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Risk factors for Outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in
Uganda
H. Kirunda, N. Muwereza, S.D. Kerfua, P.D. Kasaija, R. Sande, R. Azabo, C. Ssekitto , P. Emudong, R.
Alingu, J. Walubengo, T. Kabuuka
African Dairy Conference and Exhibition (ESADA), 24th - 26thSeptember 2014, Kenya Internatinal Conference Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
Introduction Uganda does not have adequate food security, yet
is already weakened by conditions such as: malaria and HIV/AIDS
Livestock plays a major role with cattle accounting for over 60% of the value of edible products in form of milk and meat
Although very gradual, Uganda continue to achieve increase in milk production
Trend of milk production in Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014
Supply of whole milk in Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014
Export of fresh milk from Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014
6Nganda cattleSmall East African Zebu cattle
Ankole cattle
Nganda cattle
Challenge of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
The dairy industry is however highly jeopardized by trans-boundary animal diseases including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
FMD is a contagious viral disease that continues to ravage different countries in the world
Economic implications of FMD
The disease causes adverse effects on economies of affected countries in that they are restricted from international trade
Costs are also met through the control measures put in place to curb an outbreak
Average loss per cattle head US$123 (Baluka, 2014)
In cattle sero-prevalence of the different serotypes is:
O = 61%
A = 33%
SAT 1 = 70%
SAT 2 = 34%
SAT 3 = 12%
FMD in Uganda
In goats and sheep the serotype O and SAT were identified with sero-prevalence of;
Goats =14%
Sheep = 22%
Although no information on prevalence FMD is currently available, serotype O has been identified and characterized by molecular methods
FMD in Uganda Cont’d
Although Government has made efforts to control FMD, the disease outbreak have continued to occur across the country
Currently, outbreaks are in 32 out of the 112 districts of Uganda
This study sought to identify the risk factors associated with outbreaks of FMD in Uganda
Control of FMD
Study areas
The 2-month cross-sectional study was carried out in seven districts with recent FMD outbreaks in the country
These included;
2 districts in central
1 district in western
4 districts in eastern
A structured questionnaire was administered to heads or animal attendants in 384 farm households
Materials and methods
Sera were taken and data captured from 516 study cattle with observed FMD clinical signs recorded
Sera analysis was done by cELISA for functional proteins to ascertain exposure
Analysis was done using FMDV Non-Structural protein ELISA Kit
The kit detects antibodies directed against the non structural 3ABC proteins of FMDV.
Statistical analysis was done at univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels for proportions, relationships and strength of associations (at 95% CI)
Materials and methods Cont’d
Results: Demographic characteristics
Region Freq Age<6m-1 1-2 Yrs 2-3 Yrs 3-5 Yrs 6>5yr
Central 111 9.9% 11.7% 19.8% 54.1% 4.5%East 364 5.8% 8.0% 8.2% 33.5% 44.5%West 41 17.1% 7.3% 31.7% 43.9% 0.0%Total 516 7.6% 8.7% 12.6% 38.8% 32.4%
Region Frequency BreedLocal Cross
Central 111 33.3% 66. 7%East 364 72.2% 27.7%West 41 53.7% 46.3%Total 516 62.4% 37.6%
Results: Demographic characteristics
Region Frequency Sex Female Male
Central 111 93.7% 6.3%East 364 79.9% 20.1%West 41 97.6% 2.4%Total 516 84.3% 15.7%
Region Freq Herd size (%)1-20 cattle
20-40 cattle
40-60 cattle
60-80 cattle
>80 cattle
Central 111 4.5% 33.4% 26.1% 22.5% 13.5%East 364 20.6% 36.8% 20.6% 0.0% 22.0%West 41 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100%Total 516 15.5% 33.1% 20.2% 4.8% 26.4%
Results: Demographic characteristics
Average sero-prevalence was 27.5% (CI: 23.8 - 31.5) Herds of cattle moved for more 2 km per day (OR=4.4,
95% CI: 1.21 - 16.0)
Cattle allowed frequent assess to slaughter sites (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.13 - 4.70)
Keeping cattle in kraals in muddy condition for months
(OR=5.1, 95% CI: 0.63 – 41.4) Introduction of new animal in the herd (OR=0.1, 95% CI:
0.03 - 0.35)
Results: Risk Factors
There are several risk factors that increase the likelihood of introduction to and spread of FMD in cattle
Conclusion
Recommendation
Study results could be used in development of improved strategies for control of FMD in the country
Information on the identified risk factors could be useful in improving veterinary and livestock management practices
National Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Epidemiology Cetre (NADDEC)/MAAIF
District Veterinary staff
Farmers in participating districts
Acknowledgments
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