Right to Water. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. 3rd Edition 2010

Care About the People? Think About Water and Sanitation!

3rd Edition, 2010

Information Media of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Informati on Media on Water Supply and Environmental Sanitati on

Published by:Water Supply and Environmental Sanitati on

Working Group(WSES Working Group)

Responsible PersonHousing and Sett lement Director of Bappenas

Environmental Sanitati on Director of the Health Ministry

Water Supply Development Director of the Public Work Ministry

Natural Resources Improvement and Effi cient Technology Director of Domesti c Aff air

MinistryDirector of Spati al and Environmental Facili-

tati on of the Domesti c Aff air Ministry

Head of editorial staff Oswar Mungkasa

Editorial Staff Maraita Listyasari

Nugroho Tri Utomo

Managing EditorEko Budi Harsono

Design and Producti onAgus Sumarno

Sofyar

Circulati on/SecretariatAgus Syuhada

Nur Aini

Editorial AddressJl. RP Soeroso 50, Central Jakarta,

Ph/Fax: (021) 31904113Website: htt p//www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

Editors accept external papers/arti cle concerning water supply and environmental

sanitati on.

Table of Contents

From the Editor ….....................…………………………………………………………………….. 3Your Voice …......................……………………………………………………………….…………… 4Main Report UN General Assembly Legalized Human Right to water Resoluti on ………. 5 Right to water as Human Right ............……………………………………………..... 10Regulati on Law No 39 Year 1999 on Human Right …………………………………….............. 14Agenda Internati onal Anti Poverty Day, the Diffi cult Access to Water Supply and Environmental Sanitati on as Part of Poverty ........……………………………….. 16Discourse Nuisance on Right to water and Housing (fi rst paper) .………………….…….. 18 The State Must Guarantee the People’s Right to water .......................... 24 Care about the People? Think about Water Supply and Environmental Sanitati on! ……………………….…………………………...…. 28Interview Nugroho Tri Utomo, Housing and Sett lement Director of Bappenas ...… 31 Hamong Santono, KRUHA ...................……………….….…………………………… 34 A Patra M Zen, YLBHI Director ……………...................……………………………. 36Innovati on Oxidati on Technology for Water Supply …………………………..…….............. 38 Clay, an Eff ecti ve Media to Clear Muddy Peat Moss Water ……………...... 41Diff erent Side Islam Shari’a as Soluti on ………………………………………………........................ 45Reportage Public Dialogue on the Lookout for Water Confl ict Water Confl ict Needs to be Anti cipated by the Local Government ……... 46 30% Toddler’s Death Due to Poor Sanitati on ...........………………………….... 48 HCTPS Workshop for Elementary School Teachers of DKI Jakarta Only Three Percent of the Populati on Are Using Soap to Wash Hands … 49 “Water Politi c” Must be the Concern of Local Government .....…………. 50 Synergy of WSES Networking Program and GBCI ………………….............… 53Guidance Numbers of Technology to Acquire Water Supply ………………………......... 54CD Info …..........................….……………………………………………………………………….. 55Books Info ......................….……………………………………………………………………..… 56Website Info .....................……………………………………………………………………….... 57WESE Literatures .....................…………………………………………………………………... 58Facts US$ 150 Billion is Required To Prevent World’s Water Crisis .....…………. 59

Edisi III, 2010

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33

From the Editor

POKJA

Time went so fast, we have just celebrated

1431 Hijra Idul Fitri. For those who

celebrated the holiday, we would like to

say Congratulation. From the very depth

of our heart, we seek Forgiveness. May we

all become better person.

On early September, we heard the news of UN

General Assembly Resolution regarding Right to Water

as Human Right. Some people may be shocked, but

many took the news without particular action due to

various reasons; maybe because human rights have

been the hot topic in Indonesia for the past decade.

Th is was also supported by Law No 39 Tear 1999 on

Human Rights. Although the idea of human rights itself

has been included in the Constitution (UUD 1945),

acknowledgement of Right to Water as Human Right in

Indonesia has also been adopted implicitly in the existing

regulations. It was started by Law No 7 Year 2004 on

Water Resources, followed by Government Regulation

(PP) No 16 Year 2005 on Water Supply Provision System.

Th is resolution represents a major progress on the

water supply and environmental sanitation development,

not only of the world, but also of Indonesia. It has

become a long obsession on behalf of the stakeholders

that right to water as one of the human rights be the

mainstream of the development in Indonesia. Th us

hopefully, the number of Indonesian people without

access to the water supply can be reduced signifi cantly.

Naturally, it’s not that simple; especially considering

numbers of local governments who have not completely

aware that water supply is an obligatory task of the local

government. Surely there is still a long way to go. In

that matter, we then would like to utilize the moment

of this resolution to rebuild our determination regarding

the magnitude of the leftover responsibility. Th ere are

still 100 million of our fellow countrymen who are still

without access to the water supply.

To fully give the responsibility on the water supply

to the local government is also not a wise option. We

all should work together hand-in-hand with the local

government to complete this homework; as one of

the human rights principles, helping one another and

synergizing to achieve the common goal. Let’s go then.

What are we waiting for? (OM).

4

Internship at Percik MagazineI would like to introduce myself. My

name is Muhammad Chaidir. I’m a college student of Communicati on Science of Reli-gious Moestopo University in Jakarta. I have read Percik magazine at the college library and seen the content as well as several issues that specifi cally discussing Water Supply and Environmental Sanitati on (WSES) which was provided in simple, smart, and concise as to challenge me to take my Final Assignment in relati on of the media functi on that you’re managing in reference to the WSES develop-ment in Indonesia.

I am hoping that the editors of Percik Magazine will give me an opportunity to perform research for my fi nal assignment on the Functi on of Internal Media in Gov-ernment Program of WSES Development Accelerati on. If it is possible, I will send my covering lett er from my college and my Final Assignment Proposal. Thank you very much. Greeti ng for Percik.

Muhammad ChaidirMoestopo University Jakarta

Thank you for your kind att enti on and

your trust on Percik Magazine. Please send your formal request to perform research. We will gladly help you. Greeti ng from Percik.

Let’s Respect Water Who can live without water? Water is

very useful in our daily lives at the moment. When we feel hot and dirty aft er daily acti vi-ti es, we uti lize water for showering. We then drink water whenever we are thirsty, and there are much more proof of our depen-dency on water.

Water is so common in our lives that we took it for granted. We only realized it when we’re facing diffi culti es to acquire clean water. When water pipes are experiencing disturbance, and the water came out dirty and muddy, we will be bothered. What will happen if we can no longer enjoy water?

Drought, aside from the disastrous fl ood has happened

b e -

cause of the greedy and ignorance nature of the earth’s creature.

So powerful is water in our lives, thus take a very good care of that water, and use it wisely. Moreover, water strength will in-crease and bring positi ve eff ect on our body if prior to using the water, such as before we drink, we pray beforehand. This was proven by a Japanese professor with his research on water that will alter its texture and crystal according to the conditi on of the user. There-fore, uti lize the positi ve strength of water by using it carefully.

Rini Utami AzisSolo, Central Java

Growing Crisis of Water Liberalizati on

Liberalizati on wave seems to be inevi-table anymore. All aspects of our lives must submit to internati onal agreements which only concern is big capital owners.

Discriminati on in water privati zati on has been revealed. One proof of policy that is against the people is when water become business, thus it has become more than moving to gain profi t, but also to ti e and be-guile others as to bow down to it, to those who have power over it. Water management is no longer considering water management in system as to provide fair, imparti al, and af-fordable water service for the populati on.

Water is the basic needs of human, thus it can not be commercialized as people’s ba-sic needs, as guaranteed in verse 33 of the Consti tuti on (UUD 1945). For example, in Batam, elite estates become the fi rst priority, while populati on of other regions with lesser economic status and slump areas, such as Teluk Lenggung, Pungur, are left behind and sti ll consuming well water, which according to the test result of the Health Department, is not feasible to be consumed due to the high number of bacteria and under the pH standard. Meanwhile, water treatment in-stallati on (IPA) was built only several meters from their house.

The growing number of suicide rate due to the high life pressure is another issue. How come the government is sti ll not paying

att enti on to the basic rights such as water, educati on and health? Did the people asked too much? All they need is for their rights to be completed. To cry, they will think twice, because it would mean wasti ng “tears”. Once again, we must be very careful when dealing with water. One wrong step will not only cost one life, but also the future of our children and grandchildren.

Maft uhahMenteng, Jakarta

Do Not Reuse the Plasti c Bott le

Water plasti c bott les and glasses are oft en being reuse. In fact, those bott les and glasses are oft en used over and over again. Actually, the package (bott les and glasses) is only for one ti me use. There is health stan-dard that must be complied by the produc-ers. This standard was meant to minimize the number of bacteria in the package.

When the seal is broken, the bott le should not be reused, because those plasti c bott les and glasses were made from poly-ethylene terephtalate or PET that contain carcinogen (causing cancer). The substance is hazardous to the human health if it was swallowed. Through series of bott le steril-izati on standard, when it’s sealed, the sub-stance is inacti ve. The number of bacteria in the package is guaranteed to comply with the tolerance threshold.

However, do not make mistake, for these bott les were not only made of PET, but also PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride), and this is far more hazardous because it can cause acid rain when it is being burned. PVC even has haz-ard potencies for liver, heart and weight. The change from PVC to PET has actually started since the year 1988. Hopefully, there will be no more factories using PVC.

Reusing plasti c bott les and glasses cause the carcinogenic substance to dissolve in the water we drink. If we have to reuse the bott les and glasses, we must wash them fi rst with soap containing disinfectant or anti bac-terial. Household soaps have complied with the standard.

Wahyu, Surabaya

tcause oc

Your Voice

5

Edisi III, 2010

555

Main Report

On early September,

the world’s

p o p u l a t i o n ,

especially Water

Supply and

Environmental Sanitation activist,

and practitioners were shocked by

the issue of UN General Assembly

Resolution that emphasized access to

water supply and proper sanitation is

part of the human rights. To clarify,

UN General Assembly resolution

with the title: “Th e right to acquire

clean and safe water supply and

sanitation is part of the human right,

and an important element to fully

and comprehensively enjoy the right

to life.”

In the resolution, UN General

Assembly exhorted all of the

international population and

Countries that have signed the

resolution to increase the eff ort of

providing safe, clean, and aff ordable

water supply and sanitation to all

people. “Limited access to water

supply has killed more children than

AIDS, malaria, and pox”, said the

Head of UN Human Right Council

from Bolivia, Pablo Solon in UN

offi cial website.

UN Environmental Program

Data has estimated 884 million of

the world population are without

access to safe water supply, and 2,6

billion people have limited access

to proper sanitation facilities. Th is

access diffi culty has caused among

others, 1,5 million death of babies

due to proper-sanitation-and-water-

supply-related diseases.

Resolution of Right to water

was legalized through voting of

163 UN member countries. No

country refuses this resolution. 122

countries including China, Russia,

German, France, Spain, and Brazil

are supporting this resolution, while

41 countries such as Canada, USA,

England, Australia, and Botswana

were abstained.

Some of the countries that

preferred to abstain stated

that the

UN General Assembly Legalized Resolution of

Human Rights on Water

6

resolution does not clarify the

magnitude of right to water as well as

the task that follows in order to fulfi ll

the right. Regarding the resolution,

WSES expert, Hening Darpito said

that at fi rst, there was concern that

this resolution of right in water and

sanitation is premature; as it turned

out in the voting, the resolution

has acquired positive responds

from almost all of the meeting

participants.

Long Way to Go

It was the year 1948 when the

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (DUHAM) was issued and

followed in the year 1966 during

the International Covenants on

Economic, Social, and Cultural

Rights (ICESCR) and International

Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights (ICCPR), where water was

not mentioned explicitly as human

rights but as an inseparable part of the

agreed human rights, which is right

to life, right on proper live, right on

health, right on housing, and right

to eat. Afterward, it was mentioned

more explicitly although still part of a

convention with diff erent theme, such

as said in chapter 14 verse (2) letter h

of Th e Convention of the Elimination

all Forms of Discrimination Against

Women (CEDAW 1979), that state

(country) must take measured steps

in eliminating diff erent forms of

discrimination on women, especially

women right to benefi t from proper

life standards of healthy water supply

and sanitation. Such was said in

chapter 24 of Th e Convention on

Th e Right of Th e Child –CRC

1989 that in the eff ort to prevent malnutrition and disease spreading,

every child posses the right on clean

drinking water.

It was continued by statement

and appeal through Millennium

Declaration that comes up with

MDGs (Millennium Development

Goals) project, which acting as

commitment of the Head of

Countries/Governments as UN

members in fi ghting global poverty

in 2000-2015, encouraging

governments to “provide access to

proper water supply and sanitation

for the population who has yet the

benefi t of”.

However, the explicit statement

of water was not specifi cally

mentioned until the year 2002,

when the UN Committee of Social

Economical and Cultural Right

provided general comment Number

15 in clarifying chapter 11 and 12 of

Th e Economic, Social, and Cultural

resollllution does not cla

magnitude of right to waterd f h

Main Report

66

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15

Th

Water Right and Right to Water

Comprehension on Water Right and Right to Water is oft en blur; both terms are oft en interpreted to be the same in Bahasa Indonesia, as Right on Water. Nevertheless, the two terms have signifi cant diff erence.

The power to att ained water from nature is oft en said as Water Right has the following meaning:

• Att aining or diverti ng and uti lizing magnitude of water from natural sources.

• Collecti ng magnitude of water from water sources into one place, such as dam or other structure, or

• Using the water on its natural sources.Water Right is a tool issued by a country as a water mastering insti tuti on

to individuals or company who legally termed as ‘licences’, ‘permissions’, ‘authorisati ons’, ‘consents’ and ‘concessions’ to uti lize water. Water right in economic term is used as a tool to att ain retributi on of water uti lizati on.

The above term is obviously diff erent with Right to Water as meant in Human Rights Studies. The law that consti tutes Water Right assumes that water is a commodity requires law protecti on from those who master it. Water Right can be understood as the Right to Att ain Water. The diff erence is that water is a necessity (to have) and water as a right. The Right to Water (water as a right) emphasizes more on water as an inseparable part of a dignifi ed human life, therefore Right to Water is absolute and therefore it is mandatory for the Country to acknowledge.

ISTIMEWA

7

Edisi III, 2010

Right Convention, that right to

water cannot be separated from other

human rights, for water is more than

just economic commodity and right

to water is indeed a human right.

“Th e human right to water entitles

everyone to suffi cient, physically

accessible, safe and acceptable water

for personal and domestic uses.”

Right to water also includes freedom

to manage access to water. Th e

element of right to water must also

suffi cient for human’s dignity, life,

and health. Suffi ciency on right to

water cannot be translated narrowly

on mere volume quantity and

technology. Water must be treated as

social and cultural assets, more than

economic asset.

In the United Nations General

Comments of Committee on

Economic, Social, and Cultural

Rights) Number 15, human rights

consists of two major components,

which is freedom and entitlements.

Freedom means there will be

no intervention that can cause

disablement of human right to water,

such as contamination of the water

to be consumed. Entitlement is right

on water system and management

that enable everyone to have same

opportunity and access to water.

Government Eff ort

As other human rights, with

regard to the country’s position on

the duty caused by the human right,

the country has to respect, meaning

preventing disturbance, directly/

indirectly, of the provision of right

to water; to protect, meaning

preventing involvement of the third

party (company) in providing right

to water; and to fulfi ll, meaning

taking necessary measures to ensure

complete fulfi llment of right to

water. In the context of respect,

the Indonesian Government has

ratifi ed international convention

on economic, social, and cultural

rights through Law No 11 Year

2005, implying that the country

must meet the population rights,

including right to drinking water.

Th e government seems to be

serious in its eff ort by issuing Law

No 7 Year 2004 on Water Resources,

which in verse 5 stated that the

country guarantees the right of

everyone to acquire water for

minimal requirement of daily lives in

order to achieve healthy, clean, and

productive live. Further clarifi cation

on right to water in this law said

that the people attain the right to

(i) acquire information regarding

water resources management; (ii)

acquire proper replacement

on detriment die to the

implementation of

8

water resources management; (iii)

benefi t from the water resources

management; (iv) raise objection on

water resources management plan

that has been announced in certain

time period accordingly to the local

condition; (v) submit reports and

complaints to the authority on the

detriment die to water resources

management; and/or (vi) submit

suit/claim regarding water resources

issues that has damaged their lives/

living.

While the people’s right is

further directed in Governmental

Regulation No 16 Year 2005 on

Water Supply Provision System

Development as derivation of

Law No 7 Year 2004, in this case

(i) acquire qualifi ed water supply

service in term of quality, quantity,

and continuity in compliance with

the existing standard; (ii) acquire

information on the structure and

magnitude of tariff as well as the

billing; (iii) submit suit on the

service that has harmed them; (iv)

acquire proper reimbursement due

to the service indiff erence; and

(v) acquire service of waste water

disposal or feces slug removal.

In fact, technically, drinking

water quality has been constituted

specifi cally in Government

Regulation No 82 Year 2001 on

Water Quality Management and

Water Contamination Control to

ensure protection of public interest.

Even so, the government is

considered to fail to fulfi ll the

particular people’s right. “Indonesian

Government’s eff ort to protect and

respect right to drinking water is still

far from people expectation,” said

National Coordinator of People’s

Right to Water (KRUHA) Hamong

Santono. “Reports by UNESCAP,

ADB, and UNDP, have also fi rmly

stated that Indonesia is currently on

the slow lane in meeting the target

of water supply and sanitation in

MDGs,” he said.

One of the reason as to the low

access of the public to access drink-

ing water is the small amount of

budget allocated by the government.

In the year 2005, the allocated bud-

get was only Rp 500 billion, and

for the year 2010 was Rp 3 trillion.

Whereas the required budget for

water supply and sanitation devel-

opment was approximately 2 to 3

times the amount. “Clearer political

agenda and commitment is required

regarding the people’s right to wa-

ter. Don’t just signing the resolution

without knowing what to do with

the problems of water supply and

basic sanitation,” said Hamong.

However, back to the one of the

principles of human right fulfi ll-

ment, the process must also consider

each government capability. Most

important is the strong willingness

from the government to achieve tar-

water resources managem

benefit from the water

Main Report

POKJA

9

Edisi III, 2010

get fulfi llment of right to water. Th is

is obvious considering the –almost

six times- increment in water supply

and environmental sanitation bud-

get allocation in fi ve years period

(2010-2014) compare to the previ-

ous fi ve years (2005-2009).

Local Government

as the Spearhead

More often than not, the main

actor of water supply and environ-

mental sanitation is forgotten. Based

on the existing regulations, local

government is the one who have the

mandate to provide water supply.

Th us an important question arisen,

as to how far is the concept of right

to water as human right has been

comprehended by decision makers

at the region. If this has not been ac-

knowledged, we should not get our

hope up for the UN resolution to

have impact on water supply access

improvement in Indonesia. Even

after it has been acknowledged, the

next step will be to know how far

the comprehension has been inter-

nalized in the planning document

of local government, such as Lo-

cal Mid-Term Development Plan

(RPJMD). Continue as such un-

til a fund is allocated for marginal

groups.

