1926.251 GeneralRigging inspected prior to shift(s)As necessary during useRemoved if defectiveRemove rigging equipment when not in use

Rigging equipment for material handling shall be inspected prior to use on each shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe. Defective rigging equipment shall be removed from service.Rigging equipment shall not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load, as prescribed in Tables H-1 through H-20 in this subpart, following 1926.252(e) for the specific equipment.Rigging equipment, when not in use, shall be removed from the immediate work area so as not to present a hazard to employees.

1926.251 ScopeCovers slings and hoisting material handling equipmentAlloy steel chain, Wire rope, Metal mesh, Natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and Synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).

"Scope." This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).

1926.251(a)Rigging equipment for material handling

Synthetic FiberMetal MeshAlloy SteelWire Rope

(5) "Scope." This section applies to slings used in conjunction withother material handling equipment for the movement of material byhoisting, in employment's covered by this part. The types of slingscovered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).1926.251(a)(6)(6) "Inspections." Each day before being used, the sling and allfastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service.

1926.251(b) Alloy Steel ChainPermanently affixed durable identification stating Size, Grade, Rated capacity, and Sling manufacturer.All attachments capacity at least equal to chain

Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and sling manufacturer.Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links, or other attachments, when used with alloy steel chains, shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain.

1926.251(b) Alloy Steel ChainJob or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasteners, formed from bolts, rods, etc., or other such attachments, shall not be used.

1926.251(b) Alloy Steel ChainCP inspections made & based on:(A) Frequency of sling use; (B) Severity of service conditions; (C) Nature of lifts being made; and (D) Experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.Such inspections at least once a yearDocumented & available

In addition to the inspection required by other paragraphs of this section, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of (A) frequency of sling use; (B) severity of service conditions; (C) nature of lifts being made; and (D) experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every 12 months.The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination.

1926.251(c) Wire RopeFollow manufacturers safe working load recommendations, or Tables H - 3 through H - 14No knots in wire rope except where permitted in (c)(3) & (c)(4)(ii)

Tables H-3 through H-14 shall be used to determine the safe working loads of various sizes and classifications of improved plow steel wire rope and wire rope slings with various types of terminals. For sizes, classifications, and grades not included in these tables, the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products shall be followed, provided that a safety factor of not less than 5 is maintained.Wire rope shall not be secured by knots, except on haul back lines on scrapers.Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.

1926.251(c) Wire RopeEnd strands covered or blunted

Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or blunted.

1926.251(c) Wire RopeWire rope shall not be used if, in any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.

1926.251(c) Wire RopeU-bolt applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope.Use Table H - 20 to determine number and spacing of clips Never shorten slings with knots or boltsProtect slings from sharp edges

(Not for bridles, slings)U-bolt wire rope clipsNever saddle adead horse

1926.251(c)(4) The following limitations shall apply to the use of wire rope:(i) An eye splice made in any wire rope shall have not less than three full tucks. However, this requirement shall not operate to preclude the use of another form of splice or connection which can be shown to be as efficient and which is not otherwise prohibited.(ii) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.(iii) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, or bull wires shall not be formed by wire rope clips or knots.(iv) Wire rope shall not be used if, in any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear,corrosion, or defect. (5) When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, Table H-20 shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.(i) When used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope. (c)(6) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.

1926.251(c) Wire RopeNever apply a shock load when liftingNever place finger between sling & load when tightening

1926.251(d) Natural & Synthetic RopeTables H - 15 through H - 18 applyKnots not used instead of splicesRemove from service if:Abnormal wear.Powdered fiber between strands.Broken or cut fibers.Discoloration or rotting.

1926.251(e) Synthetic Webbing(e) Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene). (1)Each synthetic web sling marked or coded to show:(i) Name or trademark of manufacturer.(ii) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.(iii) Type of material.

(e) Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene). (1) The employer shall have each synthetic web sling marked or coded to show:(i) Name or trademark of manufacturer.(ii) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.(iii) Type of material.(2) Rated capacity shall not be exceeded.(3) "Webbing." Synthetic webbing shall be of uniform thickness and width and selvage edges shall not be split from the webbing's width.(4) "Fittings." Fittings shall be:(i) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the sling; and(ii) Free of all sharp edges that could in any way damage the webbing.

1926.251(e) Synthetic WebbingDont use around acids or phenolicsRemove from service if:Acid or caustic burnsMelting or charring of any part of the sling surface;Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;Broken or worn stitches; orDistortion of fittings.

Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phenolics are present.Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.

Dont put knots in slings to shorten them

1926.251 (f) Shackles and hooks.Use Table H - 19Use manufacturers recommendationsTested to twice the intended safe working load before they are initially put into use. Maintain a record of the dates and results of such tests.

