Rice Today Vol. 7, No. 4

8/9/2019 Rice Today Vol. 7, No. 4

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Rice TodayOctober-December 2008ISSN 1655-5422 US$5.00

www.irri.org

International Rice Research Institute October-December 2008, Vol. 7, No. 4

RicecRis

Thaftrma

Can organic agriculture feed Asia?

What next for Sri Lanka?

The long roadIs intensive farming sustainable?

Thai rice industry

Shaking the invisible hand

Rice on the up in Africa


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contents

Rice TodayOctober-December 2008

International Rice Research InstituteDAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, PilippinesWeb (IRRI): www.irri.org; www.irri.org/ricetodayWeb (Library): ttp://ricelib.irri.cgiar.orgWeb (Rice Knowledge Bank): www.knowledgebank.irri.org

Rice Todayeditorialtelepone: (+63-2) 580-5600 or (+63-2) 844-3351 to 53, ext 272fax: (+63-2) 580-5699 or (+63-2) 845-0606; email: a.barclay@cgia

coer poto Tareke Berhe

publiserDuncan MacintosheditorAdam Barclayart director Juan Lazaro IVdesigner and production superisor Grant Lecetacontributors Gene Hettel, Meg Mondoedo, Bill Hardy

Africa editor Savitri Mohapatra (Africa Rice Center WARDA)poto editor Chris Quintanapoto researcer William Sta. ClaracirculationLourdes Columbresprinter Print Town Group

Rice Todayis publised by te International Rice Researc Institute (IRRI), te worldsleading international rice researc and training center. Based in te Pilippines and witofces in 13 other countries, IRRI is an autonomous, nonprot institution focused on

improing te well-being of present and future generations of rice farmers and consumers,particularly tose wit low incomes, wile presering natural resources. IRRI is one of15 centers funded troug te Consultatie Group on International Agricultural Researc(CGIAR), an association of public and priate donor agencies. For more information, isitte CGIAR Web site (www.cgiar.org).

Responsibility for tis publication rests wit IRRI. Designations used in tis sould not be construed as expressing IRRI policy or opinion on te legal stacountry, territory, city, or area, or its autorities, or te delimitation of its f

boundaries.Rice Todaywelcomes comments and suggestions from readers. Potential coare encouraged to query rst, rather than submit unsolicited materials. Rassumes no responsibility for loss of or damage to unsolicited submissions, wbe accompanied by sufcient return postage.

CopyrightInternationalRice Research Institute 2008

This magazine is copyrighted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and islicensedor use undera Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0License(Unported).Unlessotherwisenoted, usersareree tocopy,duplicate,orreproduce,anddistribute,display,or transmitanyo thearticlesor portionsothe articles,andto maketranslations,adaptations, orother derivative worksunder the ollowing conditions:

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ediToRiAl ................................................................ 4Unleashing Arica's rice potential

News ......................................................................... 5Global ood situation at a crossroads

Food shortages as rat plague spreads

Myanmar recovering ater cyclone

PeoPle ....................................................................10Keeping up with IRRI sta

Moving on

Partners in progress

New books ............................................................11The rice tungro virus disease: a paradigm in disease

management

Appreciating Rice

Popong eats his rice

ReciPe .....................................................................11Hainanese chicken rice

MAPs .......................................................................12Simulating water stress

A louR blooMs ..................................................14Rice our-based products are booming in Japan,

orcing the country to change the way it thinksabout agriculture

The iRRi PioNeeR iNTeRviews ...........................16Kwanchai Gomez: Figures, ake guns, and und-raising

The loNg RoAd ....................................................20Forty-ve years o painstaking research have shown

that modern, intensive rice arming is sustainableand can even improve soil health

sNAPshoT ..............................................................22IRRIs Long-Term Continuous Cropping Experiment

has shown that intensive rice production can besustainable

MoviNg uP iN eThioPiA ......................................24I successul, initiatives to boost rice production in

Ethiopia can help the country achieve ood security

shAkiNg The iNvisible hANd ...........................26How much are rice armers in Asia benetting rom

higher prices? With dierent governments tryingdierent strategies, RiceToday looks at the situationin Thailand.

MANAgeMeNT MAde eAsy.................A new decision-making tool is helping ric

optimize their use o nutrient inputs

The uN is iN The diRT .......................RiceToday interviews Achim Dobermann,

and new deputy director general or rethe International Rice Research I nstituwork, and what could have been

hARvesTiNg seReNdiPiTy .................Rice production in Sri Lanka has a long an

historybut the country aces steep cthe uture is to be as bountiul as the p

Rice AcTs .............................................Rice crisis: the atermath

What has happened, what has changeare the challenges ahead?

gRAiN o TRuTh ..................................Can organic agriculture eed Asia?

on t r:Ethiopian armer

Zeineba Taha in herrice eld at Chewaka.


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NEWS http://ricenews.irri.org

Rice TodayOctober-December 2008 Rice TodayOctober-December 2008

Declining agriculturalp r o d u c t i v i t y a n dcontinued growing demandhave brought the world foodsituation to a crossroads.Failure to act now througha wholesale reinvestment

in agricultureincludingresearch into improvedtechnologies, infrastructuredevelopment, and training

and education of agriculturalscientists and trainerscould lead to along-term crisis that makes the pricespikes of 2008 seem a mere blip.

This stark warning, in line with

calls from organizations such as theWorld Bank, the World Food Program,and Asian Development Bank (ADB),

was issued by members of the Board ofTrustees (BOT) of the International Rice

Research Institute (IRRI) followingtheir meeting on 16-19 September atInstitute headquarters in Los Baos,Philippines.

The global community needs toremember two key things, said BOTChair Elizabeth Woods. First, thatgrowth in agricultural productivityis the only way to ensure that people

have access to enough affordable food.Second, that achieving this is a long-term effort. A year or two of extrafunding for agricultural research isnot enough. To ensure that improved

technologies ow from the research anddevelopment pipeline, a sustained re-investment in agriculture is crucial.

Dr. Woods pointed out that the

annual rice yield growth rate hasdropped to less than 1% in recent years,

compared with 23% during the GreenRevolution period of 1967-90. Basedon projected income and populationgrowth, annual productivity growth

of almost 1.5% will be needed at leastuntil 2020.

The meeting coincided with the

release of a report by the Food andAgriculture Organization of the United

Nations stating that higher food pricesare partly to blame for the number ofhungry people growing by 75 million toaround 925 million worldwide.

Higher prices have already forcedthe Philippine government to scaledown efforts to overcome malnutritionamong children. The government hascut its Food for School Program from

the top 40 food-poorest provinces tothe top 20. The country, which wasthe worlds largest importer in 2007, isexpecting to import around 1.5 milliontons of rice in 2009.

Another ADB report, releasedin September, argued that, for Asiancountries to prevent future food pricesurges, agriculture needs wide-scale

structural reform and that, withdemand remaining higher than supply,

any supply shock w o u l d f u r t h e ri ncreas e cereal

prices. Althoughthe export priceof rice has settledfrom more than

US$1,000 per tonin May to around$700 per ton, itis still double thep r i ce of 1 y ear

ago.T h e h i g h e r

p r i c e s , a l o n g

Global food situation at a crossroads

with favorable weather, helplanting area and produseveral countries, includi

and Pakistan. India is maintexport restrictions on non

varieties, although there ieliminating or loosening thecoming months.

Despite a 7.4% drop in because of export restrictiprices allowed Vietnam to ear$2.4 billionup almost 92007from rice exports in

nine months of 2008. Thailanthe few major exporters not trestrictions, was on track million tons of exports this y

January to 18 September, exported 8.08 million tons 39% jump over the same perio

At $4.91 billion, the value owas more than double that for

period in 2007.The current crisis ser

timely wake-up call for govemultilateral organizations, an

to refocus on agriculture.national and international bocalled for a second Green Revone that needs to increase prosustainably, with ever-fewer re

to feed the world in the face of population and shrinking lanagricultural uses.

joseraymondpanaligan

ChrisantoQuintana

exprt pr r r

Source: FAO RicePrice UpdateOctober 2

IRRI BOARD Cair Elizabet Wood.

RICE vEnDORs at a mareti Maila, Pilippie.

1,100

1,000

600

500

400

300

US$/ton

US 2/4%

Thai 100%B

Viet 5%

Pak Irri-25%

Thai A1 Super

S

ep-07

N

ov-07

Jan-08

M

ar-08

700

800

900

200

M

ay-08


4/23



Improved agricultural productivitycan help developing countries reducetheir reliance on emergency food relief

following natural disasters. This isone of the conclusions of a team ofIRRI scientists who visited cyclone-devastated Myanmar in August.

Cy clone N argi s d evas tatedMyanmars Ayeyarwaddy (Irrawaddy)Delta area on 2-3 May, leaving morethan 140,000 people dead or missingand causing an estimated 1.2-million-

ton (6%) drop in rice production,jeopardizing the countrys food securityand exports. In hard-hit areas closer tothe coast, planted area was down 25%

because of a lack of labor, infrastructure,equipment, and draft animals.

