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Risk and Benefit Analysis (RBA) of GOF Research: Gaps and Future Considerations (Rocco Casagrande)

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  • 8/19/2019 Risk and Benefit Analysis (RBA) of GOF Research: Gaps and Future Considerations (Rocco Casagrande)

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    Vfcljfl. Vlfurcty. Vtretloy.

    Ycsn ejg Iljlbct Ejehyscs (YIE)

    `b Oecj `b Bujftc`j Ylslerfa

    Oeps ejg Buturl F`jscglretc`js

    Orypa`j Vfcljtcbcf

    Y`ff` Feseorejgl, ]aG, ]rcjfcpeh Cjvlstcoet`r 

    JEV Dlltcjo Bliruery 5=, 9=52

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     Eoljge• E irclb `vlrvclw `b tal YIE stugy

    • Hlss`js hlerjlg ejg gete oeps• Epphycjo tal YIE t` splfcbcf lxplrcdljts

    • Gcsfussc`j `b uscjo tal 5351 A5J5pgd strecj es e f`dperet`r 

    9

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    @vlrehh Eppr`efa t` tal YIE

    • Wal purp`sl `b tacs lcoat-d`jta stugy wes t` pr`vcgl gete `jtal rcsns ejg iljlbcts ess`fcetlg wcta rlslerfa `j d`gcbclgstrecjs `b cjbhuljze vcrusls ejg tal f`r`jevcrusls

    • Wal YIE cs gcvcglg cjt` tarll dek`r tesns, lefa `b wacfarlqucrls e gcstcjft gete f`hhlftc`j ejg ejehyscs eppr`efa

    • Uuejtctetcvl Ic`seblty Ycsn Esslssdljt

    • Vldc-quejtctetcvl Ic`slfurcty Ycsn Esslssdljt• Iljlbct Esslssdljt

    • Wacs esslssdljt wes f`dperetcvl

    • W` gltlrdcjl tal FAEJOL cj rcsn br`d rlslerfa `j O`B peta`oljs

    f`dperlg t` rlslerfa `j wchg typl peta`oljs• W` cgljtcby tal iljlbcts t` sfcljfl, puihcf alehta ejg dlgcfcjl ebb`rglg iy

    O`B rlslerfa F@D]EYLG W@ ehtlrjetcvl rlslerfa ejg cjj`vetc`js

    6   Orypa`j Vfcljtcbcf JVEII ]rlsljtetc`j

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    Vuddery‗Beft`rs Cjbhuljfcjo Effcgljt Ycsn

    3

    • @jhy e sdehh

    dcj`rcty `bhei`ret`ryeffcgljts wcta tald`st f`jteoc`us

    cjbhuljze vcruslsfeusl e h`feh`utirlen, ejg `jhye dcj`rcty `b ta`sl

    hleg t` e oh`iehpejgldcf

           V      l      e      s      `      j      e        h       C      j        b        h      u      l

          j      z      e

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    Vuddery‗Ic`seblty Ycsn F`dpercs`j

    Wal gernlr tal saegl `b orey, tal d`rl e O`B palj`typl cjfrlesls rcsn `b audej chhjlssls ejg

    gletas. Dernlg cj wactl erl O`B palj`typls taet erl j`t rlhlvejt J/E) t` rcsn `r rlgufl rcsn.

