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Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
Each party must as far as possible
1. Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity
2. Develop where necessary guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas
Protected areas and reserve design
Overview
Goals and limitations
Gaps in global protected areas
Systematic conservation planning
Surrogates for overall biodiversity
Reserve selection algorithms
Case study: The Cape Floristic Region
terrestrial protected areas
105,000 protected areas18.4 million km2 land
Location of protected areas
12.65% of Earth’s land surface
marine protected areasC
um
ula
tive a
rea
pro
tect
ed (
ha)
but only 1.2% of the whole ocean!!!
Types of Protected Areas
IUCN Category 1 Strict nature reserve or wilderness area2 National Park3 Natural Monument4 Habitat/Species Management Area5 Protected landscape/seascape6 Managed resource protected area
Types of Protected Areas
BC ExamplesStrict nature reserve Wilderness area 1a Triangle Island 1b Campbell River Estuary
Area (km2) covered by protected areas 1-6
Global Canada
630,000 km2
6.3% land
1+2 72%
3-5 10%
6+ 18%
Types of protected area
6. Managed resource protected area
Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
Goals of Protected areas
Protect particular species
Preserve biodiversity: focus on areas of high species richness/endemism
Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their services
Do protected areas work?Perc
en
t n
atu
ral veg
eta
tion
Amazon Atlantic coast forest
Congo forest West African forest
Joppa et al PNAS 2008
Do marine protected areas work?
Mosqueira Mosqueira et al. 2000et al. 2000Animal ConservationAnimal Conservation
(236)
Targetspecies
6543210-1
(110)
Non-targetspecies
Overall
(541)
Response ratio
More fishin reserve
More fishout of reserve
Overall effect of 12 reserves around the world
Limitations of protected areas
Land is often protected if it is “worthless”
BC1992 Stated Goal
- have 12% landbase “protected”2006 12.5% landbase is protected
BUTAlpine - over-representedCoastal lowland forest - under-represented
Limitation of protected areas
Protection is revoked if land is valuable”
Tasmania1939-1984 23 protected areas “unprotected”Why?forestry, mining, hydroelectric development
Yosemite National Park1904 Boundaries redrawnLand out - potential mining, logging, grazingLand in - low commercial value
What isn’t protected??
Global Gap Analysis ProjectDataWorld Database on Protected AreasDistributions of 11,633 spp vertebrates
xxx
X - least protected biomes
What isn’t protected??Global Gap Analysis Project
Number of gap speciesAll species All PAs PA>1000ha+IUCN 1-4Mammals 258 (5.5%) 644 (13.5%)Turtles 21 (7.7%) 48 (17.6%)Amphibians 913 (16.7%) 1718 (31.5%)
Threatened sppMammals 149 (14%) 314 (29.6%)
Birds 232 (19.8%) 437 (37.3%)Turtles 12 (10.1%) 32 (26.9%)Amphibians 411 (26.6%) 767 (49.7%)
Where are the Gap Species?
Global Gap Analysis Project
% g
ap
sp
eci
es
The area protected in a country is a poor predictor of conservation needs
Countries with lots of endemics have more gap species
What isn’t protected??
Local Gap Analysis - Hawaii - Essay 14.2 text
GIS parks +
Endangered finch distributions
--> Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
What should be protected?
How would you prioritize what/where is
Protected given constraints on
$$/current land-use/other pressures
Your criteria
Systematic conservation planning
COMPREHENSIVENESSReserve system contains
Many species Many habitatsMany ecological processes
REPRESENTATIVENESS Reserve contains populations/habitats that cover range of variation in that spp/habitat
9 principal factors to consider
Systematic conservation planning
IRREPLACEABILITYImportance of an area in meeting the objectives of the reserve system
hairy-nosed wombatLocated in one placeEpping Forest National Parkif criteria is a system that retains all mammal species the area is irreplaceable
Systematic conservation planning
ADEQUACYFeatures within reserve will persist
Q. How might this be assessed?
SHAPElarge with low edge:area ratios
Q. why?
Better than
Systematic conservation planning
CONNECTIVITYfor animals
gene flow, greater arearesponse to climate change
for ecosystem processeseg water flow, fire
RISK SPREADING
connectivity vs vulnerability
Systematic conservation planning
EFFICIENCY
least possible cost (purchase,management, economic loss)
FLEXIBILITYoptions/opportunities
Global Gap Analysis Project
if conservation goal is species representation
we should also consider urgency = threat
Global Gap Analysis Project
Priority sites for protected areas based on irreplaceability and threat
Principal of comprehensiveness requires that reserve systems include and sustain all biodiversity and ecosystem processes of the region
But - the knowledge base is limited and
DECISIONS ARE NEEDED NOW
OPTIONS? DISCUSS