On 26 and 28 August, IRRI

scientists T.P. Tuong, David Johnson,Abdelbagi Ismail, Grant Singleton, and

Ruben Lampayan met in Yangon withrepresentatives from the United NationsDevelopment Program, the Food and

Agriculture Organization, and theMyanma Agriculture Service (MAS) to

discuss IRRI's role in plans to increase

ood shortages as rat plague spreads

People living in the bordering areas ofdia, Bangladesh, and

yanmar continuestruggle against

e rat plague thatdestroying their

ce production. Thet p op u lati on i nis area explodesery 50 years or soparallel with the

owering of a nativeecies of bamboo,hich provides foodr the rodents. When

e bamboo suppliese exhausted, the ratsrn to the regions rice elds (for more,

e Preparing for the rat race on pages-35 of Rice Today Vol. 6, No. 3).

Mizoram State in India, Chinate in Myanmar, and the Chittagongll Tract in Bangladesh have all beenfected badly. An August report bye Chin Human Rights Organization

timates that around 200 villages

are affected by severefood shortages andmore than 100,000

people are in need ofimmediate food aid.

I n M i z o r a m ,a r o u n d 1 5 0 , 0 0 0

families have beenaffected. Accordingt o t h e M i z o r a mg o v e r n m e n t , t h estates rice harvest was

decimated, droppingfrom 73,600 tons in2005 to around 8,500tons in 2007.

The Australian Agency f or Inter-

national Development contributed

US$400,000 in humanitarian aid toBangladesh for the Chittagong Hill

Tract through the World Food Programand the United Nations DevelopmentProgram. However, it is anticipatedthat substantial further assistance will

be required to help the affected people

get back on their feet.

Majr t nt r Taan

M inistries, government agencies, andthe private sector will join orces inThailand to stage one o Asias largest-everbiotechnology events in Bangkok on 25-27November 2008.

The Thailand Center o Excellence orLie Sciences, together with the NationalCenter or Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology and exhibition organizerPico (Thailand), will stage BioAsia 2008,a major international biotechnologyconerence and exhibition.

The event aims to stamp Thailandas an Asian biotechnology hub bybringing together more than 5,000researchers, academics, investors, andcommercial developers o biotechnologyproducts at the Queen Sirikit NationalConvention Centre, as well as more than40 distinguished speakers rom aroundthe world.

Dr. Juan Enriquez, the Founding Directoro the Harvard Business School LieSciences Project and author o the globalbestseller As the Future Catches You, willdeliver a keynote address at the event.More inormation is avai lable atwww.bioasiabangkok.com or by [email protected].

Myanmar recovering after cyclone

rice production during the coming dry-season crop and the 2009 wet-seasoncrop. On 27 August, the team visited

two townships (Kun Yangon of YangonDivision and Daedaye of AyeyarwaddyDivision) in Nargis-affected areas.

U San Nyunt, general manager

of MAS Seed Division, said that thekey rice needs of Myanmar are morefertilizer for high-yielding varieties andimproved production of high-qualityseed. The government has asked IRRI

for seeds of salt-tolerant rice varieties,and the MAS Seed Division needsequipment to monitor salinity levels infarmers elds and on seed farms.

Salt-tolerant high-yielding varietieswill be important, particularly to replacethe low-yielding varieties being grown

in coastal areas. IRRI plans to providesome of its more than 800 salt-tolerant

breeding lines for testing by MAS.IRRI, through the Irrigated

Rice Research Consortium and theConsortium for Unfavorable RiceEnvironments, will provide guidance on

best-management options. The Institute

also plans to support Myanmto improve seed storage and

farmers save irrigation fuel costhe use of water-saving techn

A disaster of Nargiss hurt any country, said Drbut a robust and efcient agsector helps people get backfeet faster and with less

emergency aid.

500,000 donation for IRRI

RI has received a donation of materialsorth $500,000 from 5 PRIME, a

ermany-based company that produceschnologies and reagents for moleculariology applications. The donationcludes technologies and reagents

r DNA isolation, amplication, andolecular analysis and will strengthen

RRIs research capabilities in itsork to achieve more efficient andeaper rice production, including the

velopment of drought-tolerant ricerieties. We are very proud to supportis extremely important researchission with our technologies, said 5

RIME chief executive ofcer Berndaase. Molecular biology is one of theys to generating scientic advancesat may not only reduce hunger inveloping countries but also spark

eir subsequent economic growthd ultimately lift more people out ofverty.

Vietnam ood plan

The Vietnamese government plans tospend around $146 million between

now and 2010 to build dikes andrelocate thousands of rice farmers

because of heavy seasonal floodingin its fertile Mekong River Delta. The

program would help 33,000 familiesresettle in areas away from landslidesand oods. About one-fth of Vietnams86 million people live in the Cuu Long(Mekong) River Delta, which produces

more than half of the countrys paddyoutput and supplies more than 90%of its commercial rice. Funding willcome from the state budget, grants,

and loans from the state-run VietnamDevelopment Bank. Floods arrive

between August and November eachyear in the Delta.

Yield gene discoeredA team of scientists has identied a genethat controls the size and weight of r ice

grains. The study, by Chinese and U.S.researchers, shows that it is possible toincrease rices yield by enhancing the

expression of a particular gene. Thescientists initially found strains of ricethat exhibited underweight grains. Inone such strain, the cause was identied

as a mutation in the GIF1 gene, which isresponsible for controlling the activityof invertase, an important enzymeinvolved in the formation of starch

within developing grains of rice. If

invertase is inactive, the rice plantcannot produce edible grains. Invertaseactivity in the mutant strain was only17% of that in the normal strain. The

team then created transgenic lines ofrice in which GIF1 is overexpressedand found that, compared with normalstrains, the rice had larger and heaviergrains. The study was published on 28

September in an early online edition ofNature Genetics, and will be featured inthe journals November print issue.

Rice in blood pressure?

Scientists from Tokyo University havedeveloped transgenic rice plants with

high levels of nicotianamine (NA), asubstance that inhibits the function ofa key enzyme involved in hypertension(high blood pressure). Inhibition of

angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) leads to reduced hypertension,the leading cause of cardiovasculard i s e a s e a n d c e r e b r a l s t r o k e ,affecting around 1 billion individuals

worldwide. The scientists found thatNA derived from the transgenic ricestrongly inhibited ACE activity, evencompared with commercially available

antihypertensive medicine. The workappears in the September 2008 issueof Plant biotechnology journal.

New zinc testA new zinc fertilizer test kit enablesbuyers, distributors, and researchers toevaluate the purity of their zinc fertilizer

prior to field use. Launched in thePhilippines on 12 August by PhilippineDepartment of Agriculture Secretary

Arthur Yap, the kit has potentialacross Asia, where zinc deciency isan increasingly important problem inrice production. The kit, developed by

IRRI scientists Jack Jacob and SarahBeebout, provides a rapid color-chart-

based test to determine the zinc contentof zinc sulfate fertilizer, without theneed for a laboratory or electricity.

2,300-year-old riceA pot of rice has been recovered from asoil layer believed to belong to the 3rd

century BC from the archaeological sitein Tissamaharamaya, Sri Lanka. Thesoil layer, 4.5 meters below the surface,recently yielded ruins of a residentialcomplex of noblemen. Tissamaharama-

ya is believed to have been the capital ofthe Magama Kingdom in Ruhuna, and

Akurugoda, the site of the excavations,

is believed to be the inner ckingdom. Excavations are c

jointly by the Sri Lankan Arc

cal Department and the ArchaInstitute of Germany.

Terraces lose deelopmeThe Philippine Department o(DOT) has turned down adevelop the Ifugao rice te$930,000 proposal to develop

village in the area was not in

the proposed 2009 budget bwould push the departmenits budget ceiling for next yDOT had proposed the purch

hectares of rice terraces for thMany farmers were no longetheir terraces because doinglonger economically viable. TNations Educational, Scien

Cultural Organization (UNEincluded the rice terraces on

world heritage sites since 199

Kenaplin/Csiro

A ARMER ow te eigt ote Ccloe nargi tidal urge.



5/23



oost for troubled farmers

he Food and Agriculture Organizationthe United Nations (FAO) will provide00,000 to increase rice production innict- and ood-affected districts of

i Lanka. The project Input supply tolnerable populations under Initiative

n Soaring Food Prices has beennded in response to a request by thei Lankan government for assistance

combating the soaring food prices.AO will provide funds to renovate000 hectares of former rice land andstribute seed to the farmers in the

oblem areas. Six hundred metric tonscertied seed will be distributed toe target families in collaboration

th the Department of Agriculture inatticaloa, Ampara, Polonnaruwa, and

nuradhapura districts.

RRI memorial fundhe Asia Rice Foundation USA hastablished an IRRI memorial fund to

emorialize with a donation in theirames former IRRI staff membersho have passed away. The Foundationtablished the fund in 2005. Half of

e income is used for a program topport young scholars involved in ricesearch. The other half is invested to

grow an endowment fund for long-term

support of rice research. Donationsthrough July 2008 total $12,500.The U.S. Internal Revenue Servicehas given Asia Rice Foundation USA,

Inc. nonprot status and all donationsare tax-deductible. Donations can

be sent to Hugh Murphy at Asia RiceFoundation USA, Inc., 150 Kala HeightsDrive, Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;

email [email protected].

Of all te peopleOf all the people in all the world is

an exhibition that uses grains of riceto bring abstract statistics to life ina startling way. According to the

exhibitors, Each grain of rice equals oneperson and you are invited to compare

the one grain that is you to the millionsthat are not. Over a period of days, ateam of performers carefully weighs outquantities of rice to represent a host ofhuman statistics, including populations

of towns and cities; global or regionalnumbers of doctors versus numbersof soldiers; the number of people whoare born and who die each day; and t he

number of people who die in disastersand warfare. The statistics, which arearranged in labeled piles that form an

ever-changing landscape of rice, can

be moving, shocking, celebratory, witty,and thought-provoking. For moreinformation on the UK exhibition, see

www.stanscafe.co.uk/ofallthepeople.