    <

    O`B ]alj`typl Vles`jeh CjbhuljzeRcrusls

    ]ejgldcfCjbhuljze Rcrusls

    Evcej CjbhuljzeRcrusls

    F`r`jevcrusls

    Ljaejflg

    trejsdcsscichcty

    Cjfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b ej

    `utirlen ejg tal

    f`jslquljfls `b ej

    `utirlen

    Cjfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b ej

    `utirlen ejg tal

    f`jslquljfls `b ej

    `utirlen

    Cjfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b ej

    `utirlen ejg tal

    f`jslquljfls `b ej

    `utirlen

    Cjfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b e

    oh`ieh `utirlen ejg

    f`jslquljfls `b e

    oh`ieh `utirlen

    Ljaejflg peta`oljcfcty

    Cjfrleslsf`jslquljfls

    Cjfrleslsf`jslquljfls

    Egeptetc`j t`

    deddehs J/E J/E

    Glfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b ej

    `utirlen

     J/E

    Lvesc`j `b cjguflg

    cddujcty

    Cjfrleslg

    f`jslquljfls cj

    acoa cjf`dlf`ujtrcls `jhy

     J/E

    Lvesc`j `b

    jetureh/rlscgueh

    cddujcty

    Cjfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b ej

    `utirlen ejg tal

    f`jslquljfls `b ej

    `utirlen

    Cjfrlesls

     pr`ieichcty `b ej

    `utirlen ejg tal

    f`jslquljfls `b ej

    `utirlen

     J/E J/E

    Ejtcvcreh rlscstejfl

    Cjfrleslg

    f`jslquljfls cj

    acoa cjf`dl

    f`ujtrcls `jhy

    Cjfrleslg

    f`jslquljfls cj

    acoa cjf`dl

    f`ujtrcls `jhy

     J/E

    Ljaejflg or`wta cj

    fuhturl/loos

    Cjfrleslg faejfl `b

    e HEC

    Cjfrleslg faejfl `b

    e HEC

    Acoahcoatlg cj 

    ylhh`w erl 

    faejols br`d 

    tal grebt YIE, 

    gul t` fr`ss 

    pr`tlftc`j 

    ebb`rglg iy 

    cjblftc`j 

    wcta 

    rlfljthy 

    fcrfuhetcjo 

    strecjs vs `hglr 

    pejgldcf 

    strecjs

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    Vuddery‗Ic`seblty Ycsn F`dpercs`j

    • Lxedphl; lbblft `jf`jslquljfls `b fr`sspr`tlftc`j eoecjst 5351A5J5 pgd ebb`rglg iylxp`surl t` 9==3 A5J5 pgd• 53

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    Ic`seblty Ycsn F`jfhusc`js• Dejcpuhetcjo O`B sles`jeh cjbhuljze strecjs et IVH6 dey f`dpljsetl

    b`r tal cjfrlesl cj rcsn p`slg iy d`gcbclg strecjs iy glfrlescjo tal rcsn

    `b e hei`ret`ry efqucrlg cjblftc`j• D`sthy iy ej lxtre systld `b rlspcret`ry pr`tlftc`j

    • V`dl `b tal dejcpuhetc`js taet f`uhg tal`rltcfehhy cjfrlesl rcsn deyj`t il efaclveihl `r glscreihl

    • E strecj taet fej `vlrf`dl pr`tlftcvl veffcjetc`j cjfrlesls rcsn `jhy cb ct fejlvegl veffcjl pr`tlftc`j vce cddujl d`guhetc`j, j`t ejtcoljcf faejol

    • Wal sfcljtcbcf vehul `b cjfrlescjo tal trejsdcsscichcty `b cjbhuljze vcrusily`jg taet `b tal d`st trejsdcsscihl strecjs (`r bcjeh tctlr ily`jg 5L1) csqulstc`jeihl ejg plraeps cjblescihl

    • Walrl cs j` d`glh `b trejsdcssc`j b`r tal f`r`jevcrusls, s` dejcpuhetc`j `btacs trect cs j`t furrljthy efaclveihl

    • Ehs`, s`dl f`jtljg taet VEYV-F`R cs ehrlegy s` trejsdcsscihl taet burtalrdejcpuhetc`j w`uhg j`t ebblft rcsn

    ?

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    Ic`slfurcty YE ̀ b Efts Weroltcjo eHei`ret`ry‗F`jfhusc`js• Wal trects taet grcvl rcsn erl scdcher walj f`jscglrcjo ic`seblty ejg

    ic`slfurcty ilfeusl tal peta`oljs erl trejsdcsscihl

    • Waet cs, a`w tal cjctceh cjblftc`js wlrl feuslg cs `b hctthl f`jslquljfl `jfl eh`feh `utirlen ilocjs

    • A`wlvlr, ilfeusl ic`slfurcty lvljts erl prlgcftlg t` `btlj cjv`hvl talf`vlrt cjblftc`j `b tal puihcf, ej cjblftc`j cs dufa d`rl hcnlhy t`

    feusl e h`feh `utirlen• Hei`ret`ry w`rnlrs iljlbct br`d alehta survlchhejfl ejg cs`hetc`j pr`t`f`hs

    • W` detfa tal rcsn p`slg iy ic`seblty cjfcgljts ocvlj e acst`rcfeh retl `bhei`ret`ry efqucrlg cjblftc`js, e ic`slfurcty lvljt taet f`vlrthy cjblftse dldilr `b tal puihcf dust `ffur `jhy `jfl lvlry