Rigging SafetyBetween the trolley hook and the load is RIGGINGRopes, Slings, ChainsOSHA-Slings inspected daily Proper storage when not in useSuitable protection of rigging when in use (items with sharp corners, etc..)

Rules for Rigging Safety1. Know the weight of the load2. Know the center of gravity of the load.3. Make load attachment above the center of gravity of the load.4. Select hitch that will hold and control.5. Know the rated capacity of slings and hardware.

Rules for Rigging Safety6. Select sling best suited for load.7. Inspect all rigging before the lift.8. Protect sling from sharp surfaces.

Rules for Rigging Safety9. Proper calculation of increased tension caused by sling angles (on all rigging components!).10. Allow for D/D ratio on all slings.11. Calculate reductions when using choker hitch.

Rules for Rigging Safety12. Keep personnel clear from lift area.13. Lift load a few inches then check rigging.14. Know limitations of all lifting devices used.15. Lift slowly and stop slowly.

HooksHooks are used for lifting, towing, pulling and securing.Two general classifications:Sling Hooks: to which load or force is applied to the base (bowl saddle)Grab Hooks: contain a throat or slot of uniform width for securing on the link of a chain, usually to form a chain loop for securing the load

Do not exceed the working load limitOnly use alloy heat treated hooks for over-head liftingDo not tip load or use the hook in any manner for which it was not intendedDo not shock load or dynamic loadNever apply load to hook latches, latches are only to retain slack chains and slings

Basics of Hook InspectionsWearDeformationCracksSharp Nicks

Check for twistingCheck for wear & cracksCheck throat openingCheck for wear & deformation

Hook/Load AnglesA. Balanced 100%B. 1/4 off center 86%C. 1/2 off center 80%D. 3/4 off center 70%E. Point loading 40%Only foundry hooks are designed for tip loading

Max twist10Avoid:Side loadBack loadTip load

Hoist ChainsFour grades:Grade 28 General Utility ChainGrade 43 High Test ChainGrade 70 Binding ChainGrade 80 Alloy Steel Chain: The only one used for overhead lifting!Ranges in size from 7/32 to 11/4 link diameter.Check for wear, gouges, stretch, shearingInspection is LINK by LINKTwisted link extremely unsafeUse with grab hooksTags: should be on every chain: Size, Grade, Capacity

Hoist ChainsHoist load chains do not stretch (they wear)Sling chains chain stretch 10 - 15 % before failureGrades are indicated on side of link

Outside of the link barrels areexposed to damage from foreign objects, on straight portion. These surfaces are in compression, so reduces harmful effect. Tensile stress areas are protected by chain geometry. Gouges in areas of tensile stress are of greatest concern., especiallyif they are perpendicular to the direction of stress.

1926.251(b)(5) Whenever wear at any point of any chain link exceeds that shown in Table H-2, the assembly shall be removed from service.

Corrosion can reduce link cross-section.

Wear occurs in areas of high rubbing:

1. The bearing points of interlink contact.

2. Outside of straight side barrels.Link by linkinspection is facilitated bycollapsing thechain

Is this legal?

The load on quadruple branch slingsseldom have the load evenly distributedevenly among the four branches.For this reason sling charts for quad branch slings set the load limit for quadbranch slings to the equivalent ratingfor a triple branch sling of the sametype.

A wire rope is a Machinewith many moving partsCoreWireCenterStrandWire rope

Wire Rope CoresFiberIWRCStrand

Core is full of oil and oil oozes out to lubricate the stands and wires.If the lubrication is lacking then wires will not slide but will abrade as they go over each other during wire rope movement.Another purpose of the core is to maintain the circular shape of the wire rope.

How to describe any wire ropeA typical wire rope may be designated 6X25 FW PRF RLL XIP IWRC. This translates to:A 6 strand (6X25) of filler wire construction (FW). The grade of wire used is Extra Improved Plow Steel (XIP). The strands are preformed (PRF) in helical pattern before being laid Right lang (RLL) around an Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC).StrandEach strandcontains 25wires

LUBRICATIONRopes and chains shall be regularly lubricated

Three basic components:1. Wires that form the strand2. Multi-wire strands that are laid helically around the core.3. The core.Most common high-carbon steel.Core is rope foundation, it provides support for strands for load and bending.Core either strand or independent wire rope core (IWRC)

A machine with several hundred moving parts. Requires proper maintenance.

One lay = dist. for strand to make one revolution (appx 6.5 times the diameter).

Wire rope wear is based on:1. Loading2. Bending (# of times)3. # of use cyclesChange in rope diameter is criteria for retirement. The area in a wire rope to check wear is where it travels over the block in the section from picking a load to lifting it.Wires need lubrication to prevent corrosion. Apply by spray, brush or dip.Wire tends to wear flat on outer strands, especially where it travels over drums & sheaves.