Less water = less arsenicRice grown aerobically in unoodedf i eld s ( l i ke wheat and m ai ze)accumulates less arsenic than rice

grown in puddled conditions, accordingto a study by a team of UK and Chineseresearchers. In several countries,including Bangladesh and India, rice

is a major source of human exposure toarsenic, which has been linked to ca ncerand other diseases. The problem occurs

when farmers ood rice paddies witharsenic-contaminated irrigation water.

The scientists compared rice plantsgrown in ooded soil in greenhouseconditions with rice plants grownunder aerobic conditionsa techniquedeveloped initially to conserve water.

The aerobically grown rices arseniclevel was 10 to 15 times lower thanthat of ooded rice. Their study waspublished in the 1 August issue of

the American Chemical SocietysEnvironmental science & technology

journal.


TERRy JACOBsEn, IRRI ead o operatio, admo-ie ome Italia wo didt eat teir rice. TeChiesa dei Morti(Curc o te Dead), i Urbaia,Ital, a bee ome to mummie ice 33.Te bodie were aturall preered b a mold tataborbed te corpe moiture.

GREAT WALL o rice: IRRI crop piologitTagu Laarge ad o nata ( left) adRmi tae te magazie to Cia.

ThE CITy o loe become, at lat, te cit orice. IRRI cietic editor Te Rola wit RiceTodayi rot o te Eiel Tower i Pari.

EyEs On te rice: ormer IRRI cietitRulx Medoza about to core etaoter goal orRice Today.

Leadership Course for Asian Women

in Agriculture R&D and Extension

IRRI Training Center, Los Baos, Philippines, 213 March 2009

Topics include Asian women in the workpl ace; mainstreaming genderconcerns in the workplace; leadership and management; personalitydevelopment; developing work-related knowledge and skills; andrelating to others.For more details, contact Dr. Thelma Paris ([email protected]) or Dr. NoelMagor ([email protected]).

Ecological management of rodents, weeds,

and rice diseasesbiological

and social dimensions

IRRI Training Center, Los Baos, Philippines, 1627 March 2009

The themes for the course are ecologically-based pest management withan emphasis on rodents and weeds; applying social science knowledgein decision analysis of pest and disease problems; farmer participatoryresearch. Presenters at the course include Emeritus Professor CharlesKrebs, Dr. Grant Singleton, Dr. David Johnson, Dr. Serge Savary, Dr. FlorPalis, and Dr. K.L. Heong.For more details, contact Dr. Grant Singleton ([email protected]).

Dear Executive Editor,

My respects to you all. I am writing to Rice Today because I will give itsarticles and those o RIPPLE to some low-price journals and magazinesrom a private media group. I will distribute interesting articles on riceproduction development and rice science or media groups and somepublic libraries ree o charge as a general volunteer worker. I am a low-income person. I do various personal work, part-time nonproft work,

and charitable work.I will use those articles or interested persons r om various sections.

I really hope that many armers or persons interested in armingwill obtain some general knowledge in local language, Myanmar, aterI distribute articles about rice science and rice production. I have beenaware that natural disasters happened in the Philippines and around theworld. Please pray or all people who died rom these natural disastersand all the rest who survived around the world, including those inMyanmar.

With best wishes, yours respectully,Mr. Than Htaik (a) Manan

Letter TRAINING COURSES AT IRRI


6/23


PEOPLEeeping up with IRRI staff

Graham McLaren, whoheaded the IRRI-Internationalaize and Wheat Improvement

enter (CIMMYT) Crop Researchformatics Laboratory (CRIL) fromformation in 2006, has left the

stitute to lead the Generation

hallenge Programs Subprogram onoinformatics and Crop Informationstems. Dr. McLaren will besed at CIMMYT headquarters

Mexico. Thomas Metzcomes interim head of CRIL.

Plant biotechnologist Inezamet-Loedin joined the Institute 4 August. Her duties will include

e development of transgenicoducts carrying agronomically

mportant genes and validation of

e function of candidate genes.yung-Ho Kang, senior scientist

lant breeding), joined IRRI 11 August to work under theoject Germplasm Utilization forlue Added. Molecular biologist

jay Kohli started at IRRI on September. His duties includessecting genetic pathways fory agronomic traits and applyingnomics tools to validate gene

nction. Entomologist Finbarrorgan is scheduled to arrive ate Institute in October. His dutiesclude the development of strategiesintegrate plant resistance with

tural biological control and cropanagement practices to enhancestainable pest management.ona Farrell, new head of IRRIs

uman Resource Services, arrivedSeptember. She replaced actingad Paramjit Sachdeva.

Devendra Gauchan and.N. Singh have been appointed

postdoctoral fellows under thell & Melinda Gates Foundationoject on stress-tolerant rice.

r. Gauchan, based at IRRIs

hilippine headquarters, willnduct socioeconomic research,cluding analysis of livelihoodstems of farmers in stress-proneinfed (nonirrigated) environments.

r. Singh, based in India, willovide technical and logisticalpport in the planning, design,

coordination, and implementation

of farmer participatory research.D.C. Bhandari, lead

coordinator at the IRRI-IndiaOfce in New Delhi, departed theInstitute on 1 August to return tothe National Bureau of Plant Genetic

Resources as principal scientist andhead.Vijay Kumar, previouslyexecutive secretary at Indias National

Academy of Agricultural Sciences,takes over from Dr. Bhandari.

Moving on

Former IRRI photographer (1961-89) Urbito (Bito) Ongleopassed away on 6 September in LosBaos, Philippines, at age 74. Hismost famous photo (below) showed

U.S. President Lyndon Johnson in aplot of Green Revolution rice varietyIR8 with Dr. Robert Chandler,Philippine President Ferdinand

Marcos, and IRRI breeders Peter

Jennings and Hank Beachell.University of Minnesota Regents

Professor EmeritusVernonRuttan died on 18 August froma brief illness, aged 84. ProfessorRuttan worked at IRRI as an

agricultural economist in 1963-65.Statistician K.M. Palaniswamy,

an IRRI scholar in 1968-70, diedtragically in a road accident on 5December 2007. He was working

on a book titled Guidelines forRice researchers in the estimationof some plant parameters, to

which his daughter, Usha RaniPalaniswamy, contributed,

and hopes to complete soon.

Partners in progress

Thomas Rosswall hasbeen selected as chair of theCGIAR Challenge Program onClimate Change, Agriculture,

and Food Security. ProfessorRosswall, a microbial ecologistand ecosystem scientist withextensive research experience in

agriculture and climate change, iscurrently executive director of theInternational Council for Science.

Parashuram Lal Karna hasbeen appointed acting executive

director of the Nepal AgriculturalResearch Council. He replaces NandaP. Shrestha, who retired on 3 July.

AChIM DOBERMAnn, IRRI deput director geeral or reearc ( left), demotrate a drum eeder at te00 Aual Deelopmet Cooperatio Coerece o te swi Agec or Deelopmet ad Cooperatio(sDC), eld o Augut i ribourg, switzerlad. Ti ear coerece ocued o te Meog Regio,aroud te teme o ood ecurit ad utaiable globalizatio. IRRI exibit icluded te drum eeder,a grai qualit it, te rice uper bag, a lea color cart, ad a collectio o diere rice arietie.

urBitoongleo

niColasratZenBoeK/sdC

T r tnr r a:a param n a manamntEdited by E.R. Tiongco, E.R. Angeles, andL.S. Sebastian; published by the PhilippineRice Research Institute (PhilRice); PhilippinesP1,000, developed countries US$60,

developing countries $30. Shipping andHandling costs: Philippines: P120 to P150(via post or fast courier), international(depending on zones): $25 to $65.

This book highlights the most important

rice virus disease

in tropical

Asia. Although

much is known

about tungro, it

remains a major

threat, lowering

production by up

to 80% in severe

cases. Twelve

chapters, written

by expert rice scientists, pathologists,

and economists, contain comprehensive

inormation on tungro, including virus

pathology, transgenic resistance to

tungro viruses, and improved tungro

management approaches. For orders,

email [email protected]. Make checks

or postal moneys order payable to the

Philippine Rice Research Institute.

Appratn RA.S. Roque; published by PhilRice.This book contains a wealth o knowledge

sourced rom the Philippine Rice

Research Institute, the International Rice

Research Institute, and various rice-

industry experts and practitioners. The

author, an educator-journalist, wrote

the book in an easy-to-understand

style or people with little experience

in the rice production process

growing, harvesting, postharvest, and

NEW BOOKS www.irri.org/publications

R E C I P E

Hainanese chicken rice

Serves 46Time: 1 hours, plus resting

A classic Singaporean/Malay dish developed byimmigrants from the southern Chinese islandof Hainan.