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    Cjb`rdetc`j Ycsn--F`jfhusc`js

    3

    • Dcjcdeh cjb`rdetc`j rcsn rldecjs b`r O`B stugcls cj

    cjbhuljze vcrusls ilfeusl gueh-usl dlta`gs aevl ehrlegyillj puihcsalg

    • Vcojcbcfejt cjb`rdetc`j rcsn rldecjs b`r O`B stugcls cj talf`r`jevcrusls, iut talsl stugcls erl aedplrlg iy e hefn `bd`glh systlds

    • Cjb`rdetc`j rcsn f`uhg leschy il oljlretlg iy rlslerfa `j`talr trejsdcsscihl peta`oljs

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    Iljlbct Ejehyscs F`jfhusc`js• B`r cjbhuljze vcrusls, tal b`hh`wcjo rlslerfa aes frctcfeh iljlbcts;

    • Vtugcls taet ljaejfl vcreh or`wta br`d h`w tctlr 

    • Vtugcls taet hleg t` lvesc`j `b rlscgueh `r cjguflg cddujcty

    • Vtugcls taet ljaejfl vcruhljfl

    • Vtugcls taet ljaejfl trejsdcsscichcty

    • Vtugcls taet hleg t` lvesc`j `b talreplutcfs cj usl ejg cj glvlh`pdljt

    • B`r f`r`jevcrusls, tal b`hh`wcjo rlslerfa aes frctcfeh iljlbcts;

    • Vtugcls taet ehtlr a`st tr`pcsd

    • Vtugcls taet ljaejfl vcruhljfl

    • Vtugcls taet hleg t` lvesc`j `b talreplutcfs cj glvlh`pdljt

    5=

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    Hlss`js hlerjlg ejg oeps• Vlvlreh hlss`js wlrl hlerjlg gurcjo tal lxlfutc`j `b tal YIE,

    iut talsl stejg `ut

    • Ertcbcfcehcty `b gcstcjftc`js iltwllj pejgldcf ejg sles`jeh cjbhuljzestrecjs

    • Hefn `b gete `j audej rlhceichcty cj hcbl sfcljfl hei`ret`rcls

    • Gcbbcfuhty p`slg iy aevcjo j` rcsn iljfadern b`r w`rn wcta wchg typlpeta`oljs

    • Gcbbcfuhty p`slg iy rlstrcftc`j `b YIE t` cjbhuljze ejg f`r`jevcrusls

    55

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     Ertcbcfceh Gcstcjftc`js Iltwllj Vles`jeh

    ejg ]ejgldcf Cjbhuljze Vtrecjs• ]uihcf alehta ejg p`hcfy stenla`hglrs f`dpertdljtehczl pejgldcf ejg

    sles`jeh cjbhuljze strecjs, `btlj gul t` tal gcspercty cj rcsn

    cddlgcetlhy ebtlr ldlroljfl• A`wlvlr, h`jo ebtlr ldlroljfl, pejgldcf strecjs `btlj f`jtrciutl t`

    tal p`puhetc`j `b sles`jeh strecjs cj tal b`hh`wcjo ylers• W`gey–s sles`jeh A5J5 strecjs erl glsfljgejts `b 5351 A5J5pgd

    • Ycsn br`d e hei`ret`ry effcgljt `r e ic`slfurcty cjfcgljt wcta ej `hglrpejgldcf strecj dust il ujglrst``g cj tal f`jtlxt `b e j`j-jeàvlp`puhetc`j• Wrejsdcsscichcty cs dufa h`wlr taej walj ct ldlrolg, s`dl p`rtc`j `b tal

    p`puhetc`j cs pr`tlftlg

    • Walrl cs j` ircoat hcjl iltwllj sles`jeh strecjs ejg `hg pejgldcfstrecjs s` rcsn cs ilst ujglrst``g es e scjohl f`jtcjuud

    • Buturl seblty/slfurcty YIEs sa`uhg j`t ertcbcfcehhy slperetl `utpejgldcf br`d sles`jeh strecjs• J`t trul b`r YIEs taet lxedcjl rcsn `b ldlroljfl

    59

  • 8/19/2019 Risk and Benefit Analysis (RBA) of GOF Research: Gaps and Future Considerations (Rocco Casagrande)

