Rise of The Latin West, 1200-1500Mr. ErmerWorld History APMiami Beach Senior High School

Europe, 1200 CE

European Society• Society divided by gender and class• Most belonging to lowest class—serfs • 15-30 serf families support one noble household

• Rapid population growth b/w 1100-1345• Three-field rotation increases food production,

agricultural revolution

Death and Change• Black Death kills 2/3 of European population• 1400: population returns to pre-plague levels, surpasses

by 1500• Higher labor costs/pay• Land ownership increases• Civil unrest and decrease in religious faith• Economy shrinks, but per-capita production increases• Animals not affected, meat and leather supply increases• Serfdom decreases significantly• Product prices drop• Use of technology increases to make up for lost labor• Water wheels and mills• Mining increases

• Deforestation as industry increases

Urban Revival• Emergence of great European cities• Throughout Middle Ages, European cities were small and

poor• Italian trading cities emerge (Venice, Genoa,

Milan, Florence)• Northern European Hanseatic League (Baltic Sea)• Champagne trading fairs

• Independence of trading cities allows them to change with market conditions faster than eastern rivals

• Industrial production increases, spreads• Guilds

• Growing wealthy class of bankers (Medici family)• Poverty common in cities• Gothic Cathedrals

Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy all taught to first year students

Medieval Architecture

Early Christian: (top center) Long rectangular shape used in Roman basilicas, utilizing a flat roof.Romanesque: (top right) Uses the same Roman basilica style as earlier churches, but with rounded, vaulted ceilingsGothic: (bottom right) Uses flying buttresses to prop up taller buildings, giving them the illusion of upward movement.

Declining Church Power1300: Kings tired of Papal claims of

supremacyKing Philip IV of France wants to tax clergy

Pope Boniface VIII says not without his approval

King sends troops to arrest pope, bring to trialBoniface dies, King Philip fixes the

papal electionClement V, a Frenchman, elected pope,

lives in AvignonPopes live in Avignon from 1305-1377

1377: Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome

“Here reign the successors of the poor fisherman of Galilee; they have strangely forgotten their origin. I am astounded…to see these men loaded with gold and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of princes and nations.”~Petrarch, Italian Poet

The Great Schism (1378-1417)Gregory XI dies shortly after return to RomeCardinals chose an Italian pope, Urban VI, but

French cardinals elect a French pope in AvignonNow, two popes compete for power/leadershipKing of France and allies support Avignon’s popeKing of England and allies support Rome’s pope

People lose faith in both popes and church1417: Council of Constance, new pope electedJohn Hus: Czech reformer, convicted of heresy

Causes uprising in Bohemia until 14361400: Pope loses fight for supremacy over state

Holy Roman Empire• As the Church loses power, it prevents other rivals

from rising• 926: Otto I named Holy Roman Emperor by Pope

John XII• Emperors attempt to conquer Italy against Pope’s

wishes• Investiture Controversy (Contest)• Pope Gregory VIII calls for end of lay investiture• Prevent Holy Roman emperors from naming church

leaders in Germany• Emperor Henry IV challenges, German princes rebel• Princes win more power within Empire with the help of

Pope• Fredrick I Barbarossa pushes into northern Italy• Coalition of Italian city-states, backed by Pope, force

Fredrick back

The Holy Roman Empire, 1200 CE

Capetian France & Norman England• 987: Hugh Capet elected by French nobles to replace

last Carolingian king, but controls only small area around Paris• Powerful lords limit the power of the Capet• 987-1300: Capetian kings slowly gain in power, centralize

government• Norman lords form a highly centralized state in

northern France• Decedents of Vikings, Normans disregard loyalty to Capetian

kings, retain land• Normans begins do expand throughout Europe, rise as

political/military leaders• 1066: Duke William of Normandy invades England• William “the Conqueror” crowned King William I of England• England rises as centralized threat to Capetian France

The Hundred Years’ War• 1300: England still owns small piece of land in

France, Duchy of Gascony•English king (Edward III), as Duke of Gascony, was a vassal of the French king (Philip VI)

• 1337: Philip invades Gascony to cede into realm•Edward declares war on France, lasts until 1453

• Peasant foot-soldiers outshine mounted knights

• English use more foot-soldiers than French, and also equip soldiers with longbows•French use crossbows at first

Battles of Crécy & Agincourt• 1346: Battle of Crécy:

French attack with no plan, slaughtered by English longbows• English not strong enough to conquer all of France• King Henry V of England

keeps trying• 1415: Battle of Agincourt

heavily armored French noblemen get stuck in muddy battle field—1,500 die—England controls N. France

Joan of Arc• King Charles V of France loses hope• Young, religious woman named Joan convinces King

Charles to let her follow army to Orléans• Joan’s faith powers French to victory• 1430: Captured by English, convicted of witchcraft

• Joan’s faith reenergized the French army, and they easily won battles in Aquitaine and Normandy; French win war in 1453

• The invention of the cannon also responsible for eventual French victory

The Italian City-States & Muslim Spain• Italy is not united state, but collection of small and

large states• Central Italy• The Papal States exercise political influence throughout

Central Italy• Pope acts as king of the Papal States

• The Italian City-States• Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice• Venetian Confederation most dominant state, powerful navy

• Southern Italy• Byzantine and Muslim states claim southern Italy and Sicily• Norman merchants conquer southern Italy, bring Roman

Catholic Christianity• Lay foundation for rise of Kingdom of Naples

• Christian & Muslim Spain• Competing Christian kingdoms attempt to unify northern

Spain• Ummayad caliphs losing grip on power

The Spanish ReconquistaAragon & Castile two most powerful

kingdomsIsabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon, work together to strengthen Spanish monarchy

Spanish religious conformity= Catholic nation1492: Jews kicked out of Spain1502: Muslims kicked out of SpainBoth Jews and Muslims who wish to stay in Spain must convert to Christianity (Catholicism)

La Rendición de Granada

The Capitulation of Granada, by Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz (1882)

Western Europe’s Recovery• Kings in England, France and Spain have

trouble producing male heirs•Nobles fight to replace dying dynasties•New dynasties establish “new monarchies”

• France’s kings use new national pride to gain power, expand taxes and control

• War of the Roses b/w nobles and English king•Henry Tudor becomes new king (Henry VII)•Abolishes nobles’ private armies•Lessened taxes on subjects, people happy with rule