer-GPS-Variable Rate N Application


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N Management Tools

a b


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INM: Principles


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31 Oct 2008MD Team - MD Rice PPT New Delhi (Bala)


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SSNM Approach for Irrigated Rice

Adjust fertilizer rates and timingto location and season-specificconditions Use organic sources + fertilizers

(INM) Feed rice with nutrients as per

crop need Use of LCC for N and OP for P and K Balance N, P, and K in ratio required

by rice Apply K in 2 splits (50% basal & 50%

at PI)


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11-13 Aug 2010ICPN-2010-Custom Nut Mgt (Bala)

4. GHG Emissions &

Climate Change

5. Weather Elements:

Climate Challenge &Climate Adaptation

Sector-wise Global GHG Emissions (2000)


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Sector-wise Global GHG Emissions (2000)(Source: Wikipedia)


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Rice cultivation

23%

Manure

management

5%

Emission from

soils

12%

Enteric

fermentation

59%

Crop residues

1%

-Sector wise,GHG Emissions

India

,GHG EmissionsIndian

Agriculture


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mprove water and fertilizer use in:ice & ,fertilizer tates timing,nitrification inhibitors controlled

,release fertilizers nano fertilizermolecules

mprove management of livestockopulation and their diet ncrease soil carbon sequestration :

/ , ,minimal zero tillage residue managementlive mulches

mprove energy use efficiency in:griculture -energy efficient farm,machines conservation agricultural

( )tillage practices

educing Emission of GHGs fromice Fields

AK Shukla, CRRI


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Effect of Nimin and DCD on cumulative N2O emission

from flooded rice, Cuttack

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Control Urea-N Urea-N+Nimin Urea+N+DCD

N2Of

lu

x(kg/ha)

Mitigation of GHGs - N2O

Use of nitrification inhibitors

AK Shukla, CRRI

Nit id iti ti ith it ifi ti


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Nitrification inhibitor Mitigation (%)

Dicyandiamide (DCD) 13-42

Neem cake 10-21Neem oil 15-21

Nimin 25-30

Coated Ca-carbide 12-29Thiosulphate 15-20

Nitrous oxide mitigation with nitrificationinhibitor

Source: Pathak et al. (2001, 2007), Majumdar et al. (2002), Malla et al.(2005), Jain et al. (2010)

GWP in Different RCTs in Modipuram India


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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

FP Mid

drain

Bed

DSR

Bed

TPR

ZT

DSR

ZT

TPR

GWP(k

gCO2equi.ha-1) Rice Wheat

alculated GWP is more in the conventionalystem because of more methane emission inontinuously submerged condition in rice andore fuel consumption for tillage and

GWP in Different RCTs in Modipuram, India

Cli ti Ad t ti i A i lt


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Climatic Adaptation in Agriculture:

A Continuous Process1.Agriculture diversity is a manifestationof climatic adaptation

2.Farmers/society have always adaptedwhen allowed by technologyavailability, their socio-economiccapacity, and economics

3.Induced adaptation by innovation: Green revolution of 1960s

Resource conservation technologiessuch as zero tillage

GMOs

AK Shukla, CRRI

Traditional adaptations/coping strategies to


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Traditional adaptations/coping strategies toclimatic stress practiced by farmers

Drought proofing by mixed cropping

Low yielding, tolerant crops

Resource conservation

Single croppingFrost management by irrigation

Heat stress alleviation by frequent irrigation

Shelter belts

Water harvesting structures

AK Shukla, CRRI

Ad t ti O ti t Cli ti Ch


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Adaptation Options to Climatic Change:Autonomous

qChanging varieties/cropsqAltering fertiliser rates & methods to be more suited

to the prevailing climate

qEfficient irrigation methods: groundwater >>>

surface water; conjunctive water use

qWater harvesting for rainfed agriculture

qConserve soil moisture (e.g. crop residue retention)

qAltering the timing & location of farming activitiesqDiversifying: livestock raising, crop processing

AK Shukla, CRRI


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Enhancing Rice Productivity

Raising yield:Integratingtechnologies - ICM

Increasing croppingintensity

Reducing crop losses &adding value

Crop diversification

Increasing net

profitability Sustainability

Ecological, Sustainable Yield Increases


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Ecological, Sustainable Yield Increases

Improving soil fertility Judicial, balanced fert. use; reducing soil erosion;enhancing soil structure; improving plants access towater & nutrients; improving crop rotations

Avoid soil mining practices

INM strategies for efficient nutrient

use SSNM, IPNS, ISFM, etc. Seed quality, seeding rates & early

crop mgt Timely field operations -

mechanization Improved integrated disease andinsect pest management (IPM) Host plant resistance: HYVs with resistance to major

stresses such as drought, flood, salinity, insect pestsand pathogens

Improved post-harvest processing and

ICM Options GAPICM Options GAP


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ICM Options GAPICM Options GAP

1 seedling perhill - 25 x 25

Inter-rowcultivation

SSNM

AdaptedHYV

Good seed

Robust,young

seedlings

Modifiedmat

nursery

Appropriate Mechanization Options


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pp op a e ec a a o Op o s(Timely field operations, higher labor productivity, higher yield &

quality produce)

Total Food Waste in Developed and Developing countries


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Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-BalaPublished by AAAS

H. C. J. Godfray et al., Science 327, 812-818 (2010)

Total Food Waste in Developed and Developing countries


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Reducing Crop/Food Losses

INM: Improving soil health Better flood control and drainage IPM: Minimizing crop damage by insect

pests and diseases Mechanization for timely operations Better harvest and post-harvest

processing

Improving storage Improving packaging and transportation

Post Harvest Options


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Post-Harvest OptionsReducing losses after production


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Way Forward

Unsustainable Intensive Farming:


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Unsustainable Intensive Farming:Any Solutions?

Organic farming : Can it be analternative?

Advantages claimed by proponents Food safety

Environmental health Resource conservation Preservation of biodiversity Sustainability Local food economy

Difficulties Population growth (9.5 billion by 2050): Can it

feed all? Availability and processing of inputs High labor needs: Can automation in

processing help?

S t i bl P d ti S t


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Sustainable Production Systems

System Sustainability


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1. Increase land productivity

Variety, Quality seed, Improved nurserymgt., Balanced fertilization, ICM

2. Increase labor productivity

Appropriate mechanization options

3. Increase resource use efficiencyWater-saving options, SSNM, IPM

4. Reduce grain losses

Resistant varieties, IPM, IWM, Reducepost-harvest losses

5. Improve grain quality

6. Diversify crops & enterprises

System Sustainability

Increase profitability Environmental qualitywith food security

1. Air quality & CO2 prod.

Reduce residue burning

2. Water qualityEfficient Fert., pesticide use

3. Ground water depletion

Water-saving, farm ponds

3. Global warming

Less methane, N2O emiss.

5. Biodiversity erosion

Mixed planting of varieties,preservation of local var


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