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    Hefn `b Gete `j Audej Ylhceichcty Esslssdljt

    cj Hcbl Vfcljfl Hei`ret`rcls

    • Br`d gete cj `talr cjgustrcls, ct cs fhler taet d`st bechurls cj sebltylqucpdljt erl gul t` audej coj`rejfl, ferlhlssjlss `r jlohlft

    • Beuhty ]E]Ys erl pr`guflg dufa d`rl rerlhy taej s`ujg ]E]Ys erl p``rhyw`rj, p``rhy essldihlg `r p``rhy decjtecjlg

    • D`rl`vlr, d`st dlfaejcfeh bechurls erl eff`dpejclg iy s`dl scojehtaet e audej dust coj`rl, dcsujglrstejg `r `vlrrcgl t` frletl e

    gejolr`us sctuetc`j• Hesthy, ujhcnl cj tal jufhler, faldcfeh `r trejsp`rtetc`j slft`rs, cj e

    hcbl sfcljfls hei`ret`ry, d`st p`tljtceh rlhlesls rlqucrl e audej lrr`rt` cjctcetl• Wal d`st brlquljt effcgljts erl shcps, spchhs, fljtrcbuol dcsusl ejg futs

    • Lxflptc`js cj tal hcbl sfcljfls cjfhugl jetureh gcsestlrs, elr`s`h oljlretc`jlxplrcdljts ejg ejcdeh f`jtecjdljt

    • Wa`uoa tal vest dek`rcty `b cjblftc`js br`d talsl cjfcgljts stchh rlqucrl e audejlrr`r (dcsusl `b ]E]Ys, p``r cjstehhetc`j `b bchtlrs, ltf)

    56

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    Hefn `b Gete `j Audej Ylhceichcty Esslssdljt

    cj Hcbl Vfcljfl Hei`ret`rcls• Glspctl tal cdp`rtejfl `b audej beft`rs cj grcvcjo tal rcsn `b

    effcgljts, vlry hctthl gete wes b`ujg br`d tal hcbl sfcljfls ljtlrprcsl

    • Gete `j ejcdeh ictls cj hei`ret`rcls wes b`ujg• @ur YIE aeg t` ejeh`oczl br`d audej rlhceichcty gete br`d `talr

    cjgustrcls t` eftcvctcls cj tal hei`ret`ry

    • Wacs sa`rtf`dcjo prlvljtlg e rco`r`us esslssdljt `b eis`hutl rcsn

    • Wal rlhetcvl rcsn esslssdljt ‘fejflhhlg `ut— dufa `b tal ujflrtecjty

    • W` eggrlss tacs sa`rtf`dcjo, prcdery rlslerfa `j audej beft`rs cj hcblsfcljfls hei`ret`rcls dust il f`jguftlg

    • Ocvlj taet tal p`tljtceh f`jslquljfls `b ej effcgljt ercscjo br`d hcblsfcljfls rlslerfa lfhcpsls taet `b effcgljts cj tal faldcfeh, jufhlerejg trejsp`rtetc`j slft`rs et hlest es dufa cjvlstdljt sa`uhg ilglv`tlg t` audej beft`rs cj e hcbl sfcljfls hei`ret`ry

    57

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     E Hefn `b e Ycsn Iljfadern

    • @ur stugy b`fuslg `j tal FAEJOL cj rcsn p`slg iy tal dejcpuhetc`j `b wchgtypl peta`oljs• _l acoahcoat a`w dufa rcsn cjfrlesls b`r pertcfuher dejcpuhetc`js, ehta`uoa

    s`dltcdls taet cjfrlesl cs br`d e h`w hlvlh• B`r lxedphl, cjfrleslg vcruhljfl/tctlr cj ettljuetlg strecjs

    • V`dltcdls pejgldcf rcsn cjfrlesls t` e hlvlh ily`jg taet p`slg iy ejy wchg typl strecj• D`st `b tal tcdl, pejgldcf rcsn cjfrlesls iut t` e hlvlh hlss taej taet p`slg iy tal tal

    w`rst pejgldcf strecj (j`w 53

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    Ylstrcftc`j `b tal YIE t` cjbhuljze vcruslsejg f`r`jevcrusls• Wal cjb`rdetc`j rcsn slftc`j `b tal YIE cgljtcbclg taet

    dejcpuhetc`js `b peta`oljs `talr taej tal cjbhuljze ejgf`r`jevcrusls f`uhg p`sl scdcher hlvlhs `b pejgldcf rcsn