It is the task of the central and

provincial governments to make the

concept of right to water as human

right to be the mainstream of water

supply and environmental sanitation

development in the local level.

Advocatory eff ort is needed both

to the executives and legislatives,

followed by internalization through

reviewing of RPJMD documents,

so the dramatic improvement can

be made clear of WSES budget

allocation, especially for those that

are marginalized. Seems it will take

quite some time considering 500

kabupaten/kota in Indonesia.

Duty of All

It is clear that a little bit of

patience on our part is required to

see the result of government eff ort.

Surely cooperation of all parties,

and this is also one of the principles

in fulfi lling human right which

is interdependence, is a necessity.

Fulfi llment of right to water as

human right will not be achieved

if the government is left to work

alone. Let’s work together. Th ere are

still approximately 100 millions of

our fellow countrymen are without

access to water supply. Most of

them come from marginalized

groups. (OM)

Human Right Directorate General, Harkristuti Harkrisnowo:

Numbers of Problems in the Water Sector Have Come to Government Att enti on

In the Workshop of Right to Water that was held by WSES Working Group at Bogor, Human Right Directorate General, Harkristuti Harkrisnowo in her writt en speech that was read by Human Right Cooperati on Director, Dimas Samudera Rum said that water is an absolute necessity in every living creature’s life. Without water, no life can survive. However in reality, the

world is experiencing problems with regard to water due to various factors, such as rapid growth of world populati on, and current unsustainable water management.

It was also said in the speech that numbers of internati onal policies regarding right to water have been issued such as CEDAW (Conventi on on the Eliminati on of All Forms of Discriminati on Against Women), CRC (Conventi on on the Rights of the Child) and ICESCR (Internati onal Covenant on Civil and Politi cal Rights and Internati onal Conventi on on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights). Also included UN ECOSOC DECLARATION (Economic, Social, and Cultural Declarati on) on November 2002.

While Indonesia has acknowledged enti tlement of the basic right since the beginning in basic Consti tuti on of UUD 1945 Chapter 33 stati ng that “Earth, water along with its natural wealth is mastered by the country and uti lize for the welfare of the people.” Thus, it is the task of the country to guarantee water provision for every citi zen.

ISTIMEWA

10

Laporan Utama

In the history of mankind, wa-

ter has taken central position

and guarantees the continuity

of human’s life in the face of

this earth. Water relates with

somebody’s right to live, thus become

an inseparable part within the term of

human rights. Water entitlement as

human right indicates two things; on

one side is acknowledgement that wa-

ter has a very important place in the

lives of human, and on the other side,

it is necessary to protect everyone’s ac-

cess to water. For that reason, right to

water needs to be made positive as the

highest right in the law aspect, which

is human right.

Th e Importance of Right

to Water as Human Right

Without realizing it, there are many

benefi ts as to the resolution of right

to water as human right. For instance

(i) water became legal

r i g h t ,

more than mere mercy based-service;

(ii) basic access accomplishment needs

to be accelerated; (iii) those who were

ignored receive more attention so that

the gap could be reduced; (iv) margin-

alized people and community will be

empowered to take role in the deci-

sion making process; (v) country will

be more focus on fulfi lling its duty

due to international monitoring.

Who will be impacted the Most

Speaking about right to water as

human right, there are several groups

that will receive most impact by the

change about to happen. Th ey will be

impacted mostly because their rights

have been neglected for so long, and

due to various normative and legal

excuses were not the target of water

supply service providers.

Low income people. Among the

impacted groups, the poor is the most

suff ering. Th is was represented by the

data showing 80 percent of the people

without access to drinking water were

especially low income people who are

living in the rural areas.

Women. Women in many com-

munities have lower status compare to

the men. Th eirs is the task to collect

or acquire water for domestic daily

needs. Th e data shows that 70 percent

out of 1,3 billion of very poor people

are women (WHO, 2001). Research

shows that African household spent

approximately 26 percent of their

time to collect water, and in general,

it is the task of women (DFID, 2001).

Th is condition has prevented women

to work, even to go to school.

Children. Improper water condi-

tion increased the chance of children

to suff er from many diseases. Th eir

immune system has not fully devel-

oped. Children also often share the

women’s task as water collector. As the

eff ect, in many countries, many chil-

dren do not go to school.

Indigenous people. Actually, it

Right to Water as Human Right

POKJA

11

Edisi III, 2010

was this indigenous people who are

utilizing the traditional water sources.

However, with the growth of an area,

the water source was then contami-

nated or being used exceeding its ca-

pacity. Th is condition has left them

without access to water.

Main Principle

Th e main principle of human right

in relation with water supply and san-

itation development is (i) equality and

without discrimination. Th is prin-

ciple is the most prominent among

other basic principles of human right

framework. Consolidating this prin-

ciple into WSES development policy

requires special eff ort to identify the

most marginalized and vulnerable

individual and groups in water sup-

ply and sanitation access availability.

Moreover, proactive actions are neces-

sary to ensure that marginalized indi-

viduals and groups are included in the

target and become the focus of inter-

vention. Included in these groups are

women, children, rural communities,

slump areas, low income communi-

ties, nomadic communities, refugees,

senior citizens, remote communities,

disabled people, and the people at wa-

ter vulnerable-areas. Establishing the

integrated data of these groups has be-

come a necessity. Th e main issue that

also served as hot topic is aff ordability

without diff erentiating whether the

service provider is private or govern-

ment. Government is responsible to

ensure that water is aff ordable to all,

even those who cannot aff ord to pay.

Th e eff ort can be made among others

through provision of certain amount

of free water, tariff block system, cross

subsidy mechanism and direct sub-

sidy. (ii) safe and acceptable. Water

must be safe for domestic use, and

the minimum volume must be avail-

able for drinking water; (iii) aff ord-

able service. What is aff ordable? Pay-

ment is considered to be unaff ordable

when it reduced someone’s ability to

buy other basic needs such as food,

housing, healthcare and education. It

is not recommended for a household

to spend more than 3% of income for

drinking water; (iv) accessible service.

When is a service accessible? Govern-

ment must ensure that access to water

is available inside or within the prox-

imity of house, school, or workplace.

If possible, tolerable condition which

is the time requires in getting to the

water source is 30 minutes at most.

Safety during the process of collecting

the water must also be considered; (v)

suffi cient water. How many water per

person is considered to be minimum

requirement? UN indicates that water

be suffi cient for drinking, sanitation,

clothes washing, and cooking. At 20

liter per person per day is required.

A water source is considered to be

suffi cient if the minimum volume is

100 liters; (vi) accessible information.

Right to water as human right also

ensures available access to informa-

tion on government’s strategies and

policies, and also enables the people

to participate.

Right to Water as Prerequisite

of Other Human Rights

Right to water has become a pre-

requisite to fulfi lling other human

rights. As an illustration: (i) right on

food. Unsafe water consumption has

prevented the eff ort to suffi cient basic

nutrients and thus, right on food; (ii)

right to live and right on health. Insuf-

fi cient safe water has become the main

cause of babies deaths all around the

world; (iii) education right. Collect-

ing water in many countries are the

task of women and children, whereas

time and distance sometimes requires

over 2 hours trips as to prevent them

to attend school. Th is includes ab-

sence due to diarrhea; (iv) right on

housing. Drinking water availability

is an important condition of proper

housing/settlement.

Country’s Obligation

Th e emerging issue is then how to

place the country in its relation with

water as public or social asset that has

been acknowledged as part of human

right. Based on UN Committee’s gen-

eral comment Number 15 regarding

Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

that right to water as other human

rights has raised three types of obliga-

tions for the country to take, which is

obligation to respect, to protect, and

to fulfi ll.

Obligation to respect: maintaining

the existing access. Th is implies that

the country does not disturb either di-

rectly or indirectly the present of right

to water. Other obligation includes

not restricting access of anyone.

Obligation to protect: involving

the third party. Th is obligation com-

pels the country to prevent third par-

ty’s involvement at any mean on the

present of right to water. Th ird parties

including individual, group, compa-

ny, and institution are under the gov-

ernment. Th e obligation also includes

adopting eff ective regulation.

Obligation to fulfi ll: facilitation,

promotion and provision. Th is obli-

gation compels government to take

measures to fulfi ll right to water.

How about local governments? In

reality, the determinant factor of fulfi ll-

ing right to water as human right lies

in the hand of the local government.

UN General Comment Number 15

is stating that the central government

Misunderstanding of Right to Water

Water as Human Right does not mean….

• … that water is provided free for all.

• … that all house must be served through direct connecti on even when it is fi nancially not feasible.

• … that the government itself must provide service without delegati ng the task to other non government parti es

12

must ensure that local governments

have suffi cient capacity both in term

of fi nancial and human resources to

provide water supply service. Further-

more, the service must also comply

with the fulfi llment of human rights

principles.

Indicator of Right to

Water Fulfi llment

Water suffi ciency as prerequisite

of right to water fulfi llment, in any

circumstances must comply with the

following factors (i) availability. Wa-

ter supply for everyone must be suf-

fi cient and sustainable for individual

and household needs; (ii) quality.

Water for everyone or every house-

hold must be safe, free of microorgan-

ism, chemical and radiology elements

which are hazardous to human health;

(iii) accessible. Water as well as water

facilities and services must be acces-

sible by all without discrimination.

Accessibility is marked by (a) physi-

cal accessibility. Water along with its

facilities and services must be able to

be accessed physically for everyone in

the population; (b) economically af-

fordable. Water along with its facilities

and services must be aff ordable to all.

Costs incurred, both directly and in-

directly and other water-related costs

must be aff ordable; (c) non-discrimi-

nation. Water along with its facilities

and services must be accessible to all,

including vulnerable or marginalized

groups, both in term of the law and

real fi eld fact without discrimination;

(d) information access. Access to water

also includes the right to seek, receive

water-related information.

Materializing Water

as Human Right

In reality, numbers of factors are

required to ensure water as human

right. One, government must have

eff ective regulation and institution,

including public authority with clear

mandate with proper and suffi cient

fi nancial and human resources. Two,

information and education. Th is is

important in ensuring transparent

and responsible water management.

Th e people must know and under-

stand their rights. In turn, they must

also know their obligation. On one

side, public authority must also know

their obligation. Th ree, multi-parties

dialogue. Th is dialogue involves num-

bers of parties from the private sector,

NGO, low income community, which

will contribute in the process of plan-

ning, development, and management

of water supply services. Th is will

generate a more transparent and re-

sponsible public authority. Four, cost-

sharing solidarity mechanism. As an

example, tariff system may use cross

subsidy, where the ‘have’ pays more.

Meanwhile, right to water is not

only applicable to public companies,

but also to private. As an illustration,

the International Federation of Pri-

vate Water Operators AquaFed, that

represents various water service com-

panies from small to international

scale, has included issue on right to

water in company regulation. Th ere

are three required elements in order

for the operator to implement the

concept of right to water, namely (i)

clear contract including the role and

responsibility of the operator; (ii) the

present of subsidy or low tariff for low

income community; (iii) the present

of sustainable social mechanism on

services toward marginalized groups

(poor, homeless, etc.).

must ensure that local gov

have sufficient capacity both ffi b

Main Report

stand their rights. In turn, they must

Prominent Practi ceBelgia. Social fund is introduced

and funded through the source of wa-ter levy. Social fund income is being used by social insti tuti on to cover ser-vice cost of the lowest income people. Other than that, free water consump-ti on was given as much as 15 m3 per family.

Poto Alegre, Brazil. Public compa-ny as the water supply service provider applies parti cipati ve budget planning process. In public meeti ngs, everyone is free to speak regarding budget pri-ority. This model has generated dra-mati c increment in drinking water ac-cess to low income community.

South Africa. Every drinking wa-ter service provider insti tuti on must have consumer service unit to receive every complaints. Water Ministry is prerequisite to have a nati onal infor-mati on system which is accessible to the people.

Frequently Asked Questi on• Is 20 liter per capita per day is suffi cient to fulfi ll human right? NO. 20 liters per capita per day is

the minimum but not yet fulfi ll the requirement in relati on of the health aspect. To meet that, the minimum requirement is between 50 to 100 liters per capita per day.

• Is fund to achieve water requirement fulfi llment really an obstacle? NO. It is true that large amount of fund is required. However, it has been proven that the cost of insuffi cient water sup-ply is even greater, in form of decreasing health quality of the people, loosing producti ve ti me and school’s absence. Moreover, the fund requirement is not necessarily to be met immediately, but accordingly to the capacity of each government.

• Is everyone, even those who live in remote areas are prerequisite to have access through the piping system? NO. Government must only ensure that everyone have access to qualifi ed (in term of availability, access, aff ordability, quality) access, however every region requires diff erent services in accordance with each region’s requirement.

• Does the government must provide free water? NO. Human rights only guarantess that drinking water must be aff ordable and not preventi ng other human rights such as food, housing, and health.

• Does human right forbid private involvement in the water supply service? NO. Human right did not consti tute certain form of water supply service. However, government must ensure, through regulati on, monitoring, and reporti ng procedure, that all providers (public and private) do not violate human rights.

• Does enti tlement of right to water as human right encouraged water supply fulfi llment? YES. Among other factors, human right stabilized the law framework which depicted right and obliga-ti on, and encourage more att enti on toward the poor, and non-discriminati ve services. Human rights urge the people to be acti vely involved.

13

Edisi III, 2010

11313

Edisi III, 2010Edisi III, 2010

Defi niti on and Characteristi cs of Human RightHuman right is basic rights own by human, in accor-

dance with its nature, given directly by God. When these rights are ignored, it is impossible for the human to live as people. Offi cially in chapter 1 of Law No 39 Year 1999 on Human Right it is stated that “Human Right is a set of rights that closely relate to the nature and existence of human as the creature of God and represents His ut-most grace that must be respected, upheld, and pro-tected by the country, law, government and all people, for the honor and protecti on of human’s dignity.”

Based on the above formula-ti on of Human Right, some con-clusion can be made, namely (i) Human Right was not necessar-ily be given, bought, or inherited. Human right is an automati c part of being human; (ii) Human right is applicable to all without dis-criminati ng gender, race, religion, ethnic, politi cal view, or social and citi zenship origin; (iii) Human right cannot be violated. No one has the right to restrain or violate other’s right. People resume to have hu-man right, even when the country made laws that are against human right (Mansyur Fakih, 2003).

In essence, Human Right con-sists of two most fundamental basic rights, which are equality right and freedom right. Of the two basic rights, other rights were formulated, or without the two, other human rights will be diffi cult to enforce.

The Development of Human Right ForethoughtThe development of Human Right forethought in the

world is initi ated in Magna Charta on the year 1215 in England, that among others includes the thinking that the king who once hold an absolute power (king made the law, but he himself is bonded by the very law he

made), is now have less power and can be held respon-sible in the eyes of the law (Mansyur Eff endi, 1994). The birth of Magna Charta is then followed by a more con-crete development by the birth of Bill of Rights in Eng-land in the year 1689. At the ti me, an adage has arisen, with the main thinking that all human are equal in the eyes of the law (equality before the law). Next devel-opment of Human Right was marked by The American Declarati on of Independence that was born of Rousseau and Montesquuiei concept. It is then confi rmed that

human is free since they were sti ll in their mother’s abdomen, thus it is illogical when aft er they were born they must be chained.

Next in the year 1789 a French Declarati on was born where sti p-ulati on of right is further defi ne as stated in the Rule of Law which among others stati ng that there can be no arrest without legal excuse. In that matt er, the prin-ciple of presumpti on of innocent (where those who were arrested, then imprisoned and accused, have the right to resume inno-cent, unti l proven otherwise in the court of law) is applied. In the French Declarati on all rights have been included, namely the rights that guarantee the growth of de-

mocracy and law country with previously established principles. Furthermore, it is also important to know the Four Freedoms of President Roosevelt that was es-tablished on January 6th 1941.

All of these rights aft er World War II (where Hitler annihilated millions of lives) were made to be the foun-dati on of thoughts in formulati ng the universal nature of Human Rights, which bett er known as The Uni-versal Declarati on of Human Rights that was es-tablished by the UN in 1948.

A Brief Look on Human Rights

ISTIMEWA

14

Regulation

So far, human right has been a common topic

among the people. Even so, not everyone knows

for sure what it means. Human right is a basic

right that naturally attached on human; it is universal

and imperishable, thus needs to be protected, respected,

maintained, and cannot be ignored, reduced, or taken

by anyone.

Meanwhile, to show respect, Indonesian people

as member of the United Nation that bears moral

and legal responsibility to upheld and implement

the Universal Declaration of Human Right that was

established by the United Nation, and other various

international instruments in relation to human

right, has consciously issued Indonesia Republic

Parliament Decree No XVII/MPR/1998 on Human

Right. Moreover, arrangement of human rights has

basically stated in diff erent laws, including laws that

established various international convention on human

right. However, to accommodate all of the existing

regulations, it is necessary to establish Law No 39 Year

1999 on Human Right.

In this law, human right is clearly defi ned as a set

of rights that was attached to human’s nature and

existence as God’s creature, and represents His utmost

grace that must be respected, upheld, and protected by

the country, law, Government, and everyone for the

honor of human’s dignity.

Th at people are blessed by conscience and

intelligence which give them the ability to diff erentiate

between good and bad, which will further lead

and direct their action and attitude

toward life.

With their intelligence and conscience, human

have the freedom to decide for themselves their action

or behavior. Furthermore, to balance the freedom,

human still have the ability to responsible for all of

their actions.

It is this basic freedom and rights that was defi ned

as human right that naturally attached to human as

a grace from God. Th ese rights cannot be

denied. Denial of these rights means denial

of human dignity. Th erefore, any country,

government, or organization are obligated

to acknowledged and protect human right

on all human without exception. Th is would mean

that human right must always be the reference point,

and the goal of implementing the life of community,

nation, and country.

In line with the above perspective, Pancasila as the

foundation of this country includes the thought that

human were created by God to hold two aspects, namely

individual and social aspects. Th erefore, the freedom of

everyone is limited by other’s human right. Th is means

that everyone bears an obligation to acknowledged and

respect other people’s human right.

Th e obligation is also applicable for every

organization on any level, especially country and

government. Th us, country and government responsible

to respect, protect, defend, and guarantee human right

of every citizen and people without discrimination.

Th e obligation to respect human right is refl ected in

the Preamble of UUD 1945 that inspires the whole

chapters in its body, especially in relation to citizen’s

equality in law and governance, right to work and

proper living, freedom to associate and gather, right to

express thoughts verbally and written, freedom to hold

religion and to worship accordingly with their religion

and beliefs, right to receive education and teaching.

Th e basic thinking on the establishment of the Law

is as followed:

a. God Almighty is the creature of the universe and

everything in it;

b. Basically, human is blessed with a soul, form,

structure, ability, willingness and other ease by

their creator to guarantee their life’s continuity;

Law No 39 Year 1999 on Human Rights

15

Edisi III, 2010

c. To protect, maintain, and improve human

dignity, entitlement and protection of human

right is required, for without it, one will loose

his nature and dignity, as to drive him to be a

wolf for other people (homo homini lupus);

d. Because human is a social creature, one’s human

right is limited by other’s human right, therefore,

freedom or human right is not without limit;

e. Human right cannot be eliminated by anyone

under any circumstances;

f. Every human right contains obligation to respect

other human right, thus in human right, there

are basic obligation;

g. Human rights need to be truly respected,

protected, and enforced, and thus, government,

country’s offi cials, and other public functionaries

have obligation and responsibility to guarantee

implementation of respect, protection, and

enforcement of human rights.