Whats wrong with this?B30.9

How many broken wires?

Crushed

Kinking

Bird Caging

A bird cage. Caused by sudden release of tension and resultant rebound of rope from overloaded condition. These strands and wires will not return to their original positions.

Check for wear in clevis:In the bowl of the saddleCheck the pin for:StraightnessWear

Check for distortion in the: Open end of the U

Shackles&Clevises

SlingsChokerBasketStraightBridle

Straight SlingThe total weight of the load is supported by a single legThe working load limit of the sling must exceed the load

Not good for loose or long loads, or loads that can tip.

Spreader beams can be used with a double vertical hitch to handle long loadsReduces load tippingEach leg will carry one-half the total loadSpreader beams must be manufactured for that purpose and have a rated capacity indicated

Choker Sling?

Basket Sling

Bridle Sling

Mechanical Splice

Hand Tucked Eye Splice

Hand Tucked Eye SpliceBlunted Strands

Swaged Forged Eye

Mechanical SpliceIllegal Pig Tail

Calculating the load on sling legsDivide the total load by the number of sling legsThis quotient is the load on each leg if verticalMeasure the sling from the load attachment point, to the point where it connects with the hook or lifting device; this is LMeasure the vertical height from the top of the load to the hook or lifting device; this is HDivide the length of the leg by the height of the sling

LOADLH(Load Number of legs) X (L H) = Load each sling leg

ExampleLoad = 120,000 pounds4 load legs 120,000 equals 30,000 pounds each leg if vertical hitchSling legs are 20 feetHeight from top of load to lifting device is 15 feet20 15 = 1.33Load on each leg is 1.33 x 30,000 = 40,000 pounds

20'15'120,000 lb.

Center of GravityA load is stable when:The hook is directly above the center of gravity of the loadEstimate the center of gravityLift the load just enough to clear the groundIf the hook is not over the center of gravity the hook will travel to the center of gravity

CG?

Center of GravityIf necessary, set the load down and adjust the riggingIf the load tips more than 3, the rigging should be adjustedThe longer the sling legs, the more stable the load will be

The longer set of sling legs (B) will improve load stabilityBA

Rigging equipment for material handling shall be inspected prior to use on each shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe. Defective rigging equipment shall be removed from service.Rigging equipment shall not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load, as prescribed in Tables H-1 through H-20 in this subpart, following 1926.252(e) for the specific equipment.Rigging equipment, when not in use, shall be removed from the immediate work area so as not to present a hazard to employees."Scope." This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).(5) "Scope." This section applies to slings used in conjunction withother material handling equipment for the movement of material byhoisting, in employment's covered by this part. The types of slingscovered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).1926.251(a)(6)(6) "Inspections." Each day before being used, the sling and allfastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service.Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and sling manufacturer.Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links, or other attachments, when used with alloy steel chains, shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain.In addition to the inspection required by other paragraphs of this section, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of (A) frequency of sling use; (B) severity of service conditions; (C) nature of lifts being made; and (D) experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every 12 months.The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination.Tables H-3 through H-14 shall be used to determine the safe working loads of various sizes and classifications of improved plow steel wire rope and wire rope slings with various types of terminals. For sizes, classifications, and grades not included in these tables, the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products shall be followed, provided that a safety factor of not less than 5 is maintained.Wire rope shall not be secured by knots, except on haul back lines on scrapers.Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or blunted.1926.251(c)(4) The following limitations shall apply to the use of wire rope:(i) An eye splice made in any wire rope shall have not less than three full tucks. However, this requirement shall not operate to preclude the use of another form of splice or connection which can be shown to be as efficient and which is not otherwise prohibited.(ii) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.(iii) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, or bull wires shall not be formed by wire rope clips or knots.(iv) Wire rope shall not be used if, in any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear,corrosion, or defect. (5) When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, Table H-20 shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.(i) When used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope. (c)(6) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.(e) Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene). (1) The employer shall have each synthetic web sling marked or coded to show:(i) Name or trademark of manufacturer.(ii) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.(iii) Type of material.(2) Rated capacity shall not be exceeded.(3) "Webbing." Synthetic webbing shall be of uniform thickness and width and selvage edges shall not be split from the webbing's width.(4) "Fittings." Fittings shall be:(i) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the sling; and(ii) Free of all sharp edges that could in any way damage the webbing.Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phenolics are present.Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.

Core is full of oil and oil oozes out to lubricate the stands and wires.If the lubrication is lacking then wires will not slide but will abrade as they go over each other during wire rope movement.Another purpose of the core is to maintain the circular shape of the wire rope.

A bird cage. Caused by sudden release of tension and resultant rebound of rope from overloaded condition. These strands and wires will not return to their original positions.Not good for loose or long loads, or loads that can tip.