RIDE YOUR BICYCLE UPWIND

Our toxic addiction to vehicles has short term as well as long term effects.

November 19, 2008

Clean Air Hamilton, Mobile Monitoring Studies

McMaster Dept. of Engineering Physics

Rotek Environmental

City of Hamilton

School of Geography and Earth Sciences

Ministry of Environment

Environment Canada

Dept. of Chemistry

Centre for Spatial Analysis

Industrial Sources

The Hamilton Air Quality Initiative

Clean Air Hamilton

PartnersGovernment

Educational InstitutionsIndustry

Non-Government OrganizationsAssociationsConsultants

Clean Air Hamilton Strategy

Risk Management Approach Applied to Community Wide Actions

• Identify Problem• Measure/Evaluate• Prioritize Risks • Inform Community• Cooperative Actions

www.cleanair.hamilton.ca

Good Intentions+

Good Science+

Good Process

=

Real Progress

The Problem

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Deaths Resp Cardio

Deaths/Admissions

Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003

Health Impacts of Air Pollutants in Hamilton

Health Impacts in Hamilton – by Air Pollutant

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Deaths Resp Cardio

O3

NO2

SO2

P10

CO

Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003

McMaster Institute of Environment and HealthA Public Health Assessment ofMortality and Hospital Admissions

Attributable to Air Pollution in HamiltonPrepared by:Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD and Michael Jerrett, PhD

School of Geography and GeologyMay, 2003

Study Objectives“What are citizens actually exposed to and where is it

coming from?”

Study components Using mobile monitoring techniques identify

and rank sources, including transportation sources, of NOx, SO2, Airborne Particles and CO, (no direct local sources of Ozone).

Investigate the effect of idling vehicles at a designated school during student drop off and pickup times.

Investigate trackout/road dust issues

National Pollutant Release Inventory

National Pollutant Release Inventory Total Point Source Emissions by Contaminant

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

CO SOx NOx PM10

Tonnes

CO SOx NOx PM10

30,632 11,875 8,188 2,010Tonnes

What We’d Expect to See

• Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry

• Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation

• Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry

• PM10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% Industry

Note: MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as a major problem

Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton

Flamborough/Waterdown

East Mtn

NE Ind

Stny Crk

Mobile Command Centre

City Wide Sampling

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No

December 8, 2005

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

NO ppbResidential

Sample

Industry

Wind

Air Standards

Oxides of Nitrogen - 300 ppbSulphur Dioxide - 320 ppbCarbon Monoxide - 5 ppmPM 2.5 - 30 ug/m3PM 10 (U.S.) - 150 ug/m3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Uppr Jmes Fennel Cannon Mhk/U Jmes Barton/20 Road avge Resident

SO2

CO

NO

P10

Roads vs Residential Areas

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Time

P10

ug/

m3

NO

ppb SO2

CO

NO

PM10Mohawk and Upper James

Barton and Centennial Pkwy

= idling impact

--NO Residential

--PM10 Residential

Stoplight Idling – Concentrations Downwind

The Problem

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Deaths Resp Cardio

Deaths/Admissions

Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003

Health Impacts of Air Pollutants in Hamilton

(Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction,

A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Odds Ratio

TrafficAdjusted

BicycleAdjusted

GettingUp

Outside

Augsburg

Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction

Level of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and the Risk of Death from Cardiovascular Causes in Women

Miller KA et al. N Engl J Med 2007;356:447-458

Pyramid of Health Effects

•

Bronchitis in ChildrenAsthma Symptom Days

Emergency room visits

Premature Death

Adult Chronic Bronchitis

Hospitalizations

Proportion of population affected

Severity of health Impact

Building Healthy and Suportive Communities

Trackout/Diesel Trucks

Road Dust , Covariance 20xPM1, 10xPM2.5, PM10

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82

20xP1

10xP2.5

P10

P2.5/P10 R2 = 0.7

P2.5/P1 R2 = 0.98

Road Dust/Trackout

18 Locations Monitored, 14 Sources Identified

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

PM10 ug/m3

Strathearne

Kenilworth N

Depew

Vict. NPortAuth

Nebo

Hwy 20Goder

Brampton

Pier 25

Imperial

Brant

BurlSher/Burl

Burl/Parkdale

Sherman

ChathamFrid

Parkdale

McKeil

ug

/m3

USEPA

PM 10ug/m3

PM10 ROAD DUST

Ben Garden, Savas Kanaroglou, Pat DeLuca, Spatial analysis Unit, McMaster University