IngredientsChicken and riceSalt and freshly ground pepper1 whole (1.41.8 kg) chicken (trim excess fat)34 cloves smashed garlic1 teaspoon minced garlic34 slices fresh ginger1/4 cup peanut (or corn or canola) oil3 shallots or 1 small onion, roughly chopped2 cups long-grain rice1/4 cup minced spring onions (scallions)2 cucumbers, peeled and slicedChopped fresh cilantro (coriander) leaves

Chili-garlic sauce: 5 fresh red chilies; 2-cm chunk of ginger; 3 garliccloves; 1/4 teaspoon salt; 1 teaspoon lime juice; 2 tablespoonschicken stock (from the boiled chicken)

Ginger sauce: 75 grams ginger; 6 garlic cloves; 1/2 teaspoon salt; 1teaspoon lime juice; 2 tablespoons chicken stock (from the boiledchicken)

Sauce for chicken: 1 tablespoon garlic oil; 1 teaspoon sesame oil;5 tablespoons light soy sauce; 1 tablespoons sugar (to taste); 3tablespoons chicken broth (from boiled chicken)

Preparation

Chicken and riceBring a large pot of water to a bsalt it. Add chicken to pot (cosubmerge) along with smashedand sliced ginger. Cover, reduce medium, and cook for 10 minutoff heat and let chicken remain icovered, for 4560 minutes or ucooked through.

Remove chicken from pot (keep thand let it cool to room temperatthe peanut oil in a frying pan overheat (add trimmed chicken fat if dWhen oil is hot, add shallots and regarlic. Cook for about 5 minutes,occasionally, until lightly brownrice and stir until glossy. Add 4the chicken stock and bring to a boreduce heat to low and cover. C

about 20 minutes, until rice has absorbed all the liquid. and pepper to taste.

Chili-garlic and ginger sauces: add all ingredients into a and mix until ingredients are well blended. Add salt or staste.

To serveChop chicken (keep or discard skin, as preferred). Put and rice on plates and garnish with cucumbers, remaininonions, and cilantro. Combine ingredients for the chickeand drizzle over the chicken. Serve with sauces and a bowremaining stock.

Adapted from the New Yo

http://fliCKr.Com/photos/jetalone


morerom eld to the dining

For orders, email [email protected]

Ppn at rC.G. Ocampo with illustrations by G

published by the Philippine Bureau

Agricultural Research (BAR); 34 pagThe book narrates the story o a

Popong, and his Wizard-o-Oz-li

adventure with the Rice Prince i

world o rice. The Rice Prince, wh

appeared in Popongs dream, te

the boy important lessons abou

rice and not wasting it. In the wo

a schoolteacher who used the b

with her second-grade students

childrens story book is very use

because the words used are sim

the illustrations are clear and ve

They make the difcult task o ex

how rice is grown entertaining a

To order, contact BAR on +63 2 9


7/23

MAPS


Prioritization of agricultural

technology development

such as breeding for

new varietiesshould,

mong other things, be based on

pectations about the adoption

the technology by farmers, and

the consequential economicd environmental benets. That

easier said than done. A major

stacle to estimating adoption

d benets is that the value of

ricultural technologies is location-

ecic. That is, their utility can

pend strongly on spatially variable

vironmental factors, such as

il type and climate, and social

d economic circumstances.

The effect of environmental

riability on crop growt h can

some extent be estimated

th crop growth models. Such

odels encapsulate knowledge of

o-physiological processes and

ow simulation of crop yield for

ecic varieties and locations. In

is way, complex location data,

ch as daily weather data, can

summarized with an easy-to-

terpret index such as crop yield.

The map shows the yield of rice

own in lowland conditions (at,

oded elds) without irrigation

lative to yield with full irrigation

Robert hijman

(we refer to this as the relative

yield), as computed with the

ORYZA2000 simulation model.1

For

example, in red areas, rice grown

without irrigation would achieve

less than 15% of the yield expected

Bouman BAM, Kropff MJ, Tuong TP,

Wopereis MCS, ten Berge HFM, van

aar HH. 2003. ORYZA2000: modeling

owland rice. IRRI. Available at www.

nowledgebank.irri.org/oryza2000.

RELATIvE RICE ield or irrigated eruraied lowlad (fat, fooded eld) codi-tio or ariet IR computed wit teORyZA000 imulatio model. Ol reultor area wit a igicat amout o croplad (ee The Asian exception: irrigation opage 3-3 oRice Todayvol. , no. ormore iormatio) are ow, irrepectieo weter (ad ow) rice i grow tereor ot.

with irrigation. It is a highly stylized

example that shows simulation

results for only one variety (IR72).

It used 9 years of daily weather

data2

to compute average and

relative yields (with and without

irrigation) over this period. Many

other known sources of variation,

such as local hydrological processes

and differences in soil types, are not

taken into account in this example.

It nevertheless shows some basic

facts about rice and water. There

are some places where you cannot

grow much rice without irrigation.

This does not necessarily mean

that water stress is an important

problem there. In fact, some of the

most productive rice areas are found

there, including the Punjab in India

and the Nile Valley in Egypt. On the

other hand, if water becomes scarce

in these regionsas is happening in

many areaswater-saving irrigation

technologies and appropriate

varieties would be very useful.

Most areas with a relative rice

yield of below 50% have little rainfed

(nonirrigated) rice production.3

But this does not mean there is no

irrigated rice in wetter areas

farmers could produce a rea

rice crop without irrigation.

example, in southeastern Ch

farmers could produce rice w

irrigation. However, supplem

irrigation increases product

particularly in dry years, an

for the production of rice or

crop outside the main rainy

The map shows the relat

between maximum rainfed y

(in the rainy season) and yie

irrigated rice in the off-seaso

season that would allow the

yield if irrigation were availa

therefore reects a yield inc

partly by reduced water stre

partly by shifting toward gro

seasons with more solar rad

and perhaps lower temperat

Drought tolerance would

particularly relevant in area

predominant rainfed produ

with a moderate to large yie

reduction (5070% relative

Such areas include Banglade

eastern India. Current resea

aims to rene the approach b

improving the data used to r

models, and by running mod

for different rice ecosystems

for different varieties to con

existing versus new drought

tolerant varieties, and to con

current cropping practices v

water-saving technologies.

2Estimated from satellite observati

NASA, data available at

http://earth-www.larc.nasa.gov/c

bin/cgiwrap/solar/agro.cgi.3

Compare this map with the rice ar

by ecosystem map on pages 20-21

Rice Today Vol. 6, No. 3 (www.irri

publications/today/pdfs/6-3/20-4

Together with colleagues at the

International Food Policy ResearcInstitute and the University of Mi

see www.harvestchoice.org.

water stressSimulating

Dr. Hijmans is a geographerIRRI Social Sciences Divisio


8/23


y

uko Kimura, a chef at

Fukusoen, a traditionalnoodle restaurant inTsuruoka City in Yamagata

efecture, is riding the cresta wave. After launching the

Haenuki Men rice noodle in June007, Fukusoen, owned by a localricultural cooperative known as

A, sold 18,000 of the meals by the

d of March 2008. Then, from AprilJune 2008, the restaurant sold

most the same amount again.Instead of soba, the traditional

uckwheat used for noodles, rice

ur is the main ingredient ofaenuki Men noodles. By addingme starch from a domestic potato,ys Kimura, We could develop aodle with a great texture that isnt

ailable with traditional soba.With rice-our noodles

ining popularity, ricensumption in Japan

s increased. Themount of rice destinedr noodles is overtakingat used for breads. Riceur began to be used

r breads about 5ars ago as parta Japanesehool lunch

ogram developedencourage

the use of locally produced food,

including vegetables and rice. Withlocal government support, morethan 8,000 schoolsone-third

of all lunch-serving schools inJapanserve rice-our breads now.

And the trend is not limited tothe public sector, with an increasingnumber of private companiesalso interested in rice our.

Lawson, a company that owns 24-hour convenience stores, announcedearlier this year that they would

begin to sell rice-our breads ataround 8,500 shops from September.

In Japan, the new demand forproducts such as those made fromrice our is currently responsible forthe consumption of around 6,000tons of rice per year. It is believed

that Lawsons contribution alonewill more than double this gure.

Yamazaki Bakery, a majorbaking company that also

sells rice-our breads, hasexpanded its market to the

whole of Japan, selling about50,000 loaves of rice-our bread

per month. According to a

Yamazaki representative,The novelty of usingrice our and the useof local rice appeal

to consumers. Weplan to offer a range

of rice-our breads.Improvements in

milling technology are

extending the advantagesof rice our. The ner

it is milled, the stickier

rice our becomesa property thatgels with consumer tastes. In thislight, Starbucks Coffee Japan beganoffering rice-our rolls in June.

The sticky taste goes withcoffee very well, says a Starbucksspokesperson. And, because wheathas become much more expensive,

the price difference between wheatand rice our has dwindled.

This point underlies the factthat Japan, which is self-sufcientin rice but must import much of

its wheat, was not directly affectedby the rice-price spike in 2008.

Rice our itself is not newto Japan, which has a history of

thousands of years of rice production.However, breads, noodles, cakes,and many other products previouslythought to require wheat as amain ingredient are now being

made from rice ourand theyare gaining great favor in Japan.

So, what are the reasons?

First, skyrocketing international

grain prices have made Japaneserice, which is segregated from theinternational market by high tariffs,

more competitive. Second, recentscandals with many imported food

items have prompted Japaneseconsumers to seek more locally grownfood, which is seen as safe and tasty.

Another advantage of rice our

is that it isnt always necessary to addgluten, which can cause allergies.

