PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives and adverbs have different uses.A. ADJECTIVES Adjectives have only one job: They describe nouns or pronouns. Examples: - She is beautiful woman. (adjective beautiful

describes noun ‘woman’) - She is beautiful.(adjective beautiful describes

pronoun ‘she’)

B. ADVERBS Adverbs do three different things: they describe

verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. 1. Adverbs that describe verbs. Examples: -She sings beautifully. (adverb beautifully describes the verb ‘sings’) -Dono talked quickly to his mother. (adverb quickly describes the verb ‘talked’)

2. Adverbs that describe adjectives. Examples: -The mother was pleasantly surprised when her daughter came to visit her. (adverb pleasantly describes the adjective ‘surprised’) -We read an extremely long story. (adverb extremely describes the adjective ‘long’)

#Often adverbs are formed by adding –ly to adjectives, and these –ly adverbs are very easy to recognize.

The following examples show adverbs that are formed by adding-ly to adjectives:

Adjectives: Adverbs:recent recentlybeautiful beautifullypeaceful peacefully

#Although most of adverbs are formed by adding -ly after adjectives, there are several adverbs that have the similar form to the adjectives.

Adjectives: Adverbs: fast fast hard hard late lateAvoid using the incorrect forms fastly, lately and hardly.@lately means recently@hardly means almost not

Examples:@Late vs lately: She comes late. (correct) She comes lately. (incorrect) But: I haven’t seen him lately. @Hard vs hardly He worked very hard yesterday. (correct) He worked very hardly yesterday. (incorrect) But: I can hardly believe what I’ve heard. I hardly ever go to the concert.

#There are many adverbs in English that do not end in –ly. These adverbs can be recognized from their meanings.

@They can describe when something happens (Adverbs of time) : often, soon, next week, last year, this morning, seldom, etc.)

@They can describe how something happens (adverbs of manner) : fast, hard, late, well

@They can describe where something happens (adverbs of place) : at home, nowhere, here, there, in the class room,etc)

Adjectives or Adverbs?

Generally when a word ends in –ly in English, it is an adverb. However, there are a few words ending in –ly that are adjectives.

The following words are common –ly adjectives that can appear in English: -friendly - kindly -early -likely -lively -lonely -manly -ghostly -weekly -monthly -quarterly -southerly

1. In the Milky Way Galaxy, the most recent A B observed Supernova appeared in 1604. C D2. The plane is scheduled to arrive lately A B because of the bad weather. C D

SOMETIME VS SOMETIMES@Sometime means at some time in the

indefinite future, sometimes means occasionally.

@Sometime is usually used after a verb, sometimes is usually used at the beginning or end of a sentence.

@Sometime answer the question “when”, sometimes answer the question “how often”.

1. Sometime several nations become partners A B in a larger political state, for example, the C four nations joined in the United Kingdom of D Great Britain and Northern Irreland.

2. Jane would like to travel sometimes, but right A now she has to finish her degree. B C D

DURATION: FOR VS SINCE

@For is used before a quantity of time. It answers the question “how long?” Examples: I have lived here for 5 years. Minati has been studying French for two months.@Since is used before a specific time. It answer the question “beginning when?” Examples: She has been on a diet since April. We have known each other since 2005.

No longer

@No longer means not any more. @No longer is often used between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.@No longer answers the question “when”.@Avoid use “not longer” or “none longer”Examples: I can no longer see without my glasses.Brad no longer works here.

Dates

There is an expected pattern for dates of the Month.Formula: the + ordinal number + of + month or month + ordinal numberExamples:Valentine’s Day is on the fourteenth of February.Valentine’s Day is on February fourteenth.

As a whole and wholly

@ as a whole means generally, often used at the beginning of a sentence or a clause.

as a whole + S + V@ wholly means completely, often used after

the auxiliary or main verb. S + V + wholly1. As a whole, the news is correct.2. The news is wholly correct.

Clause-marker Subjects

@ some dependent clauses may come in the middle of a main clause.

@avoid using a clause-marker without a verb or a verb without a clause-marker subject in dependent clauses of this type.

1. The concert, which is scheduled for Friday, has been canceled.

2. My suitcases, which are now at the city airport, have been located.

1. The Good Earth, ......., is a novel set in China. A. Which by Pearl Buck B. Which was writtenby Pearl Buck C. was written by Pearl Buck D. Pearl Buck being the one who wrote it

2. Quasars,which relatively small objects, emit A B an enormous amount of energy. C D

Verbs in dependent Clauses

Remember that both main clauses must have their own verbs.Main clause +clause marker..Dependent clauseS + V + that + S + V1. It is good that the box arrived on time.2. He said that he wanted to go.3. The experiment proved that the plants needed less water.