Within this law, human right was arranged

with the guidance of United Nation Human Right

Declaration, Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Convention

on the Rights of the Child, and other international

Instruments that regulate human right.

Th ese laws specifi cally regulate the right to live and

the right to not forcefully eliminated and/or killed,

right to have family and continue to descent, right to

develop self, right to justice, right to personal freedom,

right to safety, right on welfare, right to join in the

governance, women right, child right, and right of

religion freedom. Other than regulation of human right,

basic obligation, along with task and responsibility of

the government is also arranged in relation of human

right reinforcement.

In this law, public participation in the form of

complaints and/or claim on violation of human right,

proposal teaching of policy formulation in relation with

human right to Human right National Commissary,

research, education, and dispersing information on

human right.

Th e law of Human Right is the umbrella of all

human right regulations. Th erefore, both direct and

indirect violation of human right will be sanctioned

as criminal act, civil act, and/or administrative act in

accordance with the law and regulations.

Th e law consists of 11 chapters and 106 sections.

However, the verses that were directly connected to

the fulfi llment of housing, water and environmental

sanitation is specifi ed in

a. Section 9 stated that (1) Everyone have the right

to live, defend their lives and improve their

living; (2) Everyone have the right to serene,

safe, peaceful, happy, and physical and mental

prosperity; (3) Everyone have the right on well

and healthy environment.

b. Section 11 stated that everyone have the right to

fulfi ll their basic requirements in order to grow

and developed properly.

c. Section 40 stated that everyone have the right to

proper housing and living.

Law No 11 Year 2005 on International

Legalization of Covenant on Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights

Th is covenant confi rms and defi nes Human

Rights points in the aspects of economic, social, and

cultural of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(DUHAM) within its law-binding stipulations. Th e

covenant consists of preamble and 31 sections.

Covenant Preamble reminds the countries of their

obligation according to the UN Charter to improve

and protect Human Rights, reminds individuals on

their obligation to work hard for the improvement

and organization of Human Right as regulated in this

Covenant in relation with other individuals and its

communities, and acknowledged that, in accordance

with DUHAM, it is the future goal of man kind to

enjoy civil and political freedom, and free from fear

and shortcoming, which can only be achieved when

condition is established for everyone to be able to

enjoy their economic, social, and cultural rights, as

well as their civil and political rights.

Of the 31 sections of this paw, water supply and

environmental sanitation is stipulated in reference

to section 11, which is right to proper living

standard. (OM)

16

Agenda

POKJA

On October 17th every year, the world

population commemorates Th e

International Day for the Eradication

of Poverty. Poverty for developing

countries such as Indonesia for

example, represents a special note. Th e diffi cult access

of the world population to acquire basic service of

sanitation and proper drinking water is clearly an

indication of poverty. World Health Organization

(WHO) stated that limitation of 95 percent of the low

income people to access water has made poverty trap

for 1,2 billion of the world population.

As known, on October 17th 1987, over 100

thousand people have gathered to demonstrate at

Trocadero of Paris, France, exactly where Universal

Declaration of Human Right was signed back in the

year 1948, for all the world population to refl ect the

fate of victims of extreme poverty, violence, hunger,

and diffi cult access to drinking water and poor

sanitation that happened almost everywhere

all around the world.

Th en, in order to respect the historical moment,

the UN has initiated a resolution No 47/196 dated

December 22nd 1992, which established October 17th

as International Day of Eradication for Poverty, which

was commemorated by the world population until

date. On 2010, a global campaign that was mobilized

by the world alliance called Global Call Against

Poverty (GCAP) continue to be done.

On September 2000, representatives of 189

countries have gathered in New York in a Millennium

Summit that was initiated by the UN. Th e result is

Millennium Declaration consisting of 8 common

project points of development targets to be

accomplished by participant countries before year

2015. Th e eight projects comprise poverty eradication

and extreme hunger (with income standard below

1,25 USD/day), even distribution of basic education,

gender equality and women empowerment, fi ght

against diseases especially HIV AIDS and malaria,

reducing children mortality rate, improving mothers’

health, guaranteeing environmental capacity and

Internati onal Day of Eradicati on for Poverty

Diffi cult Access to Water Supply and Sanitati on as Poverty Indicator

17

Edisi III, 2010

establishing global partnership for development. When

observed, all projects come down to one target, which

is elimination of a big problem called “poverty”.

Speaking about UN’s version of poverty

eradication, we cannot help but think of Millennium

Development Goals (MDG) which also represents the

UN’s product in the year 2000 in order to create world

without poverty by the year 2015. As part of UN,

Indonesia has applied MDGs program since 2004.

In MDGs itself, we knew, there are eight grandiose

programs in fi elds of poverty, health, education,

environmental, and gender equality.

“However, to tell you the truth, we highly doubt

MDGs success in Indonesia, because practically,

poverty –and the process of impoverishment- did

not decline at all. We still heard about hunger plague

that happened all over the

country, which means

extreme poverty is still

exist. Population’s health

also continues to decline.

Children’ and mothers’

mortality rate in Indonesia

is still signifi cantly high,

large numbers of people are

still having the diffi culty

to acquire water supply

service, and they are still

living with poor sanitation,”

said Head of Health Consumer Protection Foundation,

dr Marius Wijayarta to Percik.

Education, health, diffi cult access to water and

poor basic sanitation are clearly part of poverty. Not to

mention the issue of gender equality which currently

is like a far away dream, due to the high frequency

of children’s and women’s traffi cking. Target of the

environmental fi eld is almost invisible because everyday

we continue to witness facts on environmental damage

around us, such as fl ood and landslide. Th ere are many

other facts that can confi rm our doubts on MDGs’

success.

Humanitarians, non government organizations

working on environment and public health issues

claimed that poverty is violation of human right, thus

they demand that people of the world respect the right.

Later, UN General Assembly declared October 17th

as International Day of Poverty Eradication, and the

world population commemorates it in diff erent events.

In Indonesia

Poverty Eradication Day is also commemorated at

several cities in Indonesia, such as Lampung, Mataram,

Garut, Cianjur, Tasikmalaya, and Purwekerto. In

Bandar Lampung, as much as 50 activists of SRMI

have walked from Adipura monument to the offi ce

of Local Kota Government. Th ey urged the newly-

elected mayor to realize his political promises during

campaign, especially in poverty eradication.

Upon the insistence, Bandar Lampung mayor

Herman HN has accepted and conducted dialogue

with representative of SRMI activists. Th e Mayor has

promised to complete numbers of issues demanded by

SRMI, namely education,

health, and residents’

documents (personal

identifi cation –KTP;

family certifi cate –KK;

birth certifi cate), will be

materialized in the year

2011.

In Tasikmalaya, Jawa

Barat, SRMI activists

have come to kabupaten

government’s offi ce and

demanded legalization of

regional regulation draft (Raperda) on street merchants

(PKL) protection. People also questioned the small

amount of health budget that mostly came as grant

from Provincial Government of Jawa Barat.

Th e similar was also happened in Garut, Jawa

Barat, where protestor decided to refuse Alfamart

development that may interfere with public’s economy,

especially small merchants. In Cianjur, Jawa Barat, as

much a 300 of SRMI activists have come to the offi ce

of local council (DPRD). People questioned the small

amount of education and health budget, whereas

budget for agency’s cars continue to grow.

Adjacent to that, people also insisted for Cianjur

government to increase budget for education

and health, as well as protection for Indonesian

Worker (TKI) abroad. (Eko/Infi d.org)

ISTIMEWA

ISTIMEWA

(First Paper)

Discourse

Dr Cekli Setya Pratiwi, SH.,LL.M.

The International Covenant on

Economic and Social Rights (from

hereon will be refer to as CESCR)

have been formulated and agreed

to be part of Th e International Bill

of Rights with no other intention than to protect

human rights so that people can experience a life

that is whole, free, safe, protected, and healthy.

Right to live as the most natural right will never

be accomplished unless all of the required basic

rights to a living such as “right to

work, food, housing,

health, education, and culture” are adequately met

and available for all. In line with this fundamental

goal, an instrument of the International Bill of

Rights is established to provide protection both

for individuals and groups with regard to rights

on economic, social, and cultural, namely 1966

CESCR. CESCR has basically provide entitlement

of right to work, right to receive education, right

on proper living, right to healthy environment,

right to develop culture, etc. Right on proper

living will be reviewed in this paper and will be

focused on right on a house and water.

Compare to the civil and political rights in

CCPR, rights on economic, social and cultural

are often considered as second degree rights where

18

Matter of Right to Water and on Housing

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fulfi llment is unforceable, non-justiciable, and

to be fulfi lled progressively. However, along with

entitlement of global Bill of Rights system that

was marked by DUHAM 1948, then countries

in the world have emphasized over and over

through World Conference on Human Right in

the year 1993 by stating that both Human Right’s

features, namely CCPR and CESCR have an

equal important position. UN General Assembly

resolution No 32/130 on December 1977 stating:

“(a) All human rights and fundamental freedoms

are invincible and interdependent; equal attention

and urgent consideration should be given to the

implementation, promotion, and

protection of both civil and political,

and economical, social and cultural

rights; (b) Th e full realization of

civil and political rights without

the enjoyment of economic, social

and cultural rights is impossible;

the achievement of lasting progress

in the implementation of human

rights is dependent upon sound and

eff ective national and international

policies of economic and social

development, as recognized by the

Proclamation of Teheran of 1968”.

In the year 2002, the Committee

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in

General Comment No 15, has fi rmly provide

interpretation of section 11 and 12 of the

International Covenant on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights, that right to water is one thing

that cannot be apart from other human rights.

In its argumentation, this Committee has shown

that plenty of other human rights that cannot be

fulfi lled without right to water. Right to live, right

to food, right to maintain health level, are rights

where in order to fulfi ll requires right to water as

prerequisite.

It is mentioned that water is not only needed

to drink but also an inseparable part of the

food processing, or creation of healthy housing

and other human’s requirement for a living.

Furthermore it is confi rmed that the committee

has obligated countries to guarantee right to water

for all citizen.

Th us, it is obvious that both civil-political

right, as well as economic, social, and cultural

rights is inseparable due to its interdependent

nature and because both require equal attention

from the country in term of application,

socialization, and protection; considering that

fulfi lling civil and political rights alone without

fulfi lling one’s economic, social and cultural rights

is highly improbable. Th us, in order to fulfi ll

economic, social, and cultural rights, national and

international support in policy is necessary.

Hence, all forms of denial on economic, social,

and cultural rights due to the thinking that put

economic, social, and cultural rights as unreal, or

does not require country’s involvement,

or can progressively fulfi lled, are no

longer relevant; more so when CESCR

has been adopted by the UN General

Assembly through 2200 A (XXI)

Resolution on December 1966 and

has been applied since January 3rd

1976. Even today, since CESCR has

been ratifi ed by 143 countries, CESCR

experienced change of character from

multilateral to international customary

law, meaning that it binds all country

with or without ratifi cation.

II. Assessing Guarantee

of Right on Housing and to Water in Positive

Law

Discussing the matter of law guarantee on the

people’s right on housing and to water, we need

to see how far the law in Indonesia can provide

adequate guarantee on these rights. On the aspect

of law guarantee, it is more than quality of the

law substance that regulates the matter in every

National Law, but must also consider Indonesia’s

obedience as part of the International community

with awareness to accept and acknowledged

the International Laws especially ones

that has become part of our

country’s positive

19

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ht to water

Edisi II, 2010

… that right to water is something

that cannot be apart from other

human rights

m

la

w

20

law. It is important to confi rm due to many

views and practices saying that National Law and

International Law is separated from one another;

in consequence, Law makers, law enforcers, or

even decision makers often neglect the binding

nature of that specifi c International Law, and it

often implied on the force taking of people’s rights

that have been acknowledged by international

community as human rights that cannot be

reduced by anyone including the country, unless

specifi c conditions applied which needs to be

clearly regulated by the Law.

With regard of the discussion object in this

paper, which is guarantee of people’s right on

proper living especially housing and water,

juridical implication of Indonesia’s acceptance

to an International Agreement is immediately

establish new law if it has not yet exist,

synchronize/change whenever contradiction

present or even revocation if the regulation is

considered to be inappropriate or against the

people’s rights. In the matter of people’s right on

proper living which is included in the scope of

economic, social, and cultural rights, Indonesia

has offi cially become the participant of Th e 1966

International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights (CESCR) through a

ratifi cation of Law No 12 Year

2005 on Legalization

of International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights. Consequently, since 2005

Indonesia is obligated by law to immediately adapt

every law product that relate with the content of

the covenant; with the purpose of strengthening

guarantee on people’s right fulfi llment on

economic, social, and cultural aspects.

Th en in the context of people’s right guarantee

on proper living especially housing and water,

how will CESCR discommode participant

countries to immediately take important steps in

acknowledging the rights? On the matter, Section

11 Verse (1) CESCR stated that: Th e State Parties

of the present Covenant recognize the right of

everyone to and adequate standard of

living for himself and his family, including

adequate food, clothing and housing, and

to the continuous improvement of living

conditions. Th e State Parties will take

appropriate steps to ensure the realization

of this right, recognizing to this eff ect

essential importance of international

cooperation based on free consent.

Implication of the above CESCR

Section 11 Verse (1) stipulation is

that every country that has participate

or ratifi ed the covenant (including

Indonesia), has the obligation to recognize

the right of every citizen on proper

living standard that consist of adequate

food, clothing and housing and continuously

improving living condition. Th e word ‘recognize’

as in recognizing right of every citizen to proper

living standard, such as adequate food, clothing,

and housing, have implicated the country with

obligation to respect, obligation to protect,

obligation to promote, and obligation to fulfi ll

rights in the CESCR covenant through real steps

in accordance to 1986 Limburg principles and

1997 Maastricht principles, including legislative

actions to adjust or change all laws and regulations

in Indonesia, at the central level down to the local

level, when it is against the covenant content.

1. Implementation Regulation with Chance in

lllaw. It is important to co

views and practices sayin

Discourse

ISTIMEWA

21

Edisi III, 2010

Neglecting the People’s Right on housing

First, it cannot be denied that Indonesia’s

courage in ratifying CESCR is one of Indonesia’s

recognition for rights on economic, social and

cultural of its citizen, which include right on

housing and to water. Nevertheless, ratifi cation

alone is not enough. To see how far Indonesia

as CESCR participant fulfi ll its obligation to

guarantee fulfi llment of economic, social, and

cultural rights especially with regard to right on

housing and to water of its citizen is to see that

the substance of all laws and regulation from the

highest hierarchy (UUD 1945) to the lowest,

from central level to local level, have been adapted

or synchronized with CESCR substances; or

even more extreme, concrete measures are taken

where laws and regulations which are against the

substance of CESCR be revoked or no longer in

eff ect.

Reviewing the substance of

UUD 1945 as the highest regula-

tion or source of all laws in Indo-

nesia, after four amendments, espe-

cially the Second Amendment on

August 18th 2000, there are several

Human Right-related Sections that

have been changed and added.

UUD 1945 is considered to be

more detail in regulating and guar-

anteeing Human Right protection

compare to the previous Section

28; this is certainly worthy of appreciation. How-

ever, whether the more detail Section 28 is already

in harmony with the content of newly ratifi ed CE-

SCR in the year 2005 requires further review.

With regard to right on housing, UUD 1945

especially Section 28H Verse (1) stated that:

“Everyone have the right to live prosperously

-both physically and mentally-, have a place to

stay, and enjoy good and healthy environment,

and right to receive health service”.

Th e term “recognition of right on proper

living“ in CESCR Section 11 Verse (1) indicates

proper living such as in adequate food, clothing

and housing, whereas Section 28H Verse (1) is

slightly diff erent for Section 28H prefers the term

“physical and mental prosperous life”.

In the next part, physical and mental life

prosperity is clarifi ed to only cover “right to reside”

and “right to proper and healthy environment”.

In the writer’s opinion, “right to reside” has wider

connotation that “right on housing”, where one

may reside without having any house; whereas

one with a house is not automatically residing.

In a communal social condition as

such Indonesia, it’s safe to say that

almost everyone have residency

although not everyone have a

house, because they could reside

with family, child, or parents.

Other right as realization

of prosperous life is the right

to healthy environment. In

UUD 1945, right to good and

healthy environment does not

automatically refer to right on adequate food. Th is

certainly very diff erent with the will of CESCR

that fi rmly entitles and obligated every participant

country to guarantee the right of its citizen to

adequate food.

Th erefore, Indonesia as a country that ratifi es

CESCR has not yet succeed in guaranteeing the

right of its citizen to proper living -which includes

right to adequate clothing and food (including

water) and adequate housing- in its

constitution. Th e concept present in Section

28H of UUD 1945 is only

It cannot be denied that Indonesia’s courage in

ratifying CESCR is one of Indonesia’s recognition for rights on economic,

social and cultural of its citizen

of p

to h

UU

heal

i ll f

It cannot b

ISTIMEWA

22

repetition of the existing stipulation in Section 9

of Law No 39 Year 1999 which was issued fi rst

(one year prior to Section 28 amendment).

In Law No 39 Year 1999 on Human Right,

especially the First Part, Right to Live Section 9

Verse (1), (2), and (3) it was stated that:

(1) Everyone have the right to live, maintain

life and improve their living standard;

(2) Everyone have the right to serene,

safe, peaceful, physically and mentally

prosperous life;

(3) Everyone have the right to good and

healthy environment.

If “right to improve living standard” is

interpreted the same as “right to proper living”

as stipulated in CESCR Section 11 Verse (1),

then the right to improve living standard must

be interpreted as the right to adequate food,

clothing, and housing. Even so, after being traced

to the Explanation Part of the Law, there is no

clarifi cation referring to further defi nition of

“right to improve living standard”. Th erefore,

in Law No 39 Year 1999 as Human Right

Law in Indonesia that was expected to be the

implementation regulation from Section 28 of

UUD 1945 has provided a very weak regulation

on right of everyone to proper living, or in other

word, there is no explicit guarantee as

to the acknowledgement of “right to

adequate food, clothing and housing”.

Section 9 Verse (1), (2), and (3) of

the Human Right Law was actually

directed more on the recognition

of “right to live” as part of civil and

political rights, and not on the context

of acknowledging rights of economic,

social, and cultural. In other words,

one country’s recognition on the right

of everyone to proper living which

includes right on housing, both in

UUD 1945 and Human Right Law

have not yet in concordance with the

stipulation of CESCR Section

11 Verse (1).

Meanwhile, implementation regulations under

the law has bigger potency in violating right on

housing, yet has never been revoked and continue

to be in eff ect until date.