Although products such as bread,which uses rough rice our, requiregluten, products such as cakes and

cookies, which use ner rice our,do not. So, even people who are

ice four-based products are booming in Japan, orcing the country to change

he way it thinks about agriculture

Maaru yamada and satomi Tamai in Tokyo

allergic to our can eat rice-ourcakes and cookies without anxiety.

Awareness of rice-our productsis growing fast. In 2003,

less than 7% of Japaneseconsumers knew of rice-our bread; in 2006, the

number jumped to 44%.Although it is becoming

smaller, there remains a hugegap between Japans domestic

rice prices and international prices.The Japanese government is,

however, trying to close that gap. Forinstance, the government has givenaway free rice to companies that try

to develop new rice-based food.

With Japan only 40% self-sufcient in food (on a caloric

basis), the Japanese governmentis encouraging farmers to producemore rice for these new purposes,

because eating more domesticallygrown rice in any form booststhe self-sufciency ratio.

In the 1960s, Japans averageper-capita rice consumption was

118 kilograms. Now, the averageJapanese citizen eats less than 60

kilograms. This long-termtrend causes problems for

Japanese agriculture. Around40% of the countrys rice eldsare kept fallow to maintainthe supply-demand situation.Nearly 10% of farmland in

Japan is now abandoned,with lack of labor beingone of the main reasons.Even though farmers are

eligible for a subsidy if theyset aside rice production and produce

other crops, some simply givtheir land because alternativusually require more skilled

Rapidly growing demand

for rice our therefore loomsas a golden opportunity to xsome of the problems faced bJapans farming communitie

But farmers in Japan hav

been so enthusiastic. Selling a traditional staple is much mattractive than selling it for tdemands. Traditional buyers

substantially more than newdo, although farmers are eliga subsidy to compensate for t

To beef up rice productio

measures taken by the goverare directly aiding farmers wgrow rice for new uses. More

will be paid to such farmers to those growing other crops

paddy elds. Farmers growinfor rice our and livestock fereceive 500,000 yen (US$4,8hectare per year. This is 30%than the amount of aid award

farmers who grow soybeans wheat, for example. The govehopes that this will provide sincentive to grow rice for ou

One of the most importalessons from recent years is tof innovative thinking. For a time, the Japanese rice indudid not develop alternative ri

ourbased products becaus

thought rice should be eaten a traditional staple. Now, thois clear that more consumers

eat less conventional items. Aindustry is jumping at the ch

Mr. Yamada and Ms. Tamai

journalists based at The JapAgricultural News, Japanslargest agricultural newspap

A nEW RICE oodle product, wic wo a prize ite atioal ood cotet eld b te agriculturalmiitr i 00.

EW rice-four productced b yamazaier compa, teget bread maer ia.


sTARBUCks COEE Japa, Ltd., i ow maig rollwit 00% rice four.

ThE COMPACT MILL (0. m i legt b . mi widt b . m i eigt) made b satae, atraditioal maer o grai-millig equipmet,will elp mall baerie ad armer to producerice-four product.

A flour blooms

masaruyamada

yamaZaKiBaKery

sataKe

starBuCK

sCo

ffeejapan

MAny DIEREnT tpe o rice-four breadaailable at Lawo -our coeiece toreacoumer awaree o rice four.


9/23

ThE IRRI PIONEER INTERvIEWS

Figures, fake guns, and fund-raising

Conducted by Gene Hettel

new bride wit aatitic degree

how did I get to IRRI? Bymarrying, in April 1967, aFilipino, Arturo A. Gomez[who was professor of

ronomy at the University of the

hilippines at Los Baos]. I hadrned a PhD in statistics from North

arolina State University, the placehere I met my future husband. Afterr wedding in Bangkok, I decided

resign from my teaching job athulalongkorn University and moveLos Baos to be with my husband.

hoped to nd a job there instead of

Manila because going to Manilaery day back then would haveen horrible because of the terribleads. Luckily, Burtonate, who was then chief

atistician and head ofe Statistics DepartmentIRRI, was going to takebbatical leave at the

ian Development BankManila for 1 year.

So, he heard aboutis new bride with agree in statistics who

as nearby. He contactede and suggested I applybe his temporary

r 25 years rom July 1967, Thailands Kwanchai Gomez was the International Rice Research Institutes chie statistician.

e was also IRRIs rst emale international scientist in what was then a very male-dominated eld. In 1993, Dr. Gomez

oved out o statistics to work on donor relations as the head o the new Liaison, Coordination, and Planning Unit, which

cused on an innovative experiment at the time: und-raising. She returned to Thailand in December 1996 to spend 2

ars at IRRIs Bangkok oce and round of more than 3 decades with the Institute. Dr. Gomez, who remains in Bangkok,currently executive director o the Asia Rice Foundation, which is based in IRRIs Philippine hometown o Los Baos

replacement. Bob Chandler [IRRIDirector General, 1960-72] and

Colin McClung [IRRI assistantdirector (1964-66) and associatedirector (1967-71)] interviewed andhired me and the rest is history.

As a statistician at a research

institute like IRRI, my goal was tosee that all rice researchers, be theyin the eld or laboratory, used theproper statistical techniques andprocedures. To my surprise when I

came, statisticsbe it experimentaldesigns or statistical analyseswerenot appreciated, understood, orused very much in any of IRRIs

experiments. That was a challengefor a very young person like me, a

womanthe only lady scientist fora long, long time atIRRI, not to mention

being an Asian fromThailand. It wasdifcult working withthese very renowned,

relatively older,scientists and tellingthem that they oughtto be using statisticsin their experiments.

Things changed forthe better when I talkedto Hank Beachell, then

the chief plant breeder [and eventualWorld Food Prize winner in 1996].

I thought, if I could convince him,maybe I could convince the othersas well. So, I asked him why he wasnot using statistics in his yield trials.He looked at me and said, What do

you statisticians know about eldexperiments and the problems we

breeders face every day? You guyssit in your air-conditioned roomand expect to tell us what to do in

the eld. I was taken aback, but notangry. I thought about this overnight.

A good perpectiveThe next day, I went to Beachell andthanked him profusely for havinggiven me a very good perspective.Maybe I could win him and theothers over about using statistics if I

conducted my own eld experiments.Now, I didnt know anything

about eld experiments. I didntknow much about rice research

to start with. When Chandler andMcClung interviewed me, theyasked me two questions: Whatexperience do you have with riceresearch and what knowledge do you

have about rice? I said the closestI ever got to a rice plant was whenI was traveling from Bangkok toDR. GOMEZ at IRRI i te 0

Ayutthaya, in the Central Plain ofThailand, and I saw the rice plantsalong the road as the car passed by,and that I also knew nothing about

rice research. I thought that wouldbe the end of the interview, but itcontinued and they hired me anyway!

I went to Bob Chandler and askedhim for some resources to conduct

eld experiments because until thenthe Statistics Department had neverdone any eld experiments and thusno resources were available. Chandler

said: Take whatever you need; Iam pleased that youre going out tothe eld. He said this because, atthe time, our chief world-renownedsoil scientist, Felix Ponnamperuma

[IRRIs rst soil chemist, 1961-85],only worked in the lab. Chandlerhad tried to push him out to the eld

but he never succeeded. So, after I

started conducting experiments, hewent to Ponnamperuma and said,If Kwanchai can go to the eld, socan you. It worked. Ponnamperumadid go out and conducted eld

experiments after that.I learned a lot by conducting eld

experiments. S.K. De Datta [IRRIagronomist, 1964-91], my mentor

and teacher, taught me everythingI needed to know about conductingrice eld experiments. I have always

been grateful to him for that.After that, I was able to talk to the

researchers much more easilwas able to convince them ofto use proper statistical procin their experiments. I proba

was the rst statistician anywwho conducted eld experimto get closer to the scientists.

helping beind te ceneThere are certain professionsmay be doomed to be behindscenes. Statistics is one of th

We were used to it and we did

mind it very much. We took pin seeing researchers using pstatistical procedures in theiresearch. I appreciate the comof Ronnie Coffman [IRRI pla

breeder, 1971-81], which afrthat the use of statistics at IRhas really helped the scientis

Regarding Coffmans comabout the statistics situation

1971, that the yield trials werreplicated [see box, below lefmust defend Beachell. Actual

was right. In those days, he r

did not need statistics for histrials. In the late 1960s, somethe new varieties were yieldi89 tons [per hectare] whiletraditional ones were yieldin

tons. For that kind of differencan see it with your eyes! Younot need statistics to prove it

Of course, those were thold days of Hank Beachell. Su

yield differences did not last as time passed, researchers hstart looking for smaller diffe3, 2, and even 1 ton per hecta

that, statistics were needed tdifferences that were becomismaller and smaller. Researcrequired more precision in mmeasurements, and in contro

experimental errors so that sdifferences could be detected

IRRI researchers beganrecognizing the importance o

statistics not only because I wto the eld to conduct experi

but also because the situatiohad changed. Statistics becama hit because the researchers

knew they could not detect thsmaller differences scientic

by themselves. So, they came

On Kwanchai Gomez and the importance of statistical analysisN bra, IRRI director general (1973-81), inhis pioneer interview: Kwanchai Gomez wasa great organizer. For the Genetic Evaluationand Utilization (GEU) Program, she was the one

who kept the records o what was going on.I remember going to meetings during whichshe said: Now you guys I know have beendoing some studies to determine resistance

to various insects and diseases, but I donthave any records o what youve done. I cant write it up i you dont tell meabout it. So she got on their backs and she was remarkable in that way.

