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Partha Kumar Ganguly
ELECTRONICSPrinciples of
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PrinciPles of electronics
Principles of
Electronics
Delhi-1100922015
Partha Kumar GangulyAssociate Professor
Department of Electrical EngineeringShekhawati Engineering College
Rajasthan
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICSPartha Kumar Ganguly
© 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-5124-0
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi-110020.
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Contents
Preface xxi
1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS AND SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 1–151.1 Electronics 11.2 Applications of Electronics 1
1.2.1 Communication and Entertainments 11.2.2 Defense Applications 21.2.3 Industrial Application 21.2.4 Application in Medical Science 21.2.5 Digital Electronics 31.2.6 Application in Automobiles 31.2.7 Instrumentation 3
1.3 Electronic Components 31.3.1 Passive Components 31.3.2 Active Components 11
Key Points 13Exercises 15
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ENERGY LEVEL 16–322.1 Introduction 162.2 Energy Band in Solids 182.3 Chemical Bonding in Semiconductors 192.4 Crystals 202.5 Commonly Used Semiconductors 202.6 Hole Current 212.7 ClassificationofSemiconductors 212.8 Intrinsic Semiconductors 222.9 Extrinsic Semiconductors 23
2.9.1 n-type Semiconductor 232.9.2 p-type Semiconductor 25
2.10 Majority and Minority Carriers 26vii
viii Contents
2.10.1 Formation of p–n Junction 272.10.2 Unbiased p–n Junction 282.10.3 p–n junction Behaviour under Biasing 28
Key Points 31Exercises 32
3. SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE 33–863.1 Introduction 333.2 Volt–Ampere Characteristics of a p–n Junction Diode 333.3 Important Terms During Biasing 353.4 Limitation in the Operating Conditions of p–n Junction 363.5 Vital Terms for the Satisfactory Operation of a Diode 363.6 Real Diode 373.7 UseofCrystalDiode inRectifier 403.8 HalfWaveRectifier 413.9 Output DC Voltage 423.10 TransformerUtilizationFactor (TUF)ofHalfWaveRectifier 443.11 FullWaveRectifier 49
3.11.1 Peak Inverse Voltage 513.12 FullWaveBridgeRectifier 513.13 EfficiencyofFullWaveRectifier 533.14 Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUF) 543.15 Peak Inverse Voltage 553.16 ComparisonofRectifiers 603.17 Filter Circuits 603.18 Shunt Capacitor Filter 603.19 Inductor Filter 613.20 LC Filter or Choke Input Filter 623.21 C-L-C or p-Filter 633.22 Merits and Demerits of Crystal Diode 633.23 Diode Circuits 64
3.23.1 Clippers and Limiters 643.23.2 The Positive Clipper 643.23.3 The Negative Clipper 653.23.4 The Limiter or Diode Clamp 653.23.5 Biased Clippers 663.23.6 Combination Clipper 66
3.24 Clampers 673.25 Voltage Multipliers 683.26 Voltage Doubler 683.27 Voltage Tripler 693.28 Full Wave Voltage Doubler 693.29 Special Purpose Diodes 70
Contents ix
3.30 Zener Diode 703.30.1 Characteristics of a Zener Diode 703.30.2 Avalanche Breakdown and Zener Breakdown 713.30.3 Zener Diode Rating 723.30.4 Equivalent Circuit of Zener Diode 733.30.5 Application of Zener Diodes 73
Key Points 81Exercises 83Numerical Problems 84
4. TRANSISTORS 87–1314.1 Introduction 874.2 Transistor 87
4.2.1 Transistor Terminals 884.2.2 Transistor Action 894.2.3 Unbiased Transistor 894.2.4 Transistor Biasing 904.2.5 Working of n–p–n Transistor 904.2.6 Working of p–n–p Transistor 914.2.7 Transistor Action and its Importance 914.2.8 Different Operating Conditions of a Transistor 924.2.9 Transistor Symbols 93
4.3 Transistor as anAmplifier 934.4 Transistor Connections 944.5 CommonBaseConnection (orCBConfiguration) 95
4.5.1 Transistor Characteristics 994.5.2 Characteristics ofCommonBase (CB)Configuration 99
4.6 CommonEmitterConnection (orCEConfiguration) 1014.6.1 Characteristics ofCommonEmitterConfiguration 104
4.7 CommonCollectorConnection (orCCConfiguration) 1094.7.1 Characteristics ofCommon-CollectorConfiguration 111
4.8 Comparison of Transistor Connections 1114.9 Commonly used Transistor Connection 112
4.9.1 Transistor as anAmplifier (CEConfiguration) 1124.9.2 Transistor Load Line Analysis 1144.9.3 Operating Point 1164.9.4 Output fromaCETransistorAmplifier 1214.9.5 PerformanceofCETransistorAmplifier 121
4.10 Fabrication of Transistor 1254.10.1 Alloy Junction Technique 1254.10.2 Diffused Junction Technique 126
4.11 Thermal Runway and Heat Sink 127Key Points 127Exercises 129Numerical Problems 130
Principles Of Electronics
Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120351240Author : GANGULY,PARTHA KUMAR
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