    • Wal rldecjglr `b `ur stugy lxedcjlg kust `jl f`dp`jljt `bp`tljtceh pejgldcf rcsns, tal buhh suctl `b wacfa sa`uhg il

    f`jscglrlg t`oltalr es pert `b e f`dprlaljscvl YIE• Wacs f`dprlaljscvl YIE sa`uhg pr`vcgl e slt `b iljfaderns;

    • Acoalst t`hlreihl rcsn `b w`rncjo wcta peta`oljs taet furrljthy lxcst vs`jls taet erl lxtcjft/f`uhg lv`hvl

    • Acoalst t`hlreihl rcsn w`rncjo et ejy pertcfuher f`jtecjdljt hlvlh (IVH7,IVH6, IVH6L)

    52

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    YIEs Epphclg t` Vplfcbcf Lxplrcdljts• D`vcjo b`rwerg, glfcsc`j-denlrs dey il esnlg t` lvehuetl tal rcsn

    ejg iljlbcts p`slg iy splfcbcf lxplrcdljts, lctalr cj orejt pr`p`sehs `r

    cj cjstctutc`jeh rlvclws• @ur YIE wes glscojlg t` il uslg es e bhlxcihl rlblrljfl g`fudljt taetf`uhg il uslg t` esslss rcsn `b ejy lxplrcdljt rlhlvejt t` O`B stugcls

    • E scdphl ujglrstejgcjo `b tal faejol cj rcsn fej il `itecjlg cj bcvlstlps

    • Cgljtcby tal strecj w`rnlg `j ejg glsfrcil cts pr`plrtcls rlhlvejt t` pejgldcfrcsn (Y=, fesl betehcty retl, DFD rlscstejfl)

    • \jglrstejg a`w tal pr`p`slg lxplrcdljt F@\HG ehtlr ejy `b talslpr`plrtcls

    • Lxedcjl a`w tal pr`p`slg faejol F@\HG ebblft pr`ieichcty `b ej `utirlen

    lsfepcjo h`feh f`jtr`h (YIE slftc`j 2.2)• Lxedcjl a`w tal pr`p`slg faejol F@\HG ebblft f`jslquljfls `b e oh`ieh

    `utirlen (YIE slftc`j 2.?)• Duhtcphy talsl tw` cjfrlesls t`oltalr t` `itecj e plrsplftcvl `j faejol cj

    rcsn

    5?

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    YIEs Epphclg t` Vplfcbcf Lxplrcdljts• Lxedphl 5; _aet cs tal rcsn `b p`slg iy lxplrcdljts taet cjfhugl

    vcruhljfl beft`rs br`d 5351 A5J5 cjbhuljze cj e 9==3 A5J5strecj

    • Vlftc`j 2.2 stetls taet vcruhljfl g`ls j`t cjfrlesl tal pr`ieichcty taet ej`utirlen lsfepls h`feh f`jtr`h

    •Vlftc`j 2.? stetls taet oh`ieh f`jslquljfls sfehl hcjlerhy wcta fesl betehctyretl

    • Wal gcbblrljfl cj tal fesl betehcty retls `b talsl strecjs cs slvlreh `rglrs `bdeojctugl, suoolstcjo taet f`jslquljfls f`uhg cjfrlesl iy slvlreh `rglrs `bdeojctugl br`d ej effcgljt wcta tacs strecj f`dperlg t` e wchg-typl 9==3

    A5J5 strecj• Vcjfl pr`ieichcty cs ujfaejolg ejg f`jslquljfls cjfrlesl, tal rcsn `b tacs typl

    `b lxplrcdljt cjfrlesls iy slvlreh `rglrs `b deojctugl

    51

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    YIEs Epphclg t` Vplfcbcf Lxplrcdljts• Lxedphl 9; _aet cs tal rcsn p`slg iy

    lxplrcdljts taet ecd t` frletl

    ejtcoljcfehhy gcstcjft strecjs `b e rlfljthyfcrfuhetcjo sles`jeh cjbhuljze strecj

    • Vlftc`j 2.2 sa`ws taet ejtcoljcfehhy gcstcjftstrecjs aevl e 9-6x cjfrlesl cj rcsn `b lsfepl.

    • Vlftc`j 2.? sa`ws taet ejtcoljcfehhy gcstcjftstrecjs dey cjbhcft 5=x d`rl oh`ieh gletas.