2. Country’s Eff ort to Disengaged

Responsibility in Fulfi lling Right

to Water

With relation with right to water, UUD 1945

Section 33 verse (2) stating that “production do-

mains which are considered to be important for

the country and overbearing lives of many are gov-

ern by the country”, based on the sovereignty con-

cept of Indonesia’s people on all sources of wealth

from “earth, water, and other natural wealth in it

is govern by the country and being used as much

for the people’s prosperity”, includes the defi nition

of public ownership by people collectiveness on

the specifi c wealth sources. People collectively gave

a mandate to the country to establish policies and

perform actions of caring, managing, organizing,

and supervising for the purpose of people’s pros-

perity. Further on country’s governance over water

as part of the most fundamental need and human

right has been confi rmed in Section 28A of UUD

1945: “Everyone have the right to live and main-

tain their live and living”, Section 28D Verse (1)

repetition of the existing

of Law No 39 Year 1999

Discourse

POKJA

23

Edisi III, 2010

Everyone have the right to entitle-

ment, guarantee, protection, and fair

legal certainty and equal treatment

in the court of law, and Section 28I

verse (4) stating that “protection,

improvement, reinforcement and

fulfi llment of human right is the re-

sponsibility of the country especially

government.” Th e problem lies in no

further defi nition as to the term people’s prosper-

ity; hence it was this dimension in reality that of-

ten interpreted either too broad or too narrow by

policy makers, and may easily cause confl ict.

Th e most basic thing is the matter of water

supply provision for the people by private which

was regulated in Law No 7 Year 2004 on Water

Resources. As part of a fundamental public

service, water supply provision for the people is

the responsibility of the country, thus must be

governed by the country, accordingly to Section

33 of UUD 1945. If water supply provision is

being handed over to the private (privatization),

the country’s governance on water for as much of

people’s prosperity will be lost. In theory, there are

many defi nitions of privatization.

Defi nition of privatization according to

the Law No 19 Year 2003 on State-Owned

Enterprises, section 1 number 12

is the sale of the company’s stock,

either partly or wholly, to other

party in order to improve the

company’s performance and value,

adding benefi t for the country

and the people, and extending

share’s ownership by the people.

Th is defi nition is only one of the

privatization forms according to

many experts. For example, Diana Carney and

John Farrington (1998) said that privatization

can be defi ned widely as a changing process that

involves the private sector to join responsibility of

an activity which was once controlled exclusively

by the public sector. Privatization includes

ownership diversion of productive assets from

public sector to private, or merely providing

room for the private sector to also involve in

operational activities namely contracting out

and internal markets. With the given defi nition,

it is obvious that privatization is not only stock

sharing. Privatization also includes a model where

ownership remain in the hand of the government/

country but management, maintenance, and

investment are completed by the private (BOT

model, management contract, concession, etc.).

In Law No 7 Year 2004 on Water

Resources, private management can be

done if there are no existed state-or-

regional-owned companies (BUMN/

BUMD) to provide water supply

provision for the people. Th us it is

clear that Law No 7 Year 2004 has

opened up opportunities for private

involvement (privatization) in water

provision for the people.

(to be continued…)

Writer: Director of Human Right

Study Center (satuHAM), Law Faculty

of Malang Muham ma diyah

University. e-mail: c.s.pratiwi@

gmail.com

…water supply provision for the people is the responsibility of the

country, thus must be governed by the country,

accordingly to Section 33 of UUD 1945

and

shar

Th i

priv

experts For ex

…water supwater sup

There is no doubt or denial that water is a fundamental re-

quirement of human. So important is water for human so

that right to water represents the most fundamental human

right. Entitlement of water as human right has fi rmly regu-

lated in Section 14 of Th e 1979 Convention on the Elimi-

nation of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) that

emphasized the necessity of non-discriminative treatment toward water

provision as women’s right. Th e 1989 Convention on Th e Right of Th e

Child (CRC) saying that in the eff ort of preventing malnutrition and

disease spreading, every child have a right to clean drinking water.

In 2002, UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural

Rights in their general comment No 15 has provided a more reso-

lute defi nition on Section 11 and 12 of Th e Convention on Eco-

nomic, Social, and Cultural Right where right to water cannot

be divided from other human rights. Water as human right

has categorized water supply provision as an essential servic-

es. Essential services represent the center of social contract

between people and government.

In other word, guarantee on the people’s right to

water is the responsibility of the government. Gov-

ernment’s responsibility in fulfi lling right to water is

clearly regulated in section 5 of Law No 7 Year 2004

on Water Resources where country guarantees the

right of everyone to acquire water for daily mini-

mal basic needs for healthy, clean and produc-

tive living. On the other side, along with the

growing water consumption, season varia-

tion, environmental damage and contami-

nation have made water scarce in term of

volume and quality.

Water availability in Indonesia has

reached 15.000 cubic meters per year

per capita. However, it is not evenly

distributed in every island. For ex-

ample, Java Island has water avail-

ability per capita per year of only

1750 m3, below the availability

standard of 2000 m3 per capi-

ta per year and this condition

is predicted to be worse by

the year 2020 where wa-

ter availability will only

reach 1200 per capita

per year.

Th is condition is

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ttatataataaaatttataata pppppppp ppp ppererereeeeerereeeeeerererereeee y yy yyyyyyyyyyyyyeaeaeaeaaeaeaaeaeaeaaeaeaaae r r rr rrrr rrrrrr rr ananannanananananaaaananaanaananaanannnddd

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ThThThTh Th ThThThTh

Country Must Guarantee the People’s Right To Water

24

Discourse

25

Edisi III, 2010

2525

worsened by the increasing damage

of riverbank area (DAS) each year.

Water scarcity is further worsened

by poor water infrastructure.

For over 30 years, water infra-

structures developments that have

focused more on the development

of irrigation network have not im-

proved condition of the irrigation

network. Up to 2002, 22,4% of all

irrigation networks that mostly lo-

cated in Java (48,32%) and Sumatra

(27,13%) are damaged. Focusing

budget allocation on irrigation de-

velopment has reduced budget for

other water infrastructure including

water supply and sanitation. Th is

can be seen from the total asset of

water infrastructure by the end of

2002 of 346,49 trillion IDR, where

273,46 trillion (78,92%) is for irri-

gation, 63,48 trillion IDR (18,32%)

for dams, rubber dams, and ponds

(embung), 92,1trillion IDR (2,66%)

for fl ood control and beach protec-

tion and 0,34 trillion IDR (0,1%)

for raw water.

Privatization as solution until

early 90s has continued to be a de-

bate. Centralistic planning model

and company’s ownership as part

of the capital accumulation eff ort

and encouraging investment are

still dominating economic policy of

the developing countries. Trust on

country’s intervention in economic

development has started to decline

by late 70s when the economic of

developing countries suff ered from

external shocks of oil price surge,

declining price of export commod-

ity where the imported price has

continued to incline.

Th e impact for developing coun-

tries is foreign debt crisis and bud-

get defi cit. Because the country is

dominating economy activities in

the developing countries, attention

is focused on performance of vari-

ous public sectors (especially state-

owned companies) in the eff ort to

overcome economic decline. Th e

crisis has also caused the countries

to highly depend on fi nancial sup-

port from international donors and

creditors which also have increasing

infl uence in policy making (Bay-

liss 2006). Th e facts

above have become

reasons to question

country’s domina-

tion in the economic

activity and also to

question government

ownership.

Nonetheless, num-

bers of public sector

companies are poorly

managed with ineffi -

cient operation causing budget defi -

cits, where the service is unreliable and

neglecting the poor (Kessler 2004). It

was in this context that privatization

is considered to be the way out of the

problems that were faced by develop-

ing countries. Privatization policy that

was initiated in England and USA is

then applied in many countries and

supported by many international fi -

nancial agencies, including the World

Bank through Structural Adjustment

Program (SAP).

Privatization eff ort is also con-

ducted within the sector of water re-

sources. An international water and

environment conference in 1992

at Dublin, Ireland, has resulted in

Th e Dublin Statement on Water

and Sustainable Development (bet-

ter known as Dublin Principles).

Dublin Principles contain four prin-

ciples that must be put forth both

in policies and development of the

water resources sector. One of the

principles is “water has an economic

value in all its competing uses and

should be recognized as

an economic good”.

Dublin Principles

has urged many inter-

national agencies to

reposition their policies

in resources sectors,

including the World

Bank. Th e World Bank

has then taken central

role in developing and

promoting new ap-

proaches which are con-

sistent with the Dublin Principles,

especially within the framework of

treating water as an economic good.

In practice, international fi nancial

agencies has put water resources

reformation that treats water as an

economic good in one broader neo

liberal policy package and mostly

through structural adjustment pro-

gram.

Furthermore, bilateral develop-

ment agents (such as DFID and

USAID) have also encouraged pri-

vate sector participation to their aid

recipient countries. In the context

of Indonesia, global pressure in

practicing privatization includ-

ing in the water resources

s e c t o r ,

water has an economic value

in all its competing uses

and should be recognized

as an economic good

h

ro

pr

pr

sistent with t

water heconomi

ISTIMEWA

26

have continued to gain

legitimacy in the con-

dition of water supply

provision in Indone-

sia. Out of 41% Indo-

nesia population who

are currently living in

the urban area, only

51,7% or 20% of the

total population are with access to

PDAM services, and only 8% of

the rural community have access to

piped water that was provided by

Facility Manager Unit (UPS).

Even up to the year 2005 only

21 PDAM are considered to be

healthy, 68 less healthy PDAM, 117

unhealthy PDAM, and 11 PDAM

are critical.

In 1993, the World Bank has is-

sued Water Resources Management

Policy, and according to the World

Bank, this policy refl ects 1992 Rio

Earth Summit as well as Dublin

Principles. In 1998 the World Bank

evaluated their policy in the water

resources and was compiled in a

document titled: “Bridging Trou-

bled Water: Assessing the World

Bank’s Water Resources Strategy”

and was published in 2002. As a re-

spond of the evaluation report in the

year 2003 the World Bank has made

new strategy of Water Resources

Sector Strategy: Strategic Directions

for World Bank Engagement.

Poor service quality and bud-

get limitation in achieving MDGs

target has made privatization as an

inseparable part of current water

supply provision policies. Th ere are

at least two reasons to private sector

involvement in water supply provi-

sion, fi rst is to improve service qual-

ity and second, investment

to cover gov-

ernment’s budget

limitation. Looking

at the history of pri-

vate involvement in

water supply service

there are two diff er-

ent models, namely

England privatiza-

tion and France

privatization.

England model is

a model where private

sector has full control

over water supply and sanitation ser-

vice. While France model is a model

where asset ownership remain in

the hand of the public whereas the

responsibility of service provider is

in the hand of the private. Th e lat-

ter is then proposed by the Inter-

national Financial Agencies such as

World Bank and ADB and applied

in many countries including Indo-

nesia under the term Private Sector

Participation (PSP). Diff erent forms

of private sector participation in wa-

ter supply and sanitation service are

service contract, management con-

tract, concession, etc.

Government Policy in Water

Supply Service Provision

With all the challenges in water

supply service, the policy that was

taken by the Indonesian government

at the moment tends to involve pri-

vate sector or encourage private sec-

tor to be the provider of water sup-

ply service. Some of the policies are

private sector participation (PSP),

In 2005 only 21 PDAM are considered to

be healthy, 68 less healthy PDAM, 117

unhealthy PDAM, and 11 PDAM are critical

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legitimacy in the con-legitimac in the con

Discourse

POKJA

27

Edisi III, 2010

PDAM corporatization, PDAM re-

gionalization. Private Sector Partici-

pation (PSP) as explained above has

become an inseparable part of cur-

rent water supply service policies.

Th is policy is established in Law No

7 Year 2004 on Water Resources,

Government Regulation (PP) No

16 Year 2005 on Water Supply Pro-

vision System (SPAM), and Public

Work Minister Regulation No 294/

PRT/M2005 on Supporting Board

of Water Supply Provision System.

PSP Policy has also decanted in Ur-

ban Water Supply Policy Framework

that was compiled by the World

Bank in cooperation with Bappenas

year 1997. One of the reasons un-

derlying PSP policy is the large fund

requirement in improving PDAM

service. Th e large fund requirement

is also caused by the poor fi nancial

performance of PDAM allegedly

due to average tariff which is below

the production cost. Based on the

existing condition, alternative fund-

ing sources are highly

compulsory.

Several things to be

done in the matter of

funding sources are (1)

PDAM’s debt relief;

PDAM’s debt up to the

year 2009 has reached

trillions of rupiah. (2)

Enterprise fund; in the

context of water supply provision,

there are two main sources namely

government and user fee. Enterprise

fund is the fund that came from user

fee. Th us, fund from user fee must

be fully used for PDAM. Other ef-

fort that needs to be done is improve-

ment of service management.

Th is eff ort must be initiated by

altering perspective where water

supply provision must be under-

stood as part of a social contract

between government and people.

Th us, the government is obligated

by law to provide and fulfi ll water

requirement of the people. Th is is

important due to assumptions that

were used by the government in in-

volving private sector in water sup-

ply provision are not

all correct. Th at most

of PDAM tariff s are

under the production

cost and the fact that

most PDAMs are op-

erating with numbers

of connection below

economic scale.

Nonetheless, such condition does

not necessarily mean that all PDAM

is operating in poor shape. Although

only small numbers of PDAM is op-

erating healthily, this is a proof that

fundamentally, public sector is capa-

ble to provide water for the people.

Th us, beside the eff ort to improve

quality and service extension by put-

ting forth private sector participation,

the eff orts of quality improvement

and service extension that was based

on capacity and capability improve-

ment of the service provider itself is

required. With this change of per-

spective, a transformation is expected

on the management of water supply

service. Th ere are many models of

water supply service provision, one of

which is division between ownership

and management (corporatization).

However, one more time, without

changing perspective of water supply

provision, corporatization will not

succeed. Corporatization must also

be balanced with community par-

ticipation. Water supply provision at

Brazil is one of example of corpora-

tization that was balanced by com-

munity participation. (Hamong

Santono)

‘Corporatization must also be balanced with community

participation’co

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of

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‘Corporatiza

POKJA

28

Oleh Nugroho Tri Utomo

Sanitation in Indonesia is still far from

boastful condition. In 2010, with domestic

wastewater service coverage of 51,9 percent

of total population, Indonesia is only above

Laos and Timor Leste in the Asia Region.

Condition of solid waste management is also still far

from expectation. Of more than 400 Landfi lls (fi nal

disposal sites –TPA), less than 10 is environmentally

friendly –mostly using sanitary landfi ll. Th e rest is still

using an open dumping system.

Whereas Law No 18/2008 on Solid Waste

Management has mandated the deadline of 2013 to

eliminate the practice of open dumping. Improving the

system of environment drainage still also requires a lot

of hard work. Th ere are still 22.500 hectare of strategic

areas in 100 urban regions which still fl ooded by the

rain and must be handled until 2014.

Th e above condition is closely related to the long

history of low collective awareness on the importance

of sanitation development in the country.

Th e thinking that sanitation

is a personal issue –therefore the people will fi nd their

own way to fulfi ll their needs- have lessen government’s

attention on sanitation development.

During 1970-1999, total investment of the central

and regional governments for sanitation has only

reached 200 IDR per capita per year. Th is number

has increased during 2000-2004 to 2000 IDR per

capita per year. We are grateful that in the past fi ve

years, sanitation investment per capita has continued

to increase into 5000 IDR per year. However, this is

still far from the ideal requirement that was estimated

as 47.000 IDR per capita per year (Bappenas study,

2008).

Th e above amount is estimated to come from the

government, especially central government, whereas

sanitation should not only be the task of government.

Sanitation is a daily issue. Th ere is no one who does

not perform daily sanitation activity, from human

waste disposal, generation and disposal of solid

waste, and completing their house or settlement with

drainage, however matter simple.

Th e fact is that everyday, there are 70 million

Indonesian people who practice open defecation

Care About Th e People? Th ink Water Supply and Sanitation!

Discourse

POKJA

29

Edisi III, 2010

(Riskesdas 2009). As the consequence, everyday,

there are approximately 14.000 tons of feces (heavier

than 4.500 Sumatera elephants) and 176.000 cubic

meter of urine (equal to 70 Olympic-size swimming

pools) contaminate water lines, rivers, beaches, lakes,

empty lands, etc. It’s no wonder that all rivers in Java

and 70 percent of rivers in Indonesia are below the

quality standard established by the Health Ministry for

drinking water purpose. As the consequence, PDAM

in Indonesia have to spend extra cost up to 25 percent

to treat this water into drinkable water.

Also to be expected that diff erent researches have

found e-coli bacteria in approximately 75 percent of

shallow well in big cities of Indonesia. Th e fact only

refers to one meaning, feces contamination. It may

be caused by septic tank seepage, either because the

location is too close to the well or leaks. It’s no wonder

that current diarrhea case is 411 cases per 1.000 people

(Health Ministry Diarrhea Morbidity Survey, 2010).

Th e list of the cause could be longer. Low solid

waste service and poor clean and healthy lifestyle

(PHBS) have caused solid waste piles covered by fl ies,

which not only bad aesthetically, but also increase

spreading of disease. Not to mention blocking the

drainage lines. Flood and puddle will happen more

often and surely cause signifi cant economic lost.

In short, in the matter of sanitation, everyone needs

to act, be involved, and impacted; everyone needs to

agree.

We need to agree that Sanitation is everybody’s

business. Th e need for sanitation development for

the next 5 years has reached 56 trillion IDR. Central

government’s has only allocated 14,6 trillion IDR,

still far from enough. As for the local government,

although it has become one of its obligations,

most governments have only allocated less than 1

percent of their Local Budget (APBD) for sanitation

development. Th e role of community groups, business

worlds, even households in sanitation development is

also needs to be mobilized.

Everybody needs to be involved in improving

the sanitation investment. Why? Because sanitation

investment is important and profi table. Here are some

of the excuses:

One: Avoiding false economic growth. A study by

WSP and Bappenas (2208) has concluded that due

to the poor sanitation, the economic looses of the

country has reached 58 trillion per year. Th is equal to

2,1 percent of Gross Regional Domestic Product at the

time which, with meticulous calculation should reduce

the economic growth rate. It is ironic if we have to

loose 58 trillion IDR per year because we chose not to

allocate 11,2 trillion IDR per year.

Two: Remarkable eff ect of sanitation improvement

on health, education, and productivity. WHO

estimated that good sanitation condition and behavior

along with drinking water quality improvement may

reduce up to 94 percent of diarrhea cases. Which

mean number of absent day at school may be reduced

by 8 days per year which surely advantageous to the

teaching and education development. Numbers of

productive days may increase up to 17 percent which

also mean additional opportunity to improve income.

Th ree: Help to reduce poverty. Due to the poor

sanitation, Indonesian family in average must spent

1,25 million IDR per year; a signifi cant amount

for low income family. Th e cost includes doctor’s

fee, hospital treatment, the lost of opportunity

(opportunity cost) of daily income due to sickness

or caring for the sick family member. Th e healthier

and more productive someone is, the bigger his/her

opportunity to be free from poverty.

Four: Multiple benefi ts. Several empirical researches

in Indonesia have showed that leverage factor for

sanitation investment has reached 8 to 11, which

means that every 1 IDR of sanitation investment

will lead to benefi t of 8 to 11 IDR.

