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Catford
Translation:
The replacement of textual material in one lang. (SL) by equivalent textual material in another lang. (TL)
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Catford
Purposes of Translation:
Give insights into an alien society
Want the TT audiences to behave in a certain way after reading the TT
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Correspondence (Catford)
Any category (unit, class, structure) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the same place of economy between SL and TL
door vs pintu6
(Con)Textual Equivalence (Catford)
(Con)Textual equivalence is any TT or portion of it which is equivalent to a certain ST or portion of it.
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Translation shift (Catford)
Any deviation from the formal correspondence in TT as a result of translating process
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Translation shift 1
Structure Shift (grammatical structure)
ST: Your reservation has been sent via email.