Rnn cfman, plant breeder (1971-81), said: I I had to identiy the person

most responsible or the development oIR36 [at one time the most widely plantedrice variety in the world], it would probablybe Kwanchai Gomez. She designed the

sensitive, quadruple-lattice yield trials thatcaused us to notice it. IR36 was an open planttype, not very attractive to the eye. Prior tothe establishment o those yield trials, wewould have almost certainly thrown it away. Prior to 1971, the IRRI breeding

program did not replicate its yield trials, much to the chagrin o Kwanchai.graam Mlarn, Dr. Gomezs successor as chie statistician and head

o the IRRI Biometrics Unit and its various incarnations (1993-2008), said, Itwas the GEU that allowed the introduction o new methodologies. Today, its

difcult to nd opportunities to introduce

new methodologies and thats a rustration.Teaching statistics and bioinormatics is achallenge as well. There is huge demandor training in this area, but it is also a very

difcult topic to teach and to keep peoplesattention so they grasp the principles withoutgetting bogged down in the detail.


IRRI

genehettel

genehettel

arieljavellana


10/23

ocking at my door. We becameuite popular because the scientists

eded us. When they rst arrivedmy ofce, they would say

ologetically, Oh, by the way, went know anything about statistics.

nd I would say, Oh, but I dontow anything about your eld ofscipline either, so lets talk.

I want to reiterate that thegligible application of statisticsthe early years of IRRI was notybodys fault. But I appreciate

e remarks of Coffman and Bradyee box]. Of course, the Geneticvaluation and Utilization (GEU)ogram was Bradys baby. He createdand I only helped him organize it.

he GEU was truly multidisciplinary.he scientists of different disciplinesere not used to working together.

hey argued a lot, but that wasay. It was never a personal thing.

njoyed those years. It was notsy, but it was fun. We made the

EU a success and a lot of good ricerietieslike IR36came out of it.

ppling tatitic worldwidey goal as a statistician wasget statistics applied in riceperimentsnot only at IRRI but

roughout Asia and the rest of theorld. I think that, in my small way,achieved that. IRRI became a userstatistics. During those years, itcame the model. National program

searchers came and saw what IRRIas doing in the area. Of course,ey followed and put statistics to usetheir rice experiments as well.

We had many nondegreeaining programs in those years.atistics became a key course inose programs, accounting for

4 hours to 2030 hours per

urse. I think that helped our causeeatlyfor many years, everybodyho passed through IRRI for trainingarned something about statistical

plications in rice research. So,hen they went back home, theyere able to apply the concepts.

I must thank IRRI for enablinge to do two things that I believe

lped greatly in my efforts. Onethat, while on sabbatical leaveStanford University, I wrote a

book with my husband [StatisticalProcedures for AgriculturalResearch]. That book has beenread and used not only in Asia,

but all over the world. [Indeed, itis the most popular book IRRIhas ever produced.] This has

been one of my greatest joystoproduce an effective tool that

can help achieve my goal ofteaching people about statistics

whether they are studentsor working scientists.

The book was written32 years ago, updated a bitin a 1984 second editionpublished by Wiley, andis still available. In those

days, desktop computerswere not accessible toeverybody, so I put in

the book all the statisticalcalculations in detail. Many people,

especially statisticians, asked mewhy I had to detail each and everystatistical analysis, step by step.My reply: if you use a computer,

suddenly the answer comes out. Youdont know what went on because theprogram did it for you automatical ly.My detailed explanation in the bookhelps researchers to understand

why and how a certain statisticalanalysis was computed. This wouldhelp them to understand how tointerpret the results better as well.

The second thing that IRRI

enabled me to do was to developa statistical computer packagecalled IRRISTAT and make itfree to everyone who needed it.

IRRISTAT became one of the mostwidely used statistical packagesavailable in Asia since, at thattime, most Asian rice researchersdid not have ready access to other

existing but Western-designedstatistical packages due to theirhigh costs. In recent years, a slightlydifferent Windows-compatible

version, called CropStat, has beendeveloped by Graham McLarensgroup and is now available online

via the IRRI Web site (www.irri.org/science/software/cropstat.asp).

[Local politics and advances inthe discipline led to gradual changes.The Statistics Unit became Project

Management Services and Biometricsin 1990, simply Biometrics by1992, then expanded to Biometrics

and Bioinformatics in 2001, andnally became the Crop ResearchInformatics Laboratory in 2006.From 1993, Dr. McLaren headed theunit until September 2008, when he

left IRRI to work in Mexico for theGeneration Challenge Program.]

from tatitic to und-raiingStatistical knowhow was not

required to head IRRIs new Liaison,Coordination, and Planning Unit[created by Klaus Lampe, the IRRIdirector general at the time, in

1993 to focus on establishing closerelationships with IRRI donors],and I was thus reluctant to take onthe job. I nally agreed to take the

jobfor two reasons. First, IRRI

was having nancial difculties andsomeone needed to go out and lookfor funds to sustain its operations.I believed that I owed IRRI a lot. I

had gained a good reputation in thestatistics discipline because of IRRI.So, I wanted to repay. A special unitfor donor relations was never tried

before. Somebody had to set up the

system and I was pleased to help.Second, even though I wasnt

sure if I had the right qualications


to do the job well, I knew that Lampetrusted me and I trusted him, which

was an important ingredient forthe success of such a unit. Besides,Lampe was a good fund-raiser and

had in fact taught me a lot. I knewthat I could always count on himto help me out when I needed it.

A call to armWhen Lampe arrived as directorgeneral in 1988, I was just a workingscientist and never had much ofa chance to see him. However,

one day, he called me to his ofcesaying there was a problem: Yourson Victor [who was 10 years oldat that time] brought a fake gun to

the international school today, hefrowned, and he had a real bulletas well. The school principal wasnt

very happy about that. I thoughtto myself, Oh, my god, how could

Victor bring a real bullet to schooland where did he get it from? Then,Lampe immediately said, You

know any boy at his age might dosomething like that. Dont worrytoo much about it. With a greatsigh of relief, I said, Oh, ok, thank

you, and left his ofce in a hurry.

Now, I didnt know Lampe wellbefore this and it was the rst timewe had really ever talked. But, twodays later, he called me again to

his ofce. I thought to myself, Oh,what did Victor do this time? ButI was wrong; it had nothing to do

with Victor. Lampe told me IRRIwas being asked to do strategic

planning. It would be the rst timefor such an exercise at IRRI and heneeded somebody to organize thegroup that would prepare the plan

and he would like me to handle it.He added that this task would

really take a lot of my time and Imay not have time to do statistics.

At the time, I thought he just wanted

me out of statistics, but then maybehe saw something in me earlier inthe week when we discussed guns

Go to www.irri.org/publicationPioneer_Interviews.asp to readfull transcript of the Kwanchaiinterview in which she discusseabout her IRRI experiences, incher recollections of six directorand other colleagues and her wtoday with the Asia Rice Found

kWAnChAI GOMEZ ad er tatitical ucceor Graam McLare ipect a plot o IR3 at IRRI. some attribute te electio o ti amou rice aroe o te world mot widel platedto te ue o proper experimetal deig ad tatitical aali.

and bullets. I thought long anabout his request and nally Ok, I will agree as long as I can be in the Statistics DepaStrategic planning shouldnt

whole day, so he said, Sure, ssure. Of course, not many ylater, he changed his mind abstaying in statistics. But, any

we became close coworkers, mfor me than with any other dgeneral during my 32 years aSo maybe Victor was responsfor bringing us together. Oth

he may have never noticed m

joseraymondpanaligan


11/23

Just outside the town of Los

Baos, around 60 kilometerssouth of Manila, sits a one-hectare patch of land that is,

uite possibly, some of A sias mostluable real estate. Its not for sale

d, even if it were, you wouldntild a house, or a car park, or aopping mall on it. But, for thest 45 years, this patch of land hasvealed an extraordinary thing.

In recent years, peopleve begun to argue thatodern, intensive agriculture is

nsustainablethat it degrades

e soil and, eventually, renderse land incapable of supportingorthwhile crops. However, newidence tells us that, when it comesrice, this is far from true.

Since 1963, the Internationalce Research Institute (IRRI) hasown rst two, then, from 1968,ree crops of rice per year on

at one hectare, in what is knownthe Long-Term Continuousopping Experiment (LTCCE).Rice Today went to press, the4th crop is under way. The time

orty-fve years o painstaking research have shown that modern, intensive

ce arming is sustainable and can even improve soil health

between harvesting one crop and

planting another has been minimal(2 to 3 weeks), and crop residue has

been removed after harvest, ratherthan incorporated into the soil.

What did IRRIs researchers

nd? The answer ies in theface of what many people now

believe. In short, with appropriatefertilizer management, not onlycan yields be maintained, but soil

health can be improved as well.A recent paper

1by Roland

Buresh, Mirasol Pampolino, andEufrocino Laureles from IRRI,

and Hermenegildo Gines fromthe Philippine Rice ResearchInstitute (PhilRice), summarizedthe decades of LTCCE informationin a report on the soil health in

four long-term trials managedby IRRI, including two at theInstitutes Los Baos headquarters.

According to the paper, The

results suggest that continuouscultivation of irrigated rice with

balanced fertilization on submergedsoils maintained or slightly increasedsoil organic matter and maintained

soil nitrogen (N)-supplying capacity.

Soil organic matterwhichcomprises living organisms andthe decomposing remains of once-living organisms, including animals,plants, and microorganismsis

a vital component of healthy soil.High amounts of soil organic matterenhance the soils water- and nutrient-holding capacity and improvesoil structure for plant growth.

Healthy soils can also reduce theseverity and costs of such problemsas drought, ood, and disease.

Over a 15-year period (1983-

98), the study also found no declinein the amount of N able to besupplied to rice plants by the soil.

In other words, it is possibleto farm rice intensively, to do

it for a long time, and to usemineral (nonorganic) fertilizer

without degrading the soil orthe lands productivity. In fact,

if you manage the crops well,you can improve things.

According to Achim Dobermann,IRRI deputy director generalfor research, the experiment is

a testament to the painstaking

dedication, attention to detail,and quality of management

and measurement that dozensof Institute staff have appliedover the past 45 years.

The big message, says Dr.

Dobermann, is that, with theright amount of fertilizer and goodmanagement, we can produce 18or more tons of rice per year on a

very sustainable basis. Intensive

rice monocropping can actuallybe a very sustainable system.

Dr. Buresh, who took overas the LTCCEs lead researcherin 2000, explains that unique

properties of submerged soils makerice different from any other crop.Because of prolonged ooding, hesays, farmers are able to conserve

soil organic matter and also receivefree input of N from biologicalsources. This biological N xationamounts to around 25 kilogramsper hectare per crop, enough to

help ensure a stable yield of about3 tons per hectare per crop inthe absence of applied fertilizerN. And, this has been sustained

for the 45 years of the LTCCE.None of the worlds other major

cropping systems has these features,says Dr. Buresh. Its for these reasonsthat rice monoculture systems have

been around for thousands of yearsand sustained whole civilizations.

Another unique feature of

continuous (double or triple) rice-

cropping systems revealed by theLTCCE is that, at least under tropical

conditions, farmers need not applymanure or other organic materialsto maintain soil organic matter.Nor is it necessary to retain large

amounts of crop re sidue (straw).High-input, intensive agriculture

is often sustainable agriculturetoo, says Dr. Dobermann. Thereare many misperceptions about

the impact of mineral fertilizers.The LTCCE routinely yieldsnearly twice as much rice perhectare per year than an averagerice farm. This is possible only

through judicious use of fertilizers.Although the LTCCE eld has neverreceived any organic fertilizer, itis a very sustainable system.

Dr. Buresh points out thattypical Asian rice farmers haveaccess to limited amounts of organicfertilizer. IRRI therefore focusessimply on the principles of nutrient

management and soil fertility thatcan achieve high yields year in,

year out, without compromisingsoil or environmental health.

To do this, we need to equipfarmers with better knowledge andsimple tools that they can use foradjusting nutrient inputs to theirlocations and needs, explains

Dr. Buresh. Farmers who haveaccess to organic fertilizers on aneconomical basis should use them,

but, in many cases, they will

to supplement them with minfertilizers because organic fe

often contain insufcient nutfor optimizing rice yields.

The signicance of the Lperhaps best summed up by

Zeigler, IRRIs director generknow this might sound silly,but when I read the LTCCE I felt shivers of excitement roover me as I internalized wha

years of experimentation meThe story does not end h

With support from PhilRice similar observations were malong-term trials with double

rice systems at two other locin the Philippines. With the Lmany of these trials will contprovide vital information ab

sort of agriculture that will bto feed the world in the decadcome. Moreover, the trials arto address short-term objectias testing promising varietie

high-yield management, andnew nutrient-management st

Worryingly, it is increasindifcult to nd support for su

long-term work. Dr. Zeigler nthat it would be a momentousthe LTCCEwhich could almconsidered a world rice herita

were compromised by lack of

Yet, he points out, It is investhis sort of research that can questions of truly global impmpolino MF, Laureles EV, Gines HC, Buresh RJ. 2008. Soil carbon and nitrogen changes in long-term continuous lowland rice cropping. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:798-807.


The long roadA RAInBOW arce oer IRRI Log-Term CotiuouCroppig Experimet, ow i it t ear. arm wor-er (left and center) plat te experimet 3t cropi september 00.

by Aam bara


12/23

Rice TodayOctober-December 2008 Rice TodayOctober-December 2008Farm workers transplant the 134th

crop of an IRRI Experiment that has shown that long-term intensive rice production can odayOctober-December 2008, Vol. 7, No. 4


13/23

Birhane GoBezai

policymakers toseriously considerthe countryspotential to grow

the grain for itself.Subsequently,successful lobbyinghas pushed rice to

be classied as a

fourth NationalFood Security Cropafter wheat, maize,and the countrys

traditional staplecereal crop, tef.This move favors

rice research and promotion on alarger scale. A national workshop

was held on 21 August 2007 inthe Ethiopian capital, Addis

Ababa, where the National Rice

Promotion Committee was formed,to facilitate the establishment of

the National Rice Research andDevelopment Steering Committee.

Currently, 18 improved ricevarieties (both NERICAs and Oryza

sativa, conventional cultivated rice)are being evaluated in differentregions. Rice production is expectedto cover about 90,000 hectares in2008, up from 49,000 hectares in

2007. This gure is projected toreach 400,000 hectares by 2010,

with NERICA varieties expectedto dominate.

However,if rice is tocontribute tothe nations food

security, it mustbe grown on alarger scale inecosystems notalready devoted

to traditionalor cash cropspreferred bylocal farmers.

Fortunately,the country hasmore than 13million hectaresof waterlogged

black-clay soil(known as

vertisol) in the

Geographically,Ethiopias vast land

area1.12 million squarekilometersis dened by

e Great Rift Valley system, whichts the whole country diagonally

om the Red Sea through to Kenya,eating mammoth depressions

d mountain ranges. As a result,e country possesses unique andverse geo-climatic zones.

Agreeable weather conditionsake the mid to high altitudes the

edominant locations for humanttlement and crop production.

onsequently, population pressured an archaic farming systemthese altitudes have caused

emendous ecosystem degradationthe form of soil erosion andclining soil fertility. This situation,gether with the Rift Valleys

pically erratic climate, means thatolonged cold and dry spells areallenging the countrys abilityachieve food self-sufciencyroducing enough food) and food

curity (ensuring that everyones access to sufcient food).

Rice was introduced to Ethiopiathe 1970s and has since been

ltivated in small pockets of theuntry. It is a staple food in theuntrys east, where rice is importedrough Somalia on the black market.ecent surges in demand, especially

om city dwellers, are forcing thevernment to spend large amountsmoney on importing rice.

successful, initiatives to boost rice production in Ethiopia can help the country achieve food security

The rice production system in thecountry has focused mainly on the

introduction of improved varietiesfrom a range of different sources,including the International RiceResearch Institute (IRRI), the Africa

Rice Center (WARDA), Guinea, andMadagascar. Federal and regionalresearch centers are concentratingon the evaluation and release of new

varieties for local producers. Three

improved irrigated varieties fromIRRI and four New Rice for Africa(NERICA) varieties from WARDA

were released to farmers in 2005-

07. In farmers elds, the NERICAvarietiesgrown in the rainfeduplands, where farmers do nothave access to irrigation systemsregistered yields of 36 tons per

hectare. The IRRI varieties, grownin lowland irrigated conditions,achieved 68 tons per hectare.

The Sasakawa Africa Association(SAA) through its Sasakawa Global

2000 (SG2000) program has playeda key role in promoting NERICA

and other cultivated varieties tothe country. In addition, the JapanInternational Cooperation Agency(JICA) and SAA have supported

the introduction of essentialpostharvest (storing, milling,drying) technologies and processingmachinery to rice-producing areas.

The recent surge in demand for

rice combined with the skyrocketingimport price challenged the countrys

mid and highaltitudes. Muchof this land isoccupied by

resource-poorsubsistencefarmers for whomgrowing ricepresents good

opportunitiesto supplementtheir currentmeager income.

The water-logged nature ofthe soil and thecharacteristiccold climate of high altitudes are the

major constraints to crop productionin these areas. Nevertheless, ricegrows well in waterlogged conditions

and rice varieties exist that can growat high altitudes in cold weather.

Preliminary evaluation of a selectionof local varieties revealed good

vegetative growth but low nighttemperatures meant that most of

the cultivars remained sterile orrequired a prolonged harvest time.

Despite these early setbacks,the accessibility of many samplesof cold-tolerant rice in IRRIs

International Rice Genebank andthe large area of available fertileland mean that Ethiopia has greatpotential to become a major rice-producing country. Recognizing

this opportunity, Tareke Berhe,director of SAAs regional riceprogram, has initiated a project toevaluate cold tolerance in rice.

The project aims to developrice varieties that can be grown bysmall-scale farmers in cool-climateelevated areas. Success would createa huge opportunity to support a large

number of resource-poor farmers andcontribute to Ethiopias food security.