Th e experience of

POKJA

30

Community Based Total Sanitation (STBM) in East

Java during 2008-2010 has even showed that with

every 1 IDR that was spent to trigger and enable

community has stimulated self-sanitation-investment

from the community of 35 IDR. It is clear that

sanitation development is an investment, not a burden.

Five: Prevention is always cheaper than curing. Th e

Asia Development Bank (2009) has stated that if we

failed to invest 1 USD for sanitation thus polluting our

rivers, recovery eff ort will cost us 36 USD. Sanitation

is a very eff ective eff ort to prevent health problem and

economic loss. Several Kota/Kabupaten in Indonesia

have also proved that sanitation investment in their

regions have generated fund saving in community’s

medical fund and even bigger health insurance for poor

families.

Six: Sanitation development acceleration is

a growing trend. Government has proclaimed

Settlement’s Sanitation Development Acceleration

(PPSP) 2010-2014. Until date, there are 63 Kota/

Kabupaten who have implemented the program.

Interestingly, the involved Mayors and Bupatis

have established a Sanitation Care Kabupaten/Kota

Alliance (AKKOPSI) and have actively promote the

importance of sanitation development to community

and other mayors/bupati. Sanitation investment of

Kota/Kabupaten who have involved in PPSP has also

increased by 2,5-10 times, as shown in sanitation

budget of their APBD. Th e interest to join PPSP has

also continued to increase. Up to 2014, it is expected

that at least 330 Kota/Kabupaten will join.

Seven: Care of sanitation, loved by the people. In

current political era, where every voter has one vote,

do not think that attention toward sanitation does not

have political value. Sanitation is daily matter of the

people. Caring for sanitation means paying attention

to community’s livelihood, ask Payakumbuh Mayor

or ex Blitar Mayor who proudly said: “I have been re-

elected because of sanitation!”

Th e writer is the Director of Bappenas’ Housing and

Settlement. Th is article is a personal opinion and has been

published in the National Journal Daily.

CCommunity Based Total Sa

Java during 2008 2010 has

Discourse

POKJA

31

Edisi III, 2010Edisi III, 2010Edisi III, 2010

Water is closely related to human’s

right to live, thus the issue of

acquiring water cannot be apart

from the framework of human’s

basic need or human right. Water

entitlement as human right indicates two things; on

one side is acknowledgement of the fact that water

is very important to human life, on the other side,

protection is required on everyone’s access to acquire

water.

For that protection sake, right to water needs to be

promoted to be the highest right in term of law, which

is human right (bill of right). UN General Assembly

has issued a resolution on Right to Water. Bappenas’

Director of Housing and

Settlement Nugroho Tri

Utomo has agreed to be

interviewed by Percik’s

journalist, Eko B Harsono

Q: Before we begin, on behalf of Percik magazine, we

would like to say congratulation on your new mandate,

may you’re given ease in performing your duties. As we

know, sometime ago, UN General Assembly has issued

a Resolution that Water and Sanitation are part of the

Human Rights. In your opinion, what is the interpretation

of this resolution to the Indonesian Government? Is this a

new concept for us?

A: We certainly welcome this Resolution which

represent recognition from the world leaders on the

fact that water and sanitation are an inseparable

part of human’s life as to become the human right.

We fully aware that water and sanitation are the

most fundamental needs of the people. We called it

right to water, but it signifi es more to water as the

fundamental need of drinking water, which has

become the responsibility of the government. Th is

was previously regulated in Government Regulation

(PP) No 16 as derivation of Law No 7 Year 2004 on

Water Resources. So, the truth is, we are recognizing

that water as a fundamental need must be fulfi lled

by the Country. Th e interpretation is then, one side

called it Right to Water, while we call it Water Supply

Fundamental Need as government’s responsibility.

Q: Can you explain how

Law No 7 Year 2004 has

become the law umbrella of

water supply issue as the

most fundamental need

of the people

33131

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Bappenas Director of Housing and Sett lement, Nugroho Tri Utomo

“Water Supply as Basic Need is Government’s Responsibility”

FOTO-FOTO WAJAH: POKJA

3223232

which provision is the responsibility of

the government or country? If it has been

adopted, how far have the Indonesian

government applied this concept in Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation

(WSES)?

A: In Law No 7 Year 2004 it is clear

that the fi rst priority of water utilization

is for the drinking water as the most

fundamental need of Indonesian

people. If confl ict then arose due to

water resources etc, then fi rst priority

of the government is drinking water as

basic need of the people and must be fulfi lled by the

Country. Beside water as basic need, there is another

nature of water as secondary needs or support of

economic activity, or water which is used for the

purpose of recreational, lifestyle or stylelistic; this

can no longer be categorized in water as right. Th e

government has clearly acted on the fact that water

need characteristic must be acquired accordingly with

the economic value of the water.

Q: Water as God’s gift to human. By making diff erent

characteristic on water needs, don’t you think it will

create a problem on right to water?

A: We are aware and agree that water is a very

valuable gift from God that was given in free to human.

However, please understand that distribution or

service cannot be provided freely. In Water Resources

law is even clearly stated that water resources, in

principle, can or may be acquire freely as long as, one,

he/she will not alter the purpose or endanger people’s

allocation with water priority. And second, it will not

be used commercially.

So for the requirement

itself, the Law has

clearly stated that every

Indonesian have the

right to acquire any

water resources freely.

However, once the water

resources are distributed

through PDAM’s pipes

etc, they must pay for

the service. And water

as basic need that was govern by the

government in the defi nition of right

to water is being realized by something

called basic tariff ; whereas when the

government established tariff of, for

example, 5 cubic meter per month per

household, it is a very cheap tariff . It

cannot be free because of the service

factor; unless, people come to the

water spring themselves.

Q: Th ere is a current trend of

privatization as one of the options of

fulfi lling water access for the people. Many people,

especially NGOs, think that privatization is a

contradiction to the principle of human rights. How does

government perceive this matter?

A: In Law No 7 Year 2004 on Water Resources,

it is clearly stated that in order to utilize water

resources, one must possess

Water Utilization License

(SIPA) where government’s

derivation is further

stipulated, both regional and

central government. Th is

license is under the umbrella

of Water Resources Law.

For provincial scale, it will

be issued by the province,

for level II governments of

Kabupaten or Kota, surely

be issued by the Mayor or Bupati. While for national

scale, it will be issued by Public Work Ministry. In

issuing SIPA, the governments both central and

regional have realized that it must contain clear

stipulation on how drinking water as basic need of

the people must be fulfi lled and guaranteed. I’m

trying to understand how our NGOs friends must

perceive several cases of water that was owned by

the private and hence, cannot be utilized by the

people. Th ese are casuistry. However, we must see the

matter clearly. When a company has water resources

in its area, if it wants to use the water for its own

purpose, the company must own SIPA. And prior to

bestowing SIPA, in theory, local government must

see whether that specifi c water resources can be used

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the government or country?

Interview

33

Edisi III, 2010

33333


fi rst for drinking water or not. Even

in SIPA there is a statement that if

in the future, that water is required

for fulfi llment of higher priority of

drinking water, it will automatically

be taken over by the government.

SIPA is a license to utilize water

that can be issued by anyone. For

example, I already have the license

to utilize water for the purpose of

bottled water, however, if in the

future local government of where

the business is operating sees the need of drinking

water that must be fulfi lled and has become a priority,

and the only source of water is the water source where

I have the license of, then automatically, the local

government can review the license that was given to

me and give the priority to the people’s basic need of

drinking water. Th e rest can be used by my company.

So, looking at the regulation, it is obvious that we

have very much recognized what UN called Right to

Water. But if here and there we are still lacking, it

must be admitted that we really need help from our

NGO friends in providing feedback or information.

Q: Has the human right concept colored National

Mid-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014?

And last, do you have any specifi c message for local

governments in responding the matter of drinking water

that most probably will become more complicated, on

what should be noted regarding water as a right and

basic need of the people?

A: In RPJMN 2014 we have

clearly adopted water as the basic

need of Indonesian people that

must be fulfi lled by the Country.

Our RPJM have clearly stipulated

water as basic need and the above

defi nition is already clear. What

must be noted by local government

everywhere that fi rst, they must pos-

sess a very clear depiction on water

requirement of their people. Ac-

cording to the language of MDGs, local government

must master access to qualify water sources for their

people (improve water). Although the people have al-

ternative water sources, local government must know

whether or not the water is proper. Th e problem is

that the one who knows the quality of the water is

the local government, whereas the people usually do

not really care on whether or not the water is con-

sumable. People often do not realize that numbers of

disease were caused by the water they were drinking.

Th is represents the importance of local government

to educate the people. With the declining condition

of water resources, there are two things we can do,

which is maintaining those we already have and two,

searching for alternative water sources. Th e latter is

obviously more expensive, but also inevitable due

to the population growth. And in order to main-

tain water resources, sanitation must also well

maintain and protected.

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ISTIMEWA

Sometime ago, UN General Assembly

issued a resolution saying access to water

supply and sanitation is human right; with

122 supporting votes and no opposition

from any country. In that occasion, world

leaders stated that the right to safe water supply and

proper sanitation are part of human rights that must

be fulfi lled by the country.

Supporting the UN resolution signifi es commitment

to play a bigger role in fulfi lling requirement for

adequate, safe and aff ordable water. Indonesia has

chosen to support with several conditions. One of the

reasons of issuing the resolution is “deep concern” of

the UN that approximately 884.000.000 people are

without access to safe water supply and more than 2,6

billion people are without access to basic sanitation.

Upon issuing the resolution, UN General Assembly

revealed some facts that 1,5 million children under 5

years old have died because of water diseases and poor

sanitation every year. “I see the resolution that was also

signed by the Indonesian government may turn into

simalakama fruit. If it is not implemented, Indonesia

is breaking commitment, whereas on the other hand,

numbers of water-related problems have continued to

grow among the people,” said Coordinator of Right

to Water, Hamong Santono to Percik in Jakarta.

According to Hamong, although it was widely

recognized that water will become a source of

confl ict in the future, Indonesia has not yet include

water resources issues among main priorities of the

development. Th is was proven by the highly polluted

rivers in our country. In 1970s, there 22 heavily

damaged rivers. Toward the end of 1990s, the number

increased to 62. Last year, the number stands in 64.

Tragically, in the past three decades, there hasn’t

any serious eff ort to recover the river. Th is matter is

worsened by the growing yearly rate of deforestation.

From the year 2000 up to 2005, deforestation of

this country has reached the average of 1.089.560

hectare per year. Although Indonesia still has water

surplus, deforestation will surely infl uence water

availability of several provinces, especially Java, Bali,

Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi.

It was affi rmed by Hamong that this threat is

worsened by the water resources infrastructure

condition of this country that can no longer able to

provide water supply for the people, either through

private operator or PDAM. By 2009, PDAM has

only covered 24 percent of the national households

and many branch offi ces are experiencing money

shortage.

Hamong Santono:

Interview

34

i UN G l A bl U i i h l i UN G l A bl

Resoluti on of Right to WaterLike Simalakama Fruit for Indonesia

35

Edisi III, 2010

33535


Country’s budget allocation

for water supply and sanitation

has increased from approximately

3 trillion IDR to 4 trillion IDR

(340 million USD to 450 million

USD) per year, which is lower than

government’s allocation for electricity

subsidy of 40 trillion IDR per year.

Securing the people’s right to

acquire water requires the country

to play a bigger role. Indonesia’s

willingness to obey the new UN

resolution certainly has positive

impact on the national water supply

resources development.

Numbers of StepsHamong affi rmed that as a fi rst step, government

must have political willingness to fulfi ll the people’s

need on water supply and sanitation. Th is must be

done by organizing public discussion and debate on

the technical aspect of water resources and the impact

on the people’s life.

Debate on the future of our water resources must

involves every community sectors because it is the

matter of justice, especially for poor people in remote

areas in great needs of aff ordable water supply.

Healthy debate plus government commitment

may open the way to policy initiative

especially on water resources. Th is will

not only represent a way to develop

water resources infrastructure, but

also an answer to the question asked

by the people with greatest need.

Several countries have taken

measures to fulfi ll water requirement

of their people. South Africa, for

example, has performed a survey

on people’s expectation for the new

government soon after the end of

apartheid. Th e survey shows that

people want the country to provide

jobs, build proper housing and

immediately provide water supply and

sanitation.

Based on the survey, South Africa government has

prepared a master plan in order to achieve the target.

As the result, public’s access to water supply has

reached 100 percent in urban areas and 80 percent in

rural areas, according to the report of World Health

Organization in 2008.

In Uruguay, the government has

even changed the Constitution in

2004, giving higher priority to social

consideration in issuing policies of

water supply and sanitation. In another

example, the city of Porto Alegre Brazil

has introduced a participative budget

system which includes water supply

development. Th ese countries have

shown that water, as public commodity,

must be well managed and protected,

and the matter of water resources must

always be handled democratically.

Susilo bambang Yudhoyono,

President has an important role

in overcoming water problem in

Indonesia. All of us are watching and

waiting. For the rest of his second and

last offi ce days, Yudhoyono does not have any choice

rather than including water supply and sanitation

issues in country’s development priorities. Our

future depends on him.

ev

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‘These countries have shown that water, as public

commodity, must be well managed

and protected, and the matter of water

resources must always be handled

democratically.’a

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FOTO-FOTO: DOK PRI.

36

Reinforcement of Human Right (HAM) has

become the mandate of reformation that

was established on 1998. Nevertheless,

during 1998 until date, there are many

claims that the eff orts of enforcing human

right, law and corruption eradication are still stagnant.

Director of Indonesia’s Law Assistance Foundation

(YLBHI) A. Patra M. Zen, a widely known name by

law practitioners tried to answer numbers of problems

in relation to Human Right (HAM) with regard to

issuance of UN resolution on Right to Water sometime

ago.

Patra M Zen affi rmed that law enforcement in

Indonesia is still limited in sweet jargon, causing surplus

of promises, and defi cit of proofs; which means, there

are more promises of law enforcement than proof. Th at

is why plenty of ministers have gained red assessment

in law and human right enforcement. “For that reason,

I really hope that the Indonesian government who

has signed the resolution will implement the matter

consistently, don’t let human right be another sweet

jargon of the offi cials,” said Patra.

According to Patra, UN’s Committee on Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights (ekosob) in its general

comment No 15 has provided a clearer interpretation

on section 11 and 12 of the Covenant on Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights, where right to water cannot

be divided from other human rights. Right to water also

includes freedom to manage access to water.

Th e element of right to water must also be adequate

for human’s dignity, living, and health. Fulfi llment of

right to water cannot be interpreted narrowly, limited

only to the volume and technological quantity. Water

must be treated as social and cultural asset, not just mere

A Patra M Zen, YLBHI Director:

Human Right to WaterShould Not Be Just another Sweet Jargon

Interview

ISTIMEWA

37

Edisi III, 2010

economic commodity. Water adequacy as prerequisite

fulfi llment of right to water, in any circumstances must

comply with the following factors:

1. Availability. Which mean that water supply for

everyone must be adequate and sustainable for

the need of individual and household. Quantity

of water availability for everyone must refer to the

guidance in WHO.

2. Quality. Which mean that water supply for

anyone or any household must be safe, free of

microorganism, chemical and radiology elements

which are hazardous for human’s health.

3. Accessible. Which mean that water supply along

with its facilities and services must be accessible

by anyone without discrimination.

According to Patra, in order to supervise the right,

it is necessary to maximize resources of advocacy, PBH

and YLBHI volunteers –law assistance

foundation in fi ghting for economic,

social, and cultural rights in this

country. Th ere are at least three things

to be improved. One, promotion

on principles, features and coverage

limitation, including the defi nition of

economic, social, and cultural rights.

Th is in important, in practice to provide

the framework of policies and practice of

fulfi lling the people’s economic, social,

and cultural rights;

Two, in the scope of YLBHI-LBH main competence,

it is necessary to further develop opportunities using

justice system –beside administration and political

mechanism- in order to fulfi ll economic, social, and

cultural rights. In other words, it is important to

continue promoting economic, social, and cultural rights

as constitutional rights to be lawful right of the people,

especially in term of justifi ability of these rights.

Th ree, continuously we should practice positive

tradition: producing advance thoughts and ideas on

the system of democracy country, law enforcement,

human rights, and in general, ideas on people and

humanity. Th e purpose of this activity is to support the

whole advocacy activities where YLBHI-LBH becomes

the prominent critical and criticism center beside an

advocacy foundation.

Th e advocacy target cannot only accomplished by

current advocates, PBH, or LBH volunteers, but also

by LBH alumni who are currently holding and sitting

on key and strategic positions in state agencies, in

completing their obligations in promoting, protecting,

improving and fulfi lling economic, social, and cultural

rights in Indonesia.

Also according to Patra, YLBHI since the beginning

has recommended numbers of action programs which

are substantively and signifi cantly will bring major

changes in the lives of law and Human Right, especially

for poor, marginalized people and families of the

victims of Human Right violation. “What kind of 100

days program that was expected by the people with

the above measures can be exemplifi ed here. One, in

expansion and improvement of justice access for poor

and marginalized people. Th e program of law assistance

and development of the national law assistance system

should be priority program of this ministry,” he said.

Two, in the sector of human right, (among others)

by allocating budget for law assistance for poor people,

issuing regulation of problem solution for the victim

of Lapindo mud fl ow, including ratifying

convention of migrant worker protection

and providing law assistance for migrant

worker abroad, then ratifying Rome Statute

on International Criminal Court, as well

as formulating and issuing ad hoc Human

Right Court Presidential Decree of Missing

Person case.

Other recommendation that was

mentioned by Patra also includes issuing

Presidential Regulation of the Agrarian

Renewal National Committee (KNPA),

recommending license revocation of HPH and HTI,

mining and oil and gas, as well as plantation that have

caused social confl ict and Human Right violation as

well as environmental damage, to issuing permanent

agency’s regulation of Gender Mainstreaming Work

Group in the fi eld of education down to the level of

kabupaten/kota. Government, according to Patra, can

also strengthened corruption eradication policies and

regulations, (establishing) moratorium of urban poor

community housing forced eviction, returning the lands

that were owned by State-Owned Companies (BUMN)

to the people (for lands that were acquired by past

methods that are against the law), as well as issuing

regulation that guarantees fulfi llment of rights

and living of many (such as water, education, and

health).

‘Water adequacy as prerequisite

of fulfi lling right to water, in any

circumstances..’Per

me

Pre

Ren

di

‘Water ade

38

Innovation

Lately people oft en talk about water supply crisis, but their conversati ons are mostly around law, policy and management. How about the technology to overcome the crisis?

An expert and researcher of Indonesia’s Science Insti tuti on (LIPI), Dr Anto Tri Sugiato has introduced an oxidati on technology along with its use as an alternati ve soluti on to overcome the water supply crisis. This is not a new technology, nevertheless, it recently growing rapidly. Lately, the oxidati on technology has started to be known as Advanced Oxidati on Processes. This technology has also started to be developed and applied in many advance countries.

Water Supply CrisisCurrently in Indonesia, one of the most

worrisome environmental problems is the crisis of water supply. Water crisis may be said to be the prominent problem compare to other environmental problems such as air polluti on, deforestati on and also forest fi re.

The problem of water supply actually lies on the improper disposal of waste water from industrial acti viti es as well as urban domesti c waste water, worsened by the lack of eff ort to properly treat the waste water.

Other than the problem of waste water, water supply crisis in Indonesia has also caused by

direct exploitati on of ground water as water sources

for diff erent industries among other is packaged water industry.

Waste WaterIn a producti on process of an industry, in general,

diff erent materials were used in diff erent kind and shape. However, the waste water treatment system is generally done collecti vely without any separati on or diff erenti ati on. In consequence, we will need a more sophisti cated technology, which correlates with bigger fund and energy.

Furthermore, current waste water treatment

Oxidati on Technology for Water Supply

DOK. PRI.

39

Edisi III, 2010

system is generally using combinati on of chlorine and systems of condensati on, sedimentati on, and fi ltrati on. While organic waste treatment is generally using microbiology, acti ve carbon and membrane fi ltrati on. Lately, the disposed organic waste contains more organic materials which are diffi cult to be dissolved with only microbiology and membrane fi ltrati on, which made it highly hazardous for living creatures.

From the brief explanati on above, we can conclude that current waste water treatment is highly ineff ecti ve. Therefore, we need to choose and sort existi ng waste water treatment so that we can apply the technology properly in accordance with the requirement level.

Thus we need to know the following aspects, (1) substanti al content of the waste water, (2) the eff ect of these substances if dispersed into the environment, (3) change and strength/resilience of the substance in the treatment process, (4) method/technology that can clean or modify the specifi c substance, (5) accurate method/technology to clean/modify solid substance as the result of the treatment process, (6) such as the characteristi c of the existi ng waste water treatment technology namely the type of material that can be dissolved, the expected water quality, maintenance cost, development cost, etc.

Oxidati on TechnologyAt the moment, the oxidati on technology or

bett er known as Advanced Oxidati on Processes (AOPs) has gained signifi cant att enti on, due to the fact that this technology is able to dissolve and clean organic matt ers that were hard to be dissolved with microbiology or membrane fi ltrati on. Moreover, this technology is applicable not only to treat industrial waste water, but also to treat drinking water or clean water.

AOPs technology is one or combinati on of several processes such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide,

ultraviolet light, ti tanium oxide, photo catalyst, sonolysis, electron beam, electrical discharges (plasma) and several other processes in order to generate hydroxyl radical (OH). OH is an acti ve species that known to have high potenti al oxidati on of 2.8 V, surpassing the ozone that only has potenti al oxidati on of 2.07 V. This made OH easily react with other compounds around it.

Today, combinati on method of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and ultraviolet light is the most researched and experimented method to treat diff erent waste water; followed by method of ti tanium oxide and fenton reacti on. While other method such as sonolysis, electron beam also electrical charges are mostly sti ll in experimental process.

OH, in accordance with the name, is an acti ve species with radical nature that easily reacts with any compound without excepti on. In water, OH reacts with the compounds around it.

Reacti on between OH and OH, as described above, is possible because OH easily reacts with anything, including OH itself, will create hydrogen peroxide. Time period of OH depends on the concentrati on. As example, for 1 μM of OH concentrati on, the ti me period is 200 μs.

Applicati on of AOPsThe following is example of AOPs technology

applicati on, whereas other than the above, there are sti ll plenty of other researches on this AOPs method.

In Japan, since

40

implementati on of law on dioxin and like substances (January 2001), waste water treatment is centered on waste water from solid waste incinerati on places (domesti c and industrial). Dioxin is mostly generated as the result of inadequate solid waste incinerati on (especially plasti c waste). It is important to know that almost 70 percent of solid waste in Japan was processed with incinerati on (Environmental Ministry, 1996). In order to dissolve the dioxin, AOPs method is widely used; among others are O3/UV and O3/H2O2. By using O2/UV, dioxin content can be dissolved up to 90 percent where the ultraviolet light come from a low-voltage mercury lights which were proved to be more eff ecti ve than high-voltage mercury lights (Daito, 2000). The result of this research is comparison between the use of O3/UV and O3/H2O2 where O3/UV is more eff ecti ve in dissolving dioxin compounds with more Cl element; while O3/H2O2 is eff ecti ve for dioxin compounds with lesser Cl element.

Diff erent example is waste water from diff erent texti le industries which contains lots of dye. On this case, we used UV/H2O2, Fenton Method, O3/UV, and TiO2/UV (Sugimoto, 2000). UV/H2O2 is found

to be the most eff ecti ve in dissolving /removing the dye. As for other industrial

waste water other

than dye, we used methods of UV/H2O2, Fenton and O3/H2O2. In order to dissolve p-hydroxyphenilaceti c acid that was mostly found in waste water of agriculture industries, combinati on of Fenton Method and ultraviolet is the most eff ecti ve (Sarria, 2001).

For waste water from the use of diff erent medicines in agriculture fi eld, AOPs method is found to be highly eff ecti ve, among other to dissolve atrazine substance, O3/H2O2, O3/UV and UV/H2O2 were used. Here, O3/H2O2 is found to be more eff ecti ve than other methods (Acero, 2001). To dissolve the substance of 2-4 dichlorophenoxyaceti c acid, UV/H2O2 (Alfano, 2001) was used. Simazine (Kruithof, 2000), and Trichloroethylene (Shiotani, 2001) can be dissolved close to 100 percent by using O3/H2O2. As to dissolve mono and trichloroaceti c acid in drinking water, a combinati on of TiO2 fi ber and sunshine were used (Sun, 2000).

For this waste water, combinati on method of ozone and hydrogen peroxide can be used (Fuchigami, 2000). This method is found to be eff ecti ve in dissolving humic acid, endocrine-disrupti ng chemicals and other organic matt ers, which previously cannot be dissolved by acti vated sludge process. (Eko/LIPI.org)

Innovation

ISTIMEWA

41

Edisi III, 2010

4141

Yuliansa Eff endy,Researcher of Engineering Post Graduate Program of Gajah Mada University

In daily acti viti es, human is highly dependent on water, both for consumpti on purpose and for other water-related acti viti es such as bathing, washing, agriculture, industry etc. In the book of Indonesia’s Environmental

Status (SLHI) year 2008, based on the data from Indonesia’s Stati sti c year 2007, in nati onal scale, water requirement of Indonesia has reached 9,03 billion M3, with the following water sources: 16,19% are using tap water (PAM), 57,97% are using ground water (with pump), 7,18% are using packaged water, 12,64% are spring water, 3,04% are using river water, 2,58% are using rain water, and the rest of 0,40% are using other sources.

Government’s eff ort through Water Supply Company (PDAM) in fulfi lling water supply requirement in Indonesia has not yet reached the rural people in areas located further away from the water supply treatment installati ons; therefore, the people acquire water from water sources around them, such as river water, well water, lake water, rain water, and springs.

However, those parti cular water have not necessarily met the quality standard that was established for water supply (Indonesia’s Health Ministry Regulati on –Permenkes- No 416/Menkes/SK/IX/1990). Water quality can be infl uenced by contaminati on, both from natural causes and due to the acti viti es of human’s or other living creatures’. One of the water sources with less quality to be used as water supply is peat moss water. When observed from quanti ty point of view, peat moss water is available in abundance in areas with peat moss land.

Gambut Kecamatan is one of the kecamatan in Banjar kabupaten with 129,30 hectare area that has potenti al peat moss land, where people in remote places are only using rain water and surface water.

Clay as an Eff ecti ve Media in Clarifying the Muddy Peat Moss (Gambut) Water

DOK.FT-UGM

42

Test result in Gambut kecamatan, Banjar kabupaten of Kalimantan Selatan province has showed peat moss characteristi c with quality above the allowable threshold, with 3,9 pH, 570 PtCo color, 13 NTU mg/lt turbidity, 60 mg/lt SO4, 2,37 mg/lt Fe, 0,07 mg/lt Mn, 0,31 mg/lt Zn, 280 mg/lt KMnO4 organic matt er, 21 mg/lt CaCO3 hardness and 11 mg/lt Cl. And when compare to the water supply quality standard (Permenkes RI No. 416/Menkes/SK/IX/1990) with the same parameters, water should have pH of 6,5 – 9,0, 50 TCU color, 25 NTU turbidity, 400 mg/lt SO4, 10 mg/lt Na, 1.0 mg/lt Fe, 0.5 mg/lt Mn, 15 mg/lt Zn, 10 mg/lt KMnO4 organic matt er, 500 mg/lt CaCO3 hardness, 600 mg/lt Cl. With the above comparison, it is obvious that peat moss water is not suitable for water supply.

In order to use peat moss water, a peat moss water treatment is required to improve physical and chemical quality of the water to comply with the standard. Cheap and applicati ve technology along with local material uti lizati on is highly required in

the water supply treatment. With the method of coagulati on-fl occulati on-fi ltrati on

using local coagulant

material such as podsolik clay, the simple yet eff ecti ve technology may be adopted by local people. In overall, the use of podsolic clay will improve quality of peat moss water; although the use of podsolic clay as coagulant has showed correlati on or unlinear relati on. In the coagulati on process, 7,5 g/l podsolic clay has shown the best result.

Stage ProcessResearch was completed in

the city of Banjarmasin during December 2009 to January 2010. Water analysis was completed in the Environmental Sanitati on Engineering Laboratory (BBTKL) of Kalimantan Selatan Province in Banjarmasin. The research was conducted in several stage processes, namely:

Preliminary laboratory analysis on peat moss water prior to the treatment with water supply treatment equipments, as the basic data of peat moss water prior to analysis, includes parameters of Color, Turbidity, Organic Matt er, Fe, Mn, and pH.

Design and constructi on of individual scale water treatment equipment.

Podsolic clay was taken from the depth of 1-2 meter or on B-C solum at Sei Ulin kelurahan, Banjarbaru City of Kalimantan Selatan Province. Clay

msimInclmpshrepsh

th

Innovation

Front Look on the Water Treatment Installati on

Cross-secti onal Look on the Water Treatment Installati on

43

Edisi III, 2010

was dried by air and fi ltrated to the size of 0,002 – 0,2 mm.

Peat Moss Water Treatment using Water Supply Treatment EquipmentThen, what happened during the treatment

process of peat moss water by the use of podsolic clay? A process of coagulati on-fl occulati on occurred creati ng destabilizati on and adsorpti on of the organic colloid causing change in reducing color score, increasing turbidity, reducing concentrati on of Fe and Mn, as well as increasing pH. Ca2+ and Al3+ is the binding agent. This can be seen through the following process.

The color of peat moss water prior to the treatment is 1460 TCU, whereas aft er treatment with the clay in various dosages, the color parameter has been reduced to 410 TCU, 212 TCU, 108 TCU, 133 TCU and 216 TCU. Reducti on of the peat moss water is caused by the positi ve content of Al3+ that was freed by the clay surface and binds the humat acid colloid as the cause of color in the peat moss water. These joint parti cles will then sett le due to the mass increment of the clay parti cle, hence during this treatment process, water color has been reduced.

In the next stage of fi ltrati on, color can be reduced signifi cantly. This can be seen through comparison of turbidity number before and aft er fi ltrati on. Aft er fi ltrati on, turbidity number shows 247 TCU, 169 TCU, 21 TCU, 22 TCU, and 137 TCU. Filtrati on media of gravel and sand together with acti vated carbon can sett le and adsorbed the fl oati ng parti cles.

Of all the peat moss water treatment with podsolic clay coagulant, the one that qualifi es for color standard of water supply is the treatment of podsolic clay with the dosage of 2,5 g/l during fi ltrati on stage. The color shows 43 TCU where the standard is 50 TCU.

Initi al turbidity of the peat moss water is 8,02 NTU, which is sti ll in compliance with the standard. Treatment of podsolic clay dosage of 0 g/l, 2,5 g/l, 5 g/l, 7,5 g/l and 10 g/l in the water have found to add the contaminant, shown by turbidity increment to 9,42 NTU, 11,65 NTU, 16,07 NTU, 24,37 NTU and 46,57 NTU. The bigger clay concentrati on, the more numbers of fl oati ng parti cles. In the fi ltrati on process, these fl oati ng parti cles will enter the small

pores, thus parti cles bigger than the pore will be restrained and smaller parti cles will fl ow out with the water. This is shown by turbidity number of peat moss water on the fi ltrati on stage with dosage of 0 g/l, 2,5 g/l, 5 g/l, 7,5 g/l abd 10 g/l which are 2,36 NTU, 0,9 NTU, 1,28 NTU, 1,79 NTU, and 2,96 NTU.

For turbidity on peat moss water treatment with podsolic clay coagulant, the one that complies with the standard is the 2,5 g/l podsolic treatment during fi ltrati on stage. Turbidity aft er the treatment is 0,9 NTU where the standard is 25 TCU. Organic matt ers in the peat moss water prior to the treatment was 338,1 mg/l KMnO4 and aft er the treatment has been reduced to 145,4 mg/l for 0 g/l podsolic clay, 26,5 mg/l for 2,5 g/l podsolic clay, 13,3 mg/l for 5 g/l podsolic clay, 9,2 mg/l for 7,5 g/l podsolic clay and 4,1 mg/l for 10 g/l podsolic clay. Organic matt ers in the peat moss water are fl oati ng in the water in the form of organic colloid. With treatment of clay and lime, there will be reacti on between Al3+ and Ca2+ with clay parti cles that also have colloid nature and will create heavier and bigger mass which will

ILLUSTRASI DOK.FT-UGM

44

then sett le due to earth gravitati on. When fl owing through fi ltrati on media, these organic matt ers will be restrained by smaller pores and will be adsorbed by acti vated carbon, thus in this process, we will fi nd organic matt er content of 27,2 mg/l for 0 g/l podsolic clay, 76,0 mg/l for 2,5 g/l podsolic clay, 15,5 mg/l for 5 g/l podsolic clay, 24,3 mg/l for 7,5 g/l podsolic clay and 23,7 mg/l for 10 g/l podsolic clay.

Of all peat moss water treatment process with podsolic clay, the one that complies with the standard is the treatment of 2,5 g/l podsolic clay during fi ltrati on stage that will resulted in 7,6 mg/l KMnO4 whereas the standard of organic matt er in water supply is 10 mg/l KMnO4.

pH parameter is the deciding factor in

determining other parameters. pH of peat moss water is considerably low in this research, with initi al pH of 3,62. Lime treatment as fi xed variable of 250 mg/l plus podsolic clay treatment of 9 g/l, 2,5 g/l, 5 g/l, 7,5 g/l, and 10 g/l may increase pH to 8,93; 7,68; 7,1; 6,99; and 7,2. Other than treatment with lime (CaO) which has base nature, Al3+ content of podsolic clay will also help in neutralizing peat moss water from the infl uence of humat and fulvat acids. Aft er clay treatment during fi ltrati on process of 0 g/l, 2,5 g/l, 5 g/l, 7,5 g/l, and 10 g/l, pH is found to be 8,62; 7,26; 7,85; 8,67; and 7,29. All end result of pH aft er peat moss water treatment are in compliance with the pH standard of water supply with the span of 6,5 – 9.

Descripti on of household-scale peat moss water treatment equipment is as follows:A. Name of equipment: Household-scale Peat Moss Water Treatment EquiptmentB. Functi on: Clarifying peat moss water with the method of household-scale coagulati on-fi ltrati on.C. Material:

1. Plasti c water tank of 50 liters capacity equipped with sett lement draining faucet.

2. Electrical motor (sewing machine) of 50/60 Hz, 100 watt capacity as sti rrer.

3. Small water pump (aquarium-scale) with 3 meter suc-ti on power.

4. Refi ll water gallon bott le of 19 liters capacity.5. Pipe of 4 inch diameter size and 100 cm for fi ltra-

ti on (from the bott om of the pipe: 30 cm gravel, 2,5 cm sponge, 60 cm sand and 2,5 cm fi lter sponge). Equipped with clean out diameter of 2 inch located on upper and lower part, and plug for dirt removal with diameter of ½ inch.

6. 3 inch diameter and 80 cm long pipe containing 70 cm high acti vated carbon and fi lter sponge on the upper part. Equipped with 2 inch diameter clean out located on the upper and lower part.

7. Other accessories including 1 faucet, 4 inch and 3 inch diameter dope, 1 stop-faucet, outer and inner drat,

½ inch pipe as water line connecti on.

8. Equipment support elbow steel frame of 173 cm height.

D. Process Descripti onPeat moss water treatment using water supply treatment equipment; close all faucets (faucet 1 and 2) and clean out (CO) removal plug (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Flow 50 liters peat moss water into coagulati on tank, mixed with 250 mg/l lime and treated by the clay of 0 g/l, 2,5 g/l, 5 g/l, 7,5 g/l, and 10 g/l. Followed by rotor sti rring with electrical mo-tor in the coagulati on tank for 10 minutes. The soluti on is then left alone for 45 minutes to sett le the established fl ogs. Open removal plug 1 (CO1) to remove sett lement and close it again. Pump water to the gallon bott le. When

it’s full, open the faucet that connects gallon and fi ltering pipe. Wait for 10 minutes before opening faucet 2 where clean water is collected. Repeat the process to increase volume. For every peat moss water treatment, faucet 1 can be opened to remove sett lement in the fi ltra-ti on pipe (pipe 1).

thafoocRinetrbseti

hthen sett le due to earth gthrough filtration media t

Innovation

Equipment Descripti on

45

Edisi III, 2010

There is no denial that at the moment,

water supply crisis has threatened

human civilization. Climate change

due to the global warming has reduced

water availability of the world.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

has estimated that approximately 1,9 billion Asian and

African people in the next several

decades will experience water

crisis. Th is means that human

lives are at stakes.

Water crisis is the peak of all

social and natural crisis. Water

is the most fundamental aspect

of human’s life on planet earth.

“Water availability has drastically

declined into an unsustainable

level.” said UNESCO Directorate

General, Koichiro Matsuura, on

one occasion, last April.

In the next two decades, water

availability will decline into one-

third of current availability. Growing damage on the

environment has put all countries in jeopardy. Th ere

will be no part of this earth that will be safe from water

crisis. World’s food security will also be threatened.

Among the world’s water crisis, diff erent eff orts

are implemented in the eff ort of providing water

supply for world population. Islam Sari’ah has turned

out to be one important solution in providing water

supply. It was a consortium company of England and

Switzerland fl ags that has tried to use Islam sari’ah

to answer the water crisis. For the fi rst time, the

consortium has launched investment fund of water

supply provision that was based on the principle of

Islam sari’ah.

Th e project was launched among the high

requirement of water supply in the world. “Together

with Gatehouse Bank – an Islamic Bank that were

based in England – we become a competent and

known partner in launching Islamic Finance Water

Strategy,” said Sander van Eijkern, the CEO of

Sustainable Assets Management (SAM).

Th e investment fund off ered long-term loan for

investors who work in the fi eld of water industry. What

interesting is that the funding loan no longer uses

interest system, but profi t sharing. Islam does forbid

usury. Th erefore, there is no interest system in the loan

granting. Moreover, fi nancial and banking system of

sari’ah do not provide investment loan for industries

that are forbidden in the eye of Islam, such as alcohol,

gambling, pornography, and everything that relate with

swine.

“Sari’ah investment fund is a strategy to attract

investor’s interest in the water supply industry with

long-term orientation by applying sari’ah economic

principles,” explain Eijkern

as quoted by Islamonline.

net. Th is agency targeted

investor from Islamic agencies.

According to him, SAM that

has manage 1,5 billion of

water investment fund will be

the asset management.

Meanwhile, Gatehouse

will be the coating company

which will guarantee the

agreement that that particular

investment will be managed

with Islam sari’ah principles.

Collaboration of the Islamic

Finance Water Strategy has encouraged companies

to work in water supply provision fi eld through

technology, product, and service for sari’ah-compliance

water supply provision.

Th is investment fund is aimed to help solve water

crisis of the countries in the world. Based on the

World Health Organization data, at the moment there

are approximately 1,1 billion people in this world

that ware living without proper water supply. Water

investment fund, in accordance with the sari’ah is

combination of fi nancial management and sari’ah

economic. (eko)

Different Side

Fi W S

Islam Sari’ah as Solution

46

Reportage

A public dialogue with the title of Beware of

the Drinking Water Confl ict was held on

the Environmental Engineering Faculty

of Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), last

September. Numbers of experts attended the dialogue

that was held in ITB Salman Mosque Multifunction

Hall have assessed that local governments need to

anticipate confl ict that may be caused by drinking

water because water crisis will be a growing trend in

Indonesia in the coming years.

Key note speaker in the dialogue, Indrayanto

Susilo from Indonesia’s Law Assistance Foundation

(YLBHI) has affi rmed that future problem of water

supply requires serious attention because it may

cause vertical and horizontal confl icts. Right-based

development is a conceptual framework for Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation (WSES)

developments in the region that was based on the bill

of rights international standard which implementation

promotes and protects the human rights.

According to Indrayanto, local governments

need to better see the approach that was based on

right to water as a human right that was integrated

in norms, standards and principles in the national

and international law system of human rights in

the planning, policy and development process in

the region (at local level). Right-based development

also includes equality and justice, accountability,

empowerment and participation.

Indonesia’s Condition

Indonesia through Law No 11 Year 2005 has

ratifi ed International Covenant on Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights, and thus Indonesia has

an obligation to formally apply the covenant along

with the supporting documents. With regard to right

to water, in accordance with UN general

comment No 15, Indonesia is obligated to

respect, protect, and fulfi ll right to water,

whereas the policy that specifi cally regulates

the matter is Law No 7 Year 2004 on Water

Resources. Section 5 of Law No 7 on Water

Resources stated that the country guarantees

the right of everyone to acquire water for

their minimal daily activities in order to

achieve healthy, clean and productive living.

With this stipulation, the country

is obligated to conduct every eff ort to

guarantee water availability for everyone

who lives in Indonesia Republic Unitary

State. Th e guarantee has become common

Public Dialogue of Beware of the Water Confl ict

Water Confl ict Needs to be Anticipated by the Local Government

ISTIMEWA

47

Edisi III, 2010

responsibility between central

and local governments,

including guarantee access

of everyone to water source

in order to acquire water.

Country’s obligation to

guarantee right to water is

limited only to minimal

daily requirement of

water. Limitation of right

fulfi llment guarantee is

against UN general comment

No 15 which stated that

fulfi llment or right to water

cannot be interpreted

narrowly, only on the volume

quantity and technology.

Next in section 6 it was stated that water resources

is govern by the country and utilized as much for

prosperity of the people. Further explanation on right

to water in Law No 7 Year 2004 said that people have

the right to acquire information of water resources

management.

Moreover, people also have the

right to adequate compensation on

the detriment due to water resources

management implementation,

gain benefi t of the water resources

management; and submit protest on

water resources management plan that

has been announced during certain

period of time accordingly with local

condition.

“Furthermore, people may submit

report and complaint to the authority

on their detriment that was caused

by water resources management implementation;

submit suit to the court on diff erent water resources

detriment issues that has aff ected their lives,” said

Indrayanto.

While other speaker in the dialogue, Imran

Hasibuan said that water relates with one’s right to

live, thus water cannot be divided from the framework

of human rights. Water entitlement as human right

indicated two things; on one side is entitlement on

the fact that water is very fundamental for human life,

on the other side is the need

to protect everyone’s access to

acquire water.

Law No 11 Year 2005

and Law No 7 Year 2004 on

Water Resources along with

the operational regulations

are further description on

the concept of national-level

right to water. Although

the normative level is quite

complete, but confl icts

on water resources in the

community is an undeniable

reality.

Water in the history of hu-

man kind has taken central position and represents

guarantee on continuity of the human lives on the face

of the earth. Water as a mandate and gift from Th e

Creator for us to use must be preserved for the sake of

human’s lives itself. Th us, management and governance

as well as ownership of water sources should also be a

joint eff ort. Looking at the importance of water for the

life and continuity of human, and also awareness that

water will forever be public asset, it must be managed

together.

Water relates with one’s right to live,

this it cannot be apart from the frame-

work of human rights. Water entitlement

as human right indicated two things; on

one side is entitlement on the fact that

water is very fundamental for human life,

on the other side is the need to protect

everyone’s access to acquire water.

In order to protect the right, right to

water needs to be promoted to the high-

est right in the fi eld of law which is human

right. Th e problem is then, what is the

country’s position in relation to water as public or so-

cial asset that has been entitled as part of human rights.

“Such as other human rights, the country’s position

with regard to the obligation that was caused by

human rights is that the country must respect,

protect, and fulfi ll it,” said Imran Hasudungan

from Green Peace Indonesia. (eko)

‘Water relates with one’s right to live, thus it cannot

be apart from the framework of

human rights.’

w

est

righ

country’s positi

ISTIMEWA

48

Law No 32 Year 2004 on Local Governance

implicitly mandated that Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation (WSES) sector is

one of regional’s obligation (Section 14 verse (1)).

Next, the Indonesian Government established goals of

Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation National

Development as decanted in RPJMN year 2004-2009

which in reality have not been able to achieved and

remain targeted in RPJMN 2010-2014, among which

is drinking water access availability for 70 percent

population by the end of 2014 (32% piping and

38% non-piping), achieving condition of no open

defecation (BABS) by 2014, access availability to solid

waste management for 80 percent households, puddle

area decline of 22.500 Ha at 100 urban strategic areas.

In the eff ort of achieving the above targets, the

following are several WSES programs that have been

completed as well as ongoing programs in Jawa

Tengah province, namely PAMSIMAS, Sanimas,

Drinking Water DAK and Sanitation DAK, Settlement

Sanitation Acceleration Program (PPSP), STBM

(Plan Indonesia) and programs that were funded by

Provincial and Kabupaten APBD.

For that reason, consolidation and synergy eff orts

are required to ensure that all programs are heading to

one direction and contribute to WSES development

performance in achieving the national target.

WSES Working Group of Jawa Tengah province as

coordination agent of WSES development is expected

to take role in synergizing WSES programs.

On 19-21October

2010, a Workshop of Jawa Tengah Province WSES

Development Consolidation and Synergy was held

at Gumaya Tower Hotel Semarang. Th e workshop

was attended by 85 participants from the elements

of Provincial WSES Working Group, Kabupaten/

Kota WSES Working Group, WSES-related projects

(PAMSIMAS, PPSP, and PNPM), LSM (Plan

Indonesia) and provincial relevant legislative elements.

In her speech, Maraita Listyasari representing

Bappenas Housing and Settlement Director explained

that workshops such as this are very important also for

Central Government along with the eff ort to achieve

MDGs target. Th ere have been plenty eff orts of both

Central and Local Government in relation with WSES.

Both physical and non-physical eff orts are expected

to synergize as one of the eff ort in fulfi lling people’s

requirement, especially in relation to Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation (WSES).

Speaking of WSES, there are lots of people without

access to water supply and basic sanitation in order

to fulfi ll their basic needs. Th is condition refl ected

imbalance and thus must be restrained to not causing

social jealousy. Other facts have showed that some

people still suff ers from diseases that were caused by

poor sanitation access, such as diarrhea, malaria. Th ese

conditions highly infl uence Human Development

Index (IPM).

Diarrhea can be reduced as such, one of which is by

water supply and basic sanitation services. Th e current

data shows that plenty people are still practicing open

defecation on rivers or other drainage sources that

were used by the people for their daily activities. Th ere

are also water supply and sanitation facilities that

have not been optimized. Th e lack of water supply

and sanitation access will aff ect other aspects; such

as gender role where the above condition will harden

women’s task.

Th at being said, negative eff ect of water supply and

basic sanitation also relates with Clean and Healthy

Lifestyle. Th erefore, Provincial Government of Jawa

Tengah is joining hands to overcome the problems.

Workshop of Jawa Tengah’s Province WSES Developments Consolidation and Synergy

W

Reportage

POKJA

49

Edisi III, 2010

Washing hands with soap under running

water is one of the points of clean

and healthy lifestyle (PHBS) that was

established by the government through the Health

Ministry. Th is easy and cheap eff ort is able to avoided

people from numbers of infectious diseases that

can directly infl uence human body such as cholera,

typhoid, until bird fl u.

“Unfortunately, only three percent of Indonesian

people that have realized this and developed habit

to wash hands with soap,” said Director of Direct

Infectious Disease Eradication of the Health Ministry,

Dr HM Subuh, MPPM when opening seminar and

workshop of commemorating the 3rd World’s Wash

Hands with Soap Day.

One of the speakers in the seminar is Head of

Health Promotion Center, dr Lily S Sulistyowati,

Director of Environmental Sanitation, drh Wilfried

Hasiholan Purba and Head of Child Protection

National Committee and Psikolog, Dr Seto Mulyadi.

Th e event was hosted by dr Lula Kamal who is also an

artist. Th e seminar was attended by 100 teachers of

elementary school and madrasah in DKI Jakarta.

In her presentation, dr Lily S Sulistyowati said that

the result of global research is the fact that washing

hands with soap may reduce diarrhea case up to 47

percent. Th is is important because every year there

is still diarrhea or muntaber (vomiting and diarrhea)

outbreak causing casualties. Unicef reported that every

second, one child died because of diarrhea.

Health Service Program survey (2006) shows

that soaps are available in almost every household

in Indonesia; however, only three percent are using

soap to wash their hands.

Of all respondents, only 12 percent wash their

hands after defecation, 9 percent after cleaning

baby’s feces, 14 percent before they eat, 7 percent

before feeding their babies, and 6 percent before

cooking.

Th e eff ort to campaign the importance of

washing hands with soap has continued to be

encouraged. Th is year, exactly on October 15th 2010,

more than 70 countries commemorate World’s

Washing Hands with Soap. Th is commemoration is

initiated by UN encouragement to improve hygiene

and sanitation practices of the people around the

world.

Meanwhile, child psikolog, Seto Mulyadi on this

occasion affi rmed that developing habit of washing

hands with soap means teaching children and the

whole family about healthy lifestyle since the early

stage. Clean and healthy lifestyle will be strongly fi xed

in the mind of children and other family members.

Considering that this activity is an eff ort to

empower community to live healthily, naturally it

should be supported and noted. For that reason, active

participation of the people is expected to implement

small steps in practicing PHBS so that Indonesia’s

children can live a healthier life.

Meanwhile, a research of Cochrane

Library Journal 2007

HCTPS Workshop for Elementary School Teachers of DKI Jakarta

Only Th ree Percent of Populationare Washing Hands with Soap

POKJA

50

Reportage

has found that, washing hands with soap is a simple

and cheap way to prevent Respiratory Tract Infection

(ISPA) and fl u pandemic viruses. Study on 51

researches in England that was published in the British

Medical Journal 2007 has affi rmed the matter. It is said

that washing hands is more eff ective than medicine

and vaccine to stop the fl u.

Although washing hands with soap has been

practiced by many people, only few practice it during

important times, such as after using toilet, after

cleaning baby’s feces, and before handling food.

“Washing hands with soap and water especially

during important times, namely after defecation

and before handling food, helps to reduce the risk of

diarrhea up to more than 40 percent and of respiratory

tract infection up to 25 percent,” said the Head of

Unicef Representative for Indonesia, Angela Kearney.

According to the Word’s Children Situation

report in 2009 that was issued by Unicef, only half

of Indonesian people in the rural areas have access

to proper sanitation; even only one third of the total

population – thus making them vulnerable to diarrhea

and other water-related diseases. Various surveys have

found that the habit of washing hands with soap

among the Indonesian people is still considerably low.

Indonesia is one of 85 countries who practice

washing hands with soap simultaneously that day; with

the theme of “Clean Hands Save Lives”. According to

the plan, various events will be held in campaigning

washing hands with soap day (HCTPS) by mobilizing

thousand of children in Indonesia. Children are

considered to be a very important agent of change in

Indonesia.

Other than being more open to new ideas, children

can also bear eff ective message to their family and the

surrounding neighborhood. EKO

Drinking water crisis is currently happening.

In most regions, people are having

diffi culty in acquiring drinking water,

eventually, using inconsumable water have become

the last option. It is estimated that this problem

will continue to happen without serious eff orts to

overcome it. Th e question is, will

this be worsened by time?

Th e warning to drinking water

crisis is not an exaggeration.

Before, experts have predicted

that the world has come to the

critical stage in fulfi lling drinking

water requirement. Th e world is in

drinking water crisis. It was even

estimated that one of four people

in the world is lacking drinking

water and one of three are without

proper sanitation facilities.

During the

year 2010 it was

predicted that approximately 2,7 billion people or

about one third of world’s population will experience

water shortage in a very bad level.

Drinking water is one of the most important

requirements of human’s life continuity. Th us, it

should be well protected for the sake of people’s

basic need fulfi llment. Th e world must put serious

eff ort in overcoming it.

“Indonesia is not immune to the same problem.

It was even predicted that some of our

provinces will experience great water

crisis by 2015. Th e cause is decreasing

drinking water sources. Next, quality

is also decline. Th e problem will be

worsened if not handled as early as

possible,” said Hamong Santono from

People’s Coalition of Right to Water

that was held by Sinar Harapan Daily in

Jakarta, early October.

Once again, matters related with the

lives of many people should be seriously

“Water Politic”Should be the Attention of the Local Government

‘…. Drinking water management by

local government must maturely

develop healthy “water politic” in

Indonesia.’

050

t

J

live

‘…. Drinkin

51

Edisi III, 2010

referred to by the government in every policy. Water

is a vital requirement in life, including people’s;

which means that water is the main component

in fulfi lling people’s lives. Th erefore, fulfi llment

of water requirement is part of Human Right

fulfi llment. Furthermore, water aff ordability and

adequacy must include distribution equality and

guaranteed quality.

It was in this context, continued Hamong, that

people put their expectation on the government

and local water companies (PDAM) to diligently

manage drinking water provision for the people.

However, this task cannot only be the burden and

responsibility of the people along with related

institutions. We all must take part in it.

Government needs to organize regulation that

will put drinking water management into order.

At the same time, there must also be protection on

drinking water sources. Distribution lines must also

be protected and properly organized.

It is for that reason that drinking water

management by local government must maturely

develop healthy “water politic” in Indonesia. Next is

how to implement the water politic in diff erent sets

of regulation in Indonesia. For example, regarding

deforestation that will cause declining volume of

springs. Th e campaign of saving the use of drinking

water also needs to be reinforced.

With regard to the matter, macro and operational

policies of drinking water management combine

with production and distribution systems

development have become an absolute. Th e ability to

produce drinking water especially through product

quality improvement supported by sophisticated

technology and qualifi ed institution must be

thoroughly noted.

Improvement in both volume and type of water

supply is needed, because of the growing numbers

of population, income increment, health awareness

increment, and globalization infl uence that will

become an unbreakable chain of human lives. At

the same time, competition in using water sources

land and principle of comparative advantages has

continued to centralized and limited. “Th is has made

water provision solution as an urgent matter. We

must arise. Swift movement is necessary to save us

from drinking water crisis,” said Hamong.

MDGs and Water Supply AccessMeanwhile, ITB’s environmental senior

lecturer, Dr TP Damanhuri has affi rmed that

according to MDGs’ main agenda, the signing

of Millennium Declaration is the form of

affi rmation and commitment

ISTIMEWA

52

of world leaders in eradicating poverty, including

water supply problems. Of eight Millennium

Declaration goals, the one that closely related with

this year’s HAD is point seven which is guaranteeing

environmental support.

Th ere are three main targets of the seventh goal.

One, integrating sustainable development principles

and reducing the lost of environmental resources.

Two, reducing half of population without access

to the water supply by 2015. Th ree, achieving

signifi cant development in the lives of at least 100

million people who are living in slump areas by

2020. Th e problem of emission reduction must also

be an agenda in this seventh goal.

“Th e problem is can the target of healthy water

supply access provision be achieved? It

surely an easy question to answer. Even

after committing to MDGs goals,

achieving the target of reducing

half of population without access to

proper water supply and sanitation

by 2015 seem to be very hard,”

he said. Even with improvement

in target achievement, most of

Indonesia population remains

untouched by water supply. As much

as 1,1 billion world population

are without access to protected water supply and

more than 2,6 billion are without access to proper

sanitation.

As for Indonesia, the same condition can be

found. Th e problem is that until date, environmental

decrement is faster and more often compare to

the rehabilitation eff ort. We need 10-15 years to

replant barren forests while every hour logging and

deforestation have continued to seized.

River pollution due to household and industrial

waste also happens more often. Every day, two tons

of solid waste and other waste being disposed into

the water, not to mention, higher urban intensity

in comparison with city’s capacity in supporting the

people. Th e consequence is slump areas that cannot

be managed immediately.

Access to water supply also often

restrained by poor road

condition. We often forgot that poverty eradication

that poses as the main agenda of MDGs is often

does not related to infrastructure existence, whereas

the two are closely related. Slow infrastructure

development will cause slow MDGs’ agenda

achievement. Plenty of people will not be able to go

to health clinics when the road is badly damaged.

Th e eff ort to reduce mortality rate of mothers and

children will be diffi cult to achieve without the

support of proper sanitation and access to water

supply.

Authority HarmonizationWater is the source of life in this world. Human’s

life quality is highly dependent on water quality.

Good water quality may support healthy ecosystem

which eventually improve human health. On

the contrary, poor water quality will also highly

environment and the human health.

Th erefore, along with the growing threat

to water quality, since 1992 UN has

established World’s Water Day (HAD)

on March 22nd. HAD was established

to encourage and improve awareness

and regard to the collective eff ort of all

components of the country and even the

world to work together in utilizing and

preserving water resources sustainably.

For Public Work Ministry, HAD

commemoration should be a prefect moment to

improve water supply provision for the people.

For that reason, Public Work Ministry has done

recent eff orts toward improvement. For example,

with regard to the river management that can no

longer be done fractionally, but integrally and

comprehensively. Cipta Karya Directorate General

has even intensively facilitates people’s eff orts in

water supply access provisions.

However, this is not enough. Public Work Minis-

try must be the fore ministry in developing sustain-

able water management policies. For that regard,

one of the urgent steps to be done is harmonizing

authorities of several government institutions, such

as Public Work Ministry, Domestic Aff air Ministry,

Health Ministry, and Bappenas. (Eko)

‘1,1 billion world population are

without access to water supply.’

com

wo

pre

i

‘1 1 billi

ffof world leaders in eradica

water supply problems O

Reportage

53

Edisi III, 2010

On Monday, October 4th 2010, a dialogue

meeting between Green Building Council

Indonesia (GBCI) and WSES Network was

held in SS-1 Bappenas meeting room with the theme

of Discussion on Synergy between WSES Network

and GBCI. Th e discussion was commenced by Syarif

Puradimadja, representative of WSES Network and

Ibu Nani as representative of GBCI. Th is activity was

completed through presentations from several speakers

as stakeholders of Water Supply and Environmental

Sanitation sector.

First presentation time was given to Ir. Ignesjz

Kemalawarta MBA as the Director of PT Bumi

Serpong Damai/ Head of Education-Training Board

of DPP REI with the topic of “Green Property

Development in Reference to GBCI’s

Greenship Rating and its relation to Water

Supply and Sanitation”. He explained that

implementation of “green building” concept

in property development through stages of

planning, construction and operation of

building/environment will have the role in

reducing global warming/earth decline. Several notes

from the property sector among others are:

CO2 emission contribution of construction

sector is higher than industry and transportation.

Energy consumption in construction is

30-40%.

Eff orts must be done in the sector of

construction/property to reduce global warming

and avoid further damage of the earth.

Th us, paradigm change in property development is

required from Quality-Time-Cost (Pattern of Th ree)

pattern to the new pattern of Quality-Time-Cost-

Healthy and Save-Environment/Sustainable (Pattern of

Five). One of the methods in achieving the target is by

applying 8 (eight) “greenship rating” as development

reference by using the concept of green building,

which are: selection and design site; building design;

building specifi cation; mechanical-electrical design;

mechanical-electrical specifi cation; work plan and

contractor qualifi cation; property/estate management;

and additional eff ort (new building-existing building-

inhabitated building-housing area).

Th e next hot topic is Basic Principles and Governor

Regulation Draft (Rapergub) of Environmental-

friendly Buildings that was presented by representative

of Building Disciplinary and Supervising Agency –

(Dinas Pengawasan dan Penertiban Bangunan) DKI

Jakarta. Basically, there is no basic regulation on

“Criteria and Certifi cation of Environmental-friendly

Buildings”, however, there are several criteria that was

adopted in the Rapergub both for existing buildings

and new (planned) buildings. Th e criteria includes:

building management during construction period,

land utilization, electrical energy utilization, water

utilization and conservation, as well as air quality

and room convenience for new buildings. While

for existing building the criteria includes: building

management during operational period, electrical

energy utilization, water utilization and conservation,

as well as air quality and room convenience.

He further explains the relation between permitting

in the government and green building certifi cation,

where governor regulation should be mandatory and

must be obligated by the regulated parties, green

building is voluntary.

Th e target of Governor Regulation will be

implemented in accordance with the criteria of fl ooring

area and numbers of building that will be the object of

implementation. Until today, discussion is still ongoing

regarding the Rapergub.

Other important presentation was presented by

representative of PT Surya Toto Indonesia as business

world representative. Innovations have continued to be

made yearly by business world regarding water con-

sumption for toilet fl ush using smaller amount

of water. Th e same also done for other products

such as faucets, showers, and shower

spray. (Adhit)

Synergy between

WSES Network and GBCI

POKJA

54

Water is the source of life. We oft en hear that earth is called blue planet because water is covering ¾ of earth’s surface. We also oft en hear diffi culti es in acquiring water

supply, especially during drought season where well water has changed color or odor. Ironically, that is the fact. One thing for sure, we must remain opti misti c; even when well water or other water sources have turned muddy, dirty, or smelly, as long as quanti ty remains, we can sti ll try to change/clarify the dirty/muddy water into consumable water supply.

There are plenty simple methods that we can use to acquire clean water, and the easiest and most common way to do that is by making water fi lters, and for us, the best method is making water clarifi er or simple water fi lter. It is important to note that simple water fi ltrati on system will not be able to fully remove the dissolved salt. Use simple disti llati on to acquire water without salt content. My advice, before you purchase hundreds of thousands even million rupiah equipments, try this simple alternati ve ways to obtain clean water using water fi lter/fi ltrati on:

1. Cott on/Muslin Cloth FilterCott on cloth fi lter is easiest/

simplest fi ltrati on technique. Muddy water is fi ltrated using clean cott on cloth. This fi lter can remove small dirt and organism in the muddy water. Filtrated water depends on the thickness and density of the cloth.

2. Cott on FilterThis water

fi ltrati on method can provide bett er result than the techniques above. Such as muslin cloth fi ltrati on, cott on fi ltrati on can also remove small dirt and organism in the muddy water. End result of the fi ltrati on also depends on the thickness and density of

the cott on.3. Aerati onAerati on is a clarifying process

by fi lling oxygen into the water. By fi lling oxygen into the water, substances such as dioxide

carbon and hydrogen sulfi de and methane causing taste and odor of water can be removed or reduced. Moreover, dissolved mineral parti cles such as ferric and manganese will be oxidized and immediately form sett lement layers that can be remove with sedimentati on or fi ltrati on process.

4. Slow Sand Filtrati on (SPL)Slow sand fi ltrati on is a water fi lter that was made

using sand layers on the upper part and gravel on the bott om part. Clean water is obtained by fi ltering raw water through sand layers and gravels. For further informati on, read arti cle on Slow Sand Filtrati on (SPL).

5. Quick Sand Filtrati on (SPC)Quick sand fi ltrati on as slow sand fi ltrati on consists

of upper layer of sand and bott om layer of gravel. However, the course of the water is reversed from bott om (up fl ow). Clean water can be obtained by fi ltering raw water through gravel fi rst and then through sand. Further informati on can be found in the arti cle of Quick Sand Filtrati on (SPC).

6. Gravity-Fed Filtering SystemGravity-Fed Filtering System is the

combinati on between Quick Sand Filtrati on (SPC) and Slow Sand Filtrati on (SPL). Clean water is obtained through two stages. First, water is fi ltrated using Quick Sand Filtrati on (SPC). The fi ltrated water is then being fi ltered again by using Slow Sand Filtrati on. By the use of two fi lters, it is expected that the end result of fi ltrated water can be bett er. To anti cipate fi ltrated water debit from

Quick Sand Filtrati on, more than one (multi ) Slow Sand Filtrati on systems can be used.

Guidance

Technologies to Acquire Water Supply

Gravity Fecombinati on Filtrati on (SP(SPL). Clean wtwo stages. FQuick Sand Fwater is thenusing Slow Satwo fi lters, itresult of fi ltraTo anti cipate

55

Edisi III, 2010Info CD

Water Requirement: Funding Soluti on through Micro CreditThis VCD was made by Imaji Bumi Producti o, in the year 2010 and was published by ESP UsAid. This micro credit documentary DVD comprises of 3 versions. One, 20 minutes durati on KMSA toolkit version, for the purpose of KMSA promoti on and inspiring decision maker stakeholders such as PDAM, Water Supply Private Providers, Bank, Funding Agencies, Micro Financial Agencies (LKM) and Local Government Offi cials such as Mayors, Bupati , DPRD. Two, 20 minutes durati on of KMSA community version, for the purpose of promoti on and inspiring water users especially that come from low income communiti es for PDAM water service. And three, 5 minutes durati on of the other two versions excerpts.

This micro credit documentary DVD can also downloaded through the ESP website: www.esp.or.id

Best Practi ces of Solid Waste Management in IndonesiaIn the framework of implementi ng Regional Initi ati ve of Environment and Health in Indonesia, several best practi ces have been identi fi ed. Best practi ces are identi fi ed especially with regard to community based solid waste management in household, neighborhood, and city scales. Some of the successes are: solid waste management at Sukunan village of Sleman Kabupaten, solid waste sorti ng in Sragen Kabupaten, solid waste

composti ng in Cibangkong kelurahan, Bandung and

integrated solid waste management in SMAN 13 Jakarta. This VCD is the soft copy of the book ti tled Best Practi ces of Solid Waste Management in

Indonesia. Published by Cipta Karya Directorate

General in the year 2010.

Video of Municipal Sanitati on Strategy Promoti onThis DVD contains Municipal Sanitati on Strategies of Denpasar, Yogyakarta, Blitar, Payakumbuh, Medan, and Bali. This DVD was made in the year 2010 by Sanitati on Development Technical Team (TTPS) with 37 minutes durati on. It was said in this DVD that healthy and clean city is everybody’s dream; however, not all city able to realize it. Some chose improper solid waste disposal, open defecati on or defecati on on unsuitable toilets, thus encouraged further contaminati on.

VCD, nature preservati on, sons, environmental briefi ng, environmental song album with 12 water-theme songs.Water source of living, green the forest no contaminate are some of the songs that was packaged in popular arrangement and easy to listen. Message of the briefi ng is valued the water as a gift from God is one

verse a song in this Second Volume of Environmental Songs Album that was published by Malang Jasa Tirta I Public Company. This VCD is also environmental briefi ng program and limited to internal purpose.

docathw

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56

BookInfo

Pocket Book of PAMRT (Household Water Supply Management) Monitoring and Evaluati onPublisher: USAID, JakartaYear 2010. Number of pages: 25 pages.

Monitoring and evaluati on is a crucial part of a program in providing input of the change, such as inconsistency with the plan or when change is required in the fi eld. It is true that program plan is the implementati on guidance in the fi eld, but it does not mean that it cannot be latt er ad-justed in the future when the circumstance demands. Monitoring and evaluati on is one way to detect whether program plan needs to be modifi ed or not. Monitoring and evaluati on (monev) is a soluti on to the program’s problem, but rather a tool that can be used to fi nd soluti on. Monitoring is routi ne data collecti on and analysis during ongoing program, to improve effi ciency and eff ecti veness of a program, based on the planned target and acti viti es, whereas evaluati on is comparison between program achievement and the plan. Monev acti vity was initi ated by descripti on of the purpose of the program – why it was designed and what to be achieved – into program achievement. This pocket book contains im-portant matt ers regarding monitoring and evaluati on of PAMRT, including background, defi niti on, concept, procedure, tools, and matrix up to example of monitoring and evaluati on page for water supply manage-ment behavior in the household.

NUSSP Best Practi ces Encourage Empow-erment in Solving the Problem of City Slump Areas: Toward City without Slump Areas. Writt en by Hendarko Rudi Susanto, Published by NMC (Nati onal Management Consultant) – NUSSP, Public Work Depart-ment, Jakarta Year 2009, 81 pages

Holding a large mandate from stake-holders, NUSSP has applied numbers of programs as real eff ort to answer various problems. There are at least three acti vity components as the main base of NUSSP, which all ended in empowerment and paradigm change of the people in order to achieve a more prosperous living.

This book represents pieces of “success story” of NUSSP in diff erent regions. Some are about the success of women empower-ment in the thick “pocket” of gender equal-ity. While other story is about infrastructure improvements that have brought real impacts on prosperity and public economy improvement with regard to public cam-paign of community behavior change to-ward livable housing environment.

Environmental EthicWriter: A Sonny Keraf,Publisher: Kompas Gramedia, Jakarta,Year 2010. Number of pages 425 pages

Environment is the responsibility of everyone in this planet. How is it then, that many people are sti ll ignoring even damag-ing the environment? Diff erent cases of contaminati on and degradati on of ocean, forest, atmosphere, water, land, have conti nued to increase. This represents ir-

responsible human behavior. Human is the main cause of environmental degradati on and contaminati on.

Basically, environment is not mere tech-nical issues; however the practi ce needs to be based by ethics and moral. This is why environment ethic is necessary to forti fy human moral. This book elucidates the problems of environmental ethic, including the concept of anthropocentrism, biocen-trism, ecocentrism, nature’s right, including its relati on with the traditi onal wisdom in managing environment.

Healthy and Prosperous Life with Qualifi ed Water Supply and Sanitati on –PamsimasWriter: S. Bellafolijani AdimihardjaPublished year: 2009Publisher: Jakarta, Directorate General of Cipta Karya, Public Work DepartmentNumber of pages: 60 pages

Pamsimas is an acti vity of water sup-ply and sanitati on that was aimed to low income people in rural and peri-urban areas through community empowerment.

Implementati on of Pamsimas Program has been initi ated on mid 2008. At the mo-ment, Pamsimas has entered the second year implementati on. Result of Pamsimas is additi onal access to water supply that can be enjoyed by most people in villages/kelu-rahan that were targeted by the program. Along with this achievement, there is the need to documented results of Pamsimas. This book was meant as one of the eff orts to document and record results of Pamsi-mas acti vity.

This book presents general informa-ti on of background and general depicti on of Pamsimas Program. This book is also completed with illustrati ons of pictures and photographs of past acti viti es. This book is made to be media kits, and expected to be general informati on guide for those who require further informati on on Pamsimas.

E i t i th

57

Edisi III, 2010

Woman Human Right Net (WHRNet)

www.whrnet.org/docs/issue-water.html

In this site, readers can

obtain information

regarding Women and

water Privatization. It

was explicitly explained

the background of the

articles, the relation with

human rights plus other

website address that can support information on the

article. Th e site that belongs to WHRNt, a project man-

aged by Association for Women’s Right in Development

(AWID).

Th e Water Quality Information Center (WQIC)

www.nal.usda.gov/wqic

In this site we can fi nd

electronic publications

database containing

1.800 online documents

of water and agricul-

ture. We can also fi nd

Bibliographies, which is

bibliography that consists

of four edition comprising 2.400 quotes. CEAP Bibli-

ography is a program to support Conservation Eff ects

Assessment Project, a project that studies the eff ect of

environmental conservation in various conservation pro-

grams by Th e United State Department of Agriculture’s

(USDA). Resource guide on wetland can also be found

here. Th e Water Quality Information Center (WQIC)

that was established in 1990 was developed to support

USDA’s plans in monitoring the issue of water quality.

WQIC has an important function for USDA to collect,

organize and communicate scientifi c fi ndings, education

methodology, and public policies surrounding water re-

sources and agriculture.

UN-Secretary General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sani-

tation

www.unsgab.org

In this site, visi-

tor can obtain

various large

numbers pub-

lications with

regard to water

and sanitation

in the form of

PDF and Word.

Th is site is

owned by UNSG Advisory Board, an independent board

which function is to:

• Provide advice to UN secretary general

• Provide input in the process of global dialogue

• Improve global awareness through mass media

• Infl uence and work in global, regional, and national

institutions at the highest level

• Establish steps to achieve MDGs.

UN-Water

www.un.org/waterforlifedecade

Th is site was

created to mark

one decade of

water supply

provision by UN

for the world’s

population. Here

visitors can fi nd

water-supply

and sanitation related information. Moreover, there is

also site for students regarding water management in the

Education and Youth link. UN-Water is a cross organiza-

tion of UN that promotes, coherence, and coordinates

implementation of Millennium Declaration and Th e

World Summit on Sustainable Development in relation

to UN-Water scope of work.

SiteInfo

In

ob

re

w

w

th

ar

hu

website address that can support i

Th

cr

on

w

pr

fo

po

vi

w

and sanitation related information. More

In

to

va

nu

lic

re

an

in

PD

Th

owned by UNSG Advisory Board an indep

In

el

d

1

o

tu

B

b

f f di i i i 2 400

585858

ReportsEvaluati on Report of Three Years RPJMN 2004-2009 Implementati on: Together Organizing Change. Published by Nati onal Development Planning Ministry. Year 2010, of 607 pages.

StudyCase Study: Community Based Sanitati on in Kota Batu, Jawa Timur, Year 2010.

Soap Stories and Toilet Tales Year 2010

GuidanceGuidance to Community-Based Sanitati on Facilitator Trainings for 2010 Special Allocati on on Regional Level of Kalimantan

2010 Handbook of Local Development and Governance (Local Economy Strengthening: Steps to overcome Global Financial Crisis)

Directi onCommunity Based WSES Strategic Plan Year 2010-2015 of Bangka Kabupaten

MagazineWater Supply MagazineAugust 2010A Smart Perspecti ve is Needed in Dealing with Water Defi cit.

Percik 1st Editi on, 2010 Nursing WSES PIN

Dewan Bulleti n of Water Resources Editi on March-May 2010

Newslett erWSES Newslett er, July editi on of 2010

Gaung RW Siaga Plus+1st Editi on/June 2010Welcome to RW Siaga Plus+!

Leafl et Insti tute for Integrated Economic and Social Development Year 2010 (BEST)

6 Easy Ways to Obtain Healthy Drinking Water for the Family. Made in the year 2010 by USAID and the Health Ministry

PosterSave Water + Save Energy = Bett er Life

WSES Literatures

St d

PN

l

5

wan Bulletin of Water

59

Edisi III, 2010Facts

To prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of world’s water disaster, it was esti mated that an extraordinaire investment is required to improve water management, sanitati on management

and irrigati on. Every year, 100-150 billion USD investment is required to prevent worst water crisis in 2050. This number will grow with slow real eff ort in overcoming this crisis.

348 pages UN report gave us dingy perspecti ve on environmental conditi on especially on water availability in the year 2050. The report was prepared by a team based on compilati on of 24 UN agencies/organizati ons. Poor countries will be faced with worrisome problems. Diff erent current crisis, have added burdens of developing countries.

Water crisis is closely related to the crisis of climate change, energy, food, populati on growth, and global fi nancial, thus reported by the UN. If world populati on does not perform any signifi cant acti ons, the crisis will become a multi dimensional crisis of politi c. It is also possible that the crisis will become an inter-country territorial crisis. Water confl ict, is only one of the threads, especially for countries with collecti ve use of water board, such as Africa, Asia, Eropa, or Lati n America.

Populati on growth is one of the most worrisome factors. In 2000, world populati on has reached 6 billion lives. The number has increased to 6,5 billion at the moment. In 2050, world populati on is esti mated to be 9 billion lives. The highest populati on growth occurs mostly in poor countries.

Based on that report, high populati on growth has given tremendous pressure on water sources, especially in developing countries. World populati on

is growing almost 80 million lives per year, and 90 percent of it (approximately 72 million) occurred in developing countries. World’s water requirement has grown into 64 billion million cubic meters per year. This number is equal to water requirement of all of Egypt’s countries for a year.

In the past 50 years, uti lizati on of water from river, lake, and the ground has increased 3 ti mes, to fulfi ll requirement of populati on

growth. In average, 70 percent of the water is being used for agricultural purposes. In developing countries, water requirement for agriculture has even reached 90 percent.

Environmental degradati on due to humongous populati on growth has cost us billions of US dollar. Environmental degradati on in North Africa and Middle East, as areas with the worst environmental degradati on has cost 9 billion USD per year. This

number is almost equal to 2,1-2,7 percent of Gross Domesti c Product of the area. This is a tremendously large numbers.

Water crisis is worsened by the climate change. With the high tendency of degradati on, water confl ict could happen in large scale. Regional and internati onal confl ict threads due to the water crisis are no longer a discourse, because it poses a real thread. Due to the climate change, hydrogical shock may occur in an immediate ti me.(eko/kruga.org)

160 Billion USD Investment is Required to Prevent World Water Crisis

ISTIMEWA

… develop early habi t of wash ing hands with soap because th e act ivity is an eff ective way to pr event distribution of diseases.

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Right to Water. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. 3rd Edition 2010

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