Industry

Workshop Dec 26, 2006

Trackout/Road Dust Reduction

50 attendees including industries, suppliers and government staff

Road Dust/Trackout 05/06

18 Locations Monitored, 14 Sources Identified

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

PM10 ug/m3

Strathearne

Kenilworth N

Depew

Vict. NPortAuth

Nebo

Hwy 20Goder

Brampton

Pier 25

Imperial

Brant

BurlSher/Burl

Burl/Parkdale

Sherman

ChathamFrid

Parkdale

McKeil

ug

/m3

USEPA

PM 10ug/m3

> 1500 ug/m3

PM10 over 1500ug/m32007

PM10 over 500 ug/m32007

Source Tracking

Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton

Flamborough/Waterdown

East Mtn

NE Ind

Stny Crk

B

Sources B

Sources A

Source V

Source AY

Monitoring/NPRI Agreement

In Descending Order of Agreement• SO2

• NOx

• PM10

• CO

Mobile Survey, Phase 2

• Monitoring Modeling

Monitoring

• Inversion Days

• Other

Sampling Route, Hamilton

Traffic ModellingJulie Wallace, CSPA, McMaster

High Pollution Triangle

NOMarch 9th 2007

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

IndustryWind

High Pollution TriangleMcMaster Model – Rotek Mobile Data

Monitoring/Modeling Interaction

Diesel Emission Videos

Clean Air Task Force

http://www.catf.us/projects/diesel/noescape/videos.php

OPP Accident Hot Spots?

Accidents

Vehicle PollutionGolder Model

Sampling Track, Intersection Impacts, Road/Highway Impacts

Wind

Wind

Hwy 20/Queenston Intersection

Wind

McMaster Institute of Environment and HealthA Public Health Assessment ofMortality and Hospital Admissions

Attributable to Air Pollution in HamiltonPrepared by:Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD and Michael Jerrett, PhD

School of Geography and GeologyMay, 2003

Health Impacts Upwind DownwindCentennial/Queenston

Wind

100 200 300 400 500 600 700m

Hea

lth Im

pact

Wind

Health Close-upCentennial/Queenston

Wind

Sampling Track, Highway Impacts

Wind

NO

NO QEW Downwind

NO - No Barrier Away from QEW

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

NO2

QEW Downwind

Air Pollution Health Impacts,Inversion Day Impacts

Mar 09 Inversion

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1222

1230

1239

1248

1257

1306

1315

1324

1332

1341

1350

1359

1408

1417

1443

1452

1501

1510

1519

1528

1537

1545

1554

1603

Time Hrs Mins

pp

b/u

g m

3

PM2.5

SO2

Birge/East Ave

Claremont

Biggar/Sherman

Industry plume

MtnRes

Wellington

James/Barton

Leander

York/Locke

North End

Dundas

Cootes Dr.

Ancaster

Inversion Day

Inversion DaySO2

Wind

Inversion Day NO

Wind

Inversion DayNO2

Wind

Inversion Day Health Impacts

Wind

Pyramid of Health Effects

•

Bronchitis in ChildrenAsthma Symptom Days

Emergency room visits

Premature Death

Adult Chronic Bronchitis

Hospitalizations

Proportion of population affected

Severity of health Impact

Building Healthy and Suportive Communities

SW SO2

Wind

SW Health Impacts – (PM10 less than 100)

Wind

SW Health Impacts– PM10 less than 500

Wind

SO2 – NE Winds

2005-2007 Consolidated

Sampling Track Data

Ave_SO2

0 - 10

11 - 25

26 - 50

51 - 75

76 - 83

Wind

SO2 Inversion Surface

NE Winds

2005-2007 Consolidated

Wind

SO2 Inversion Surface Subset

Wind

NE – Aggregated Health Impact

Wind

©2007 A-MAPS Environmental Inc.

Satellite Air QualitySatellite Air Quality

Mapping:Mapping:

Example of NO2 distribution map computed from satellite imagery over the Hamilton-GTA on June 30, 2006

A-MaPS Environmental Inc.

Options• Mapped, web available health impacts of air

pollution• Mapped AQHI• Improve AQHI messaging• Reactivate API poor AQ day cutbacks• Active AQHI - Combined AQHI and API• Ontario consortium Rotek/Amaps/Golder/CSPA• Market local, city AQHIs• Manufacture, export MMUs

Future Directions• Anti idling campaign, particularly schools• Highway diesel emission testing at weigh

stations• Highway/Road Tree planting• Fugitive emission and diesel controls• Fleet Purchasing - Aldermen/ City

Council/GTA/Provincial actions• Comparative study of GTA communities• Study of highway accident black spots/noise

wall/valley effects

Future Directions

• Hamilton/McMaster respiratory/cardiac daily index• Daily air pollution health map of Hamilton/Southern

Ontario• Air Pollution Index emission controls• Present data to Health Sciences, advice to

physicians• Publish data to web – GeoConnections• Incorporate data in epidemiological studies

Future Directions

• Comparative monitoring of different socioeconomic areas

• Different season/atmospheric conditions/smog day monitoring

• Study of cardiac/respiratory admissions with hard exposure data

• Red Hill Expressway• School Bus Idling

www.cleanair.hamilton.ca

http://www.cleanair.hamilton.ca/reports/reports-news-presentations-fact-sheets.asp

www.rotekinc.com

Alternatives

ZPM , Compressed Air, $18,000, 2009

U.S. CAFE Foundation, $250,000 Prize Commuter air car

(Comparative Aircraft Flight Efficiency Foundation)

Electrovaya, Mississauga. Jan 2008Maya 300 Electric

200 km range

Electric Scooter $2000 Clean Air Fair