With assistance from IRRIRice Breeder for Africa Glenn

Gregorio, Dr. Berhe obtained 130rice varieties from the InternationalNetwork for the Genetic Evaluationof Rice (INGER), as well as sixlines from Madagascar. Negussie

Shoatatek Zenna, postdoctoralfellow at SAA and a former IRRIPh.D. scholar, is currently evaluating

Moving upin Ethiopia

Negusse Shoatatek Zenna, Zewde Gebe-Tsadk, and Taeke Behe


these lines in four locations a

1,860, 2,260, and 2,400 metabove sea level. So far, aboutof the lines have shown prom

growth at the different sites.A similar initiative led b

and WARDA, which aims to climate-hardy rice tailored tonumber of rice-producing coincluding Ethiopia, is set to b

with nancial support from tBill & Melinda Gates Founda

As rice production takesEthiopia, participation and sfrom international organizat

such as IRRI, WARDA, SAA,JICA, and others is crucial. Tespecially so in such areas asmultiplication of selected varevaluation of rice germplasm

(seeds and the genetic materthey contain) for specic traiintroduction of rice-productiand postharvest technologie

training of rice breeders, anddeveloping and lobbying foreffective agricultural policiessuch support, rice productioEthiopia has a chance to brin

long-awaited Green Revolutiwith it, the plentiful and affofood that the country needs.

Dr. Zenna and Dr. Berhe arepostdoctoral fellow and regirice coordinator, respectivelthe Sasakawa Africa Associ

in Ethiopia. Mr. Gebre-Tsadis Ethiopias rice agronomist

for Sasakawa Global 2000.

The auThors (from left to right, D. Z,M. Gb-Td, d D. B) pctc pt C, t bt c-pdcg etp. a ThreshinG d

Fg.

a YounG by m G Fd t etp c c vty md X-jg t.

riCe area td etp, 2005-08.

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

02005 2006 2007 2008

Area (hectares)

Year

Total area

NERICA area


14/23

by Bob Hll

invisible hand

How much are rice farmers in Asiaenefitting from higher prices? With different

overnments trying different strategies,

ice Today looks at the situation in Thailand.

Shaking the


M

any of Thailands 3.7 millionrice farmers are unhappy. Asthe producers of the worlds

biggest rice export crop,ey believe their share of the 2008ce price bonanza should have beenot bigger. They now see the high

ices slipping away before they canste the sweetness of new wealth.

Early in June, they threatened tolly in Bangkok if the governmentdnt make some effort to halt the

de of rice prices from their peakMay, back toward normalcy.

What the Royal Thai government

has done to prop up the high pricesis now a controversial part of thepolitical turmoil that grips the

country and that tangles all aspectsof Thai life in a soap opera ofintrigue, suspicion, and accusation.

World rice prices, which began to

skyrocket in late 2007, were spurredby high demand and a decision bysome exporting countries to optout of the world market for the sakeof their domestic food security.

A distinct minority of Thai ricefarmersthose who would normally

be regarded as wealthy; they cultivate

irrigated land and produce as manyas ve crops in two yearsstruck itrich. Others have been able to meet

their debts this year, while manypoorer Thai farmers in the rainfed(non-irrigated) environment have

yet to see any benet at all. Rice

millers and any exporters who werenot badly burned in the explosivemarket of early 2008 (see TroublingTrade, on pages 13-17 ofRice Today

Vol. 7, No. 2) are believed to have

been the main beneciaries.For most farmers, who are able

to grow only one crop per year, the

near-record prices of April and Maycame between crops, when they hadnothing to sell. Their dismay grew asthey watched the high prices dwindle

before they could harvest again.At its peak in early-to-mid-May,

the price for 5% white rice (an exportgrade comprising maximum 5%

broken grains) was US$1,022 per

ton, and that for the premium gradeof Thailands legendary Khao HomMali (Jasmine rice) was $1,245 perton. Those exporters and millers with

the good fortune to have stocks onhand and the foresight to resist theurge to sell forward did very well.Others, learning from their earlymistakes, recovered to reap rewards.

In the rst 6 months of 2008,Thailand exported 5.97 million tonsof rice46.7% more than was shipped

in the rst 6 months of 2007worth almost $3.5 billion. In July,

shipments were just short of 1 milliontons, and, in August, about 735,000tons. Industry representatives werecondently predicting a record year

with exports totaling 10 million tons.Thailands gross domestic

product rose by about 6% in therst half of the year, most of itcoming from increased world

prices for agricultural products,particularly rice. In that time, the

value of the countrys exports leapedby about 30% compared with thecorresponding period in 2007.

But, in the middle of May, pricesbegan to fall again. Vietnam resumedexporting, India looked set to returnto the global market, and importers

stood back, waiting for cheaperdeals. In early September, 5% whiterice was selling for $760 per ton andHom Mali 100% grade A for $913.

The small part of the brief

bonanza that made its way downto the average farmer lost mostof its gloss for two big reasons:increased production costs

and chronic indebtedness.The Thai Farmers Association

says the cost of producing 1 hectare ofrice in 2004 was $695. In 2006, thisrose to $871, in 2007 to $1,019, and in

2008 to $1,296. Thailand imports allbut a tiny fraction of the raw materialfor its fertilizer, and the cost has

risen nearly 2.5 times in the past 4years. Pesticide costs and seed priceshave both doubled, and fuel costs formachinery have soared. The cost of

renting land has also skyrocketed,affecting about one-quarter ofrice farmers across the country.

About 80% of Thailands ricefarmers carry an amount of debt

variously described as relativelyhigh to alarming. Their debt risesand falls in a constant rhythm,following the crop cycleleaping

with land preparation andplanting, falling and occasionallydisappearing with harvest.

According to some economists,

the amount of debt is a directconsequence of government policy.

In 2001, the government ofdeposed prime minister ThaksinShinawatra introduced a debt

moratorium for farmers, allowingclients of the government-run Bankfor Agriculture and AgriculturalCooperatives (BAAC) to defer

their debts up to a maximum ofBt100,000 ($2,972) for 3 years,

without any interest payments.The 2008 government of

Samak Sundaravej, after just a

few months in ofce, reintroducedthe same scheme, giving farmersanother 3-year debt holiday.

At the same time, as manof Thailands farmersexcluthe very poorhave access to

variety of easy credit sources

commercial and state-ownedthrough to the undisciplinedgovernment money in local vfunds. Relatively poor farmehave a higher debt-to-income

than their wealthier counterWhile some farmers wer

lucky to get enough from the prices to clear their debts, th

of rice income into the countcaptured the attention of Thapoliticians. Two of the countr

most respected economists s

industry has been perceived perfect vehicle for unscrupulpoliticians to direct funds eitinto their own pockets or intsupport systems in the count

As a consequence, the presidof the Thailand DevelopmenResearch Institute and formedean of economics at Thamm

University, Nipon Poapongsaand the head of the Departmof Agricultural and ResourceEconomics in Kasetsart Univeconomics faculty, Somporn

Isvilanonda, fear irrevocableto the domestic rice market aThailands eventual decline a

MounDs oF riCe t pbg c m.

riCe sTaCkeD jt c m naytty.

arieljavellana(2)


15/23

Thai FarMers assoCiaTion PdtBcy: Fm dt t t b tptc.y Policy Issues in the Thai Rice Industry: Myths, Misguided Policies, and Critical Issues, delivered at a Rice Policy Forum organized by IRRI at Los Baos,

lippines, 18-19 February 2008.

25

20

15

10

5

01 2 3 4 5

%

Decile (1 = poorest; 10 = richest)6 7 8 9 10

ssoCiaTe ProFessor smp ivd: Pm dt gt bft m pc tvt.c m gt t bft.

hai riCe Mills act Pdt Vttttg: Pc tvt t ypptd by m, bt by t ctz

y.


orlds leading rice exporter.Their concerns were exacerbated

a urry of government activity

early June. The prime ministernounced the reintroduction ofice intervention for the secondaryy-season crop, supposedly tosist farmers. Then, he accused

ommerce Ministry ofcials ofllaborating with exporters at thepense of farmers, and removedresponsibility for rice matters

om the Commerce Ministry andsted it in his own department, withsistance from the Finance Ministry.

Prime Minister Samak thenrmed three new committees,

e each for the price interventionogram, milling, and release.

he new structure was additional

to the National Rice Committee,which in its role as the formulatorof rice industry policy, is routinelychaired by the prime minister

and attended by the ministers ofcommerce, nance, and agriculture,as well as their departmentalheads and other senior ofcials.

Then, as the export price for

5% white rice fell to about $856 perton, and under intense pressurefrom farmers, the governmentannounced its above-market-value

intervention prices for the 3-monthperiod between 15 June and 15September. It pledged $405 per tonfor white rice paddy (unmilled rice)

with moisture content up to 15%.

The price was progressively lowerfor higher moisture content, paying$361 to $376 per ton for paddy

with a moisture content of 25%.Putting this in perspective, the

paddy sold by farmers for $376 perton, with a moisture content of 25%,

would increase in value to about$434 after being dried by millers

to reduce its moisture content to15%. After the paddy was milledinto 5% white rice it would thencost exporters about $781 per ton.

Dr. Nipon and Associate

Professor Somporn say the claimthat price intervention will help poorfarmers is a myth. They nd supportfrom the Thai Farmers Association,

which says that most farmers are

incapable of delivering rice witha moisture content low enough toqualify for the top government prices.

In a recent paper,1

the economists

cited the Commerce MinistrysDepartment of Internal Trade asestimating the nancial loss from ricemarket price intervention in 2005-06 at $314 million. The program

handled a record 8.65 milliontons of paddy in that season. As ofDecember 2007, the government stillowed the BAAC $1.783 billion for

funding price intervention schemesbetween 2001-02 and 2005-06.

Moreover, the economistsdrew on gures from the Public

Warehouse Organization, theOfce o

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