    • Walrlb`rl, rcsn cjfrlesls iy r`uoahy 9=-6=x

    • Ylfehh taet ct cs ujnj`wj cb ejy chhjlssls feuslg

    iy ej effcgljt wcta sles`jeh cjbhuljze vcrusw`uhg supphldljt `r supphejt sles`jeh cjblftc`js

    53

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    YIEs Epphclg t` Vplfcbcf Lxplrcdljts• A`wlvlr, tal dlejcjo `b tacs rcsn cjfrlesl cs gcbbcfuht t`

    cjtlrprlt cj tal eisljfl `b stejgergs b`r rcsn t`hlrejfl

    • Cs e 5==x cjfrlesl cj rcsn br`d e h`w hlvlh subbcfcljt t` j`t bujg talrlslerfa0

    • Cs 5=x0 G`ls ct dettlr cb w`rn cs o`cjo `j g`wj tal aehh `j wchg typlpeta`oljs wcta orletlr hlvlhs `b rcsn0

    • Wacs cjb`rdetc`j cs subbcfcljt t` stetl taet d`rl f`jtr`hs ejg dlesurls

    sa`uhg il tenlj t` f`jtr`h cjblftc`j rcsn br`d tacs d`gcbclg peta`oljtaej tal wchg-typl peta`olj

    • Ehs`, iljfa rlslerfalrs dey j`t il bedchcer lj`uoa wcta tallpcgldc`h`ocfeh pr`plrtcls `b peta`oljs t` pr`plrhy

    faereftlrczl talcr strecjs• Oucgls `r t``hs erl jllglg t` leschy `itecj peredltlr vehuls b`r wchg

    typl strecjs ejg, plraeps, t` ecg wcta tal fehfuhetc`js

    9=

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    \sl `b 5351 A5J5 pgd es e F`dperet`r • Cj tal suddercls `b `ur YIE, wl gcsfuss rcsn `b O`B strecjs

    rlhetcvl t` tal rcsn p`slg iy tal 5351 A5J5pgd strecj

    • Wal buhh tlxt ljeihls e f`dpercs`j `b tal rcsn `b ejy dejcpuhetc`j eoecjstejy iljfadern

    • Wal rlvcslg g`fudljt wchh aevl d`rl f`dperet`rs cj talsuddercls

    • Ehs`, 5351 A5J5pgd wchh j`t il tal acoalst rcsn `b ehh ilfeusl `b tal prl-lxcstcjo cddujcty cj tal p`puhetc`j gul t` tal fcrfuhetc`j `b 9==3A5J5pgd

    • Wacs f`dperet`r wes fa`slj ilfeusl et tal tcdl talrl wes

    hcdctlg gcsfussc`j `b e bujgcjo d`ret`rcud b`r w`rn `j wchgtypl vlrsc`js `b 5351 A5J5pgd, s` wl glfcglg ct wes erles`jeihl iljfadern b`r ‘dexcdud ehh`weihl rcsn—

    95

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    \sl `b 5351 A5J5 pgd es e F`dperet`r 

    • E jlw f`dperet`r; 53

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    \sl `b 5351 A5J5 pgd es e F`dperet`r 

    • Wal usl `b ejy `talr strecj es e f`dperet`r cs erictrery

    • _ay g`ls ct dettlr cb tal strecj p`sls d`rl rcsn/hlss taej DLYV-F`R `r5321 A6J9pgd0

    • Es stetlg ilb`rl, rlhetcvl cjfrlesls cj rcsn (`r eis`hutl rcsnlstcdetls) erl uslbuh t` alhp gltlrdcjl cb eggctc`jeh

    seblty/slfurcty dlesurls erl jllglg, iut j`t cb rcsns erl w`rtatal iljlbct `vlrehh

    • Wal `jhy sljscihl f`dperet`rs erl iljfaderns b`r tal rcsnclstehh`weihl rlslerfa b`r lxcstcjo/j`vlh peta`oljs et pertcfuher

    f`jtecjdljt hlvlhs• Walsl iljfaderns sa`uhg il slt rloerghlss `b tal peta`olj stugclg `r tal

    pertcfuher dejcpuhetc`j ujglrtenlj

    96

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    Waejn y`u• Wal buhh rcsn esslssdljt (ejg cts bcjeh vlrsc`j), wcta ehh

    supp`rtcjo detlrcehs, fej il b`ujg et;attp;//www.orypa`jsfcljtcbcf.f`d/oecj-`b-bujftc`j/

    97


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