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Risk and protective factorsRisk and protective factors
Research-based predictors of Research-based predictors of problem behaviors and problem behaviors and
positive youth outcomes—positive youth outcomes—risk and protective factorsrisk and protective factors
Risk and protective factorsRisk and protective factors
– Risk and protective factors exist in all areas Risk and protective factors exist in all areas of children’s lives.of children’s lives.
– The The moremore risk factors present, the risk factors present, the greatergreater the the chances of problem behavior.chances of problem behavior.
– Risk and protective factors can be present Risk and protective factors can be present throughout development.throughout development.
– Risk factors are buffered by protective factorsRisk factors are buffered by protective factors ..
Risk FactorsRisk Factors
Risk factors are predictive of higher levels:Risk factors are predictive of higher levels:
adolescent substance abuse, adolescent substance abuse,
delinquency, delinquency,
teen pregnancy, teen pregnancy,
school drop-outschool drop-out
violenceviolence
Risk FactorsRisk Factors
– Research-basedResearch-based– Predictive in multiple longitudinal studiesPredictive in multiple longitudinal studies– Present in all areas of influencePresent in all areas of influence– Predictive of multiple problem behaviorsPredictive of multiple problem behaviors– Present throughout developmentPresent throughout development– Work similarly across racial linesWork similarly across racial lines– MeasurableMeasurable– Buffered by protective factorsBuffered by protective factors
Risk FactorsRisk Factors
Research has identified Research has identified risk factorsrisk factors in in four domains:four domains:
Peer and Individual Peer and Individual
FamilyFamily
SchoolSchool
CommunityCommunity
Delinquency Risk Factors by Domain
Domain Early Onset (Ages 6–11) Late Onset (Ages 12–14) Protective Factors
Warm, supportive relationship with parents and other adultsParent’s positive evaluation of child’s peersParental monitoring
Poor parent-child relationshipLow socioeconomic statusHarsh, lax, or inconsistent parentingPoor monitoring, supervisionAntisocial parentsBroken homeAbusive parentsFamily conflict a
Low socioeconomic statusAntisocial parentsPoor parent-child relationshipHarsh, lax, or inconsistent parentingBroken homeSeparation from parentsAbusive parentsNeglect
Family
Intolerant attitude toward deviance High IQBeing femalePositive social orientationPerceived sanction for transgressions
RestlessnessDifficulty concentrating a
General offensesRisk takingAggression a
Being malePhysical violenceAntisocial attitudes, beliefsCrimes against personsLow IQSubstance abuse
Being maleADHD/impulsivityMedical, physical problemsAggressionLow IQGeneral offensesProblem (antisocial behavior) Substance abuseExposure to TV violenceAntisocial attitudes, beliefsDishonestya
Individual
Stable, organized neighborhood
Neighborhood crime, drugsNeighborhood disorganization
Community
Friends who engage in conventional behavior
Weak social tiesAntisocial, delinquent peersGang membership
Weak social tiesAntisocial peers
Peer group
Commitment to schoolRecognition for involvement in conventional activities
Poor attitude, performanceAcademic failure
Poor attitude, performance
School
Adapted from Office of the Surgeon General, 2001. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. a. Males only.
Delinquency Risk Factors by Domain
Domain Early Onset (Ages 6–11) Late Onset (Ages 12–14) Protective Factors
Early and persistent antisocial behavior
Constitutional factors
Rebelliousness
Friends who engage in the problem behavior
Favorable attitudes toward the problem behavior
Early initiation of the problem behavior
Gang involvement
Training of Coordinators 2-22
Risk factors: familyRisk factors: family
Family ContributionsFamily Contributions– insecure parent-child attachmentsinsecure parent-child attachments– family instability and stressfamily instability and stress– parental criminalityparental criminality– parental psychopathologyparental psychopathology
Family history of the problem behavior
Family management problems
Family conflict
Favorable parental attitudes and involvement in the problem behavior
Risk factors: communityRisk factors: community
Societal InfluencesSocietal Influences– more common in neighborhoods with criminal more common in neighborhoods with criminal
subcultures, frequent transitions, low social subcultures, frequent transitions, low social support among neighborssupport among neighbors
– established correlation between media established correlation between media violence and antisocial behaviorviolence and antisocial behavior
Cultural FactorsCultural Factors– associated with minority status, but this is associated with minority status, but this is
likely due to low SESlikely due to low SES
Media portrayals of violenceMedia portrayals of violence
Availability of drugsAvailability of drugs
Availability of firearmsAvailability of firearms
Community laws and norms favorable Community laws and norms favorable toward drug use, firearms and crimetoward drug use, firearms and crime
Transitions and mobilityTransitions and mobility
Low neighborhood attachment and Low neighborhood attachment and community disorganizationcommunity disorganization
Extreme economic deprivationExtreme economic deprivation
Academic failure beginning in late elementary school
Lack of commitment to school
Protective factorsProtective factors
Protective factorsProtective factorsbuffer young people’s exposure to risk.buffer young people’s exposure to risk.Research has identified Research has identified protective factorsprotective factors in in four domains:four domains:FamilyFamilySchoolSchoolPeer and Individual Peer and Individual CommunityCommunity
Protective factorsProtective factors
– Individual factorsIndividual factorsHigh intelligenceHigh intelligence
Resilient temperamentResilient temperament
Prosocial orientationProsocial orientation
– Competencies and skillsCompetencies and skills– Prosocial opportunitiesProsocial opportunities– Reinforcement for prosocial involvementReinforcement for prosocial involvement– BondingBonding– Healthy beliefs and clear standardsHealthy beliefs and clear standards
Protective factorsProtective factors
– Research-basedResearch-based– Present in all areas of influencePresent in all areas of influence– MeasurableMeasurable– Predictive of positive youth developmentPredictive of positive youth development– Present throughout developmentPresent throughout development– Buffer effects of risk exposureBuffer effects of risk exposure
TreatmentTreatment
Generally, few effective interventionsGenerally, few effective interventions
Interventions with some empirical support:Interventions with some empirical support:– Parent-Management Training (PMT)Parent-Management Training (PMT)– Cognitive problem solving skills training (PSST)Cognitive problem solving skills training (PSST)– Multisystemic treatment (MST)Multisystemic treatment (MST)
Mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of Mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of medications- may be useful to reduce overt behaviors, medications- may be useful to reduce overt behaviors, must be used in combination with other interventionsmust be used in combination with other interventions