1. Most beekeepers have observed .......at the approach of a thunderstorm.

A. Enraging the bees B. That bees become enraged C. that bees enraging D. become enraged the bees

2. Most modern observatories contain A B telescopes that scientists using as cameras to C take photographs. D

Adjective clause

@ in some dependent clauses, called adjective clauses, the clause marker refers to and modifies the object of the main clause.

Main clause + clause marker + dependent clause S + V + that + S + V@ Avoid adjective clause without a subject or without a verb.Examples:1. This book is the one that our class used.2. There are some things that I don’t understand about living

in the United States.3. This is the way that we came the last time.

AGREEMENT

@ Modified Subject and verb 1. His knowledge of languages and international relations aids him in his work. 2. The production of different kinds of artificial materials is essential to the conversation of our natural resources.

AGREEMENT

@ Subject with Accompaniment and Verb Examples:1. The guest of honor, along with his wife and

two sons, was seated at the first table.2. Mary, accompanied by her brother on the

piano, was very well received at the talent show.

AGREEMENT

@Subject and Appositive (an explanatory phrase that follows the subject)

@ In all patterns, there must be agreement of the subject and the appositive)

@ Avoid using a noun or pronoun that does not agree in number with the subject to which it refers.

1. The people in my class, mostly international students, are very friendly.

2. I haven’t seen my cousins, now young women, for many years.

Verbal Modifiers: -ing and –ed form

@An introductory verbal modifier with –ing or -ed should immediately precede the noun it modifies.Examples;1. Returning to her room, several pieces of jewelry were

missing. (incorrect) Returning to her room, she found that several pieces of

jewelry were missing. (correct)2. After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask

questions. (incorrect) After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask

questions.

Verbal Modifiers: infinitives of purpose to introduce instructions

@ A verb follows the infinitive, the verb expresses a manner to accomplish the purpose

@ Avoid using a noun or to with an –ing form instead of the infinitive of purpose.

1. To protect yourself from dangerous exposure to the sun’s rays, use (not using) a sun sreen.

2. To prepare (not prepare) for the TOEFL, study thirty minutes every day for several months.

Parallel Structures: Correlative Conjunctions

@ equal ideas are introduced by correlative conjunctions: - both....and

- not only....but also1. She is famous not only in the United States but also

abroad. ( not She is not only famous in the United States but also abroad)

2. The exam tested both listening and reading. (not The exam tested both listening and to read).

3. He is not only intelligent but also creative. (not He is not only intelligent but also he is creative)

“Make” and “Do”

@ “Make” often has an idea of “creating or constructing”

1. She likes to make her own clothes. 2. Would you like to make a cake? 3. If you make a mistake, you should correct it.@ “Do” often has an idea of “completing or performing” 1. The students are doing the test. 2. You can do your laundry at the laundromat. 3. The new secretary can do the work very well.

Prepositional Idioms

- accede to - according to - equal to- Inferior to - near/next to - prior to- Regard to - related to - similar to- Approve of - ashamed of - conscious of- Capable of - composed of - incapable of- In the habit of - knowledge of - on top of - bored with - compete with - concerned with

- Respect for - responsible for - except for- Effect on - depend on - frown on- From now on - from time to time- In conflict - in the near future- In the habit of

Parts of Speech

@ In TOEFL test, word families can be confusing.@ Word families: groups of words with similar

meanings and spellings, each word in the family is a different part of speech, for example; agreement is a noun, agreeable is an adjective, agree is a verb.

@ The ending of words can help you identify the part of speech.

Nouns derived from verbs: Verb Ending Noun store - age storage accept -ance acceptance insist -ence insistence agree -ment agreement authorize -sion/-tion authorization

Nouns derived from Adjectives: Adjectives Ending Noun convenient -ce convenience redundant -cy redundancy opposite -tion opposition soft -ness softness durable -ty durability

Adjectives derived from nouns Noun Ending Adjective possibility -able/ible possible intention -al intentional distance -ant distant frequency -ent frequent juice -y juicy

Verbs that are followed by “to infinitive”

agree consent hesitate plan afford dare hope pretend appear decide intend promise arrange demand learn seem attempt deserve manage tend ask fail mean threaten claim forget offer want

Verbs that are followed by “ –ing form”

admit deny involve recommend avoid enjoy mind regret complete fancy miss risk consider finish postpone suggest delay imagine practice stop

Introductory Adverbial Modifiers: Once

@Once means at one time in the past. It modifies the main subject that follows the clause.

Formula: once + noun , S + VExample: 1. Once a salesman, Pete has been promoted to district

manager.2. Once a citizen of Ireland, he is now applying or

permanent residency in Canada.3. Once a clerk in a grocery store, Helen is now a

policeman.

Introductory Adverbial Modifiers “While”

@While means at the same time. While can be followed by noun as well as

subject and verb in the same clause.@When must be followed by subject and verb.Examples:1. While a salesman, Pete traveled a lot.2. While he was a salesman, Pete traveled a lot.3. When he was a salesman, Pete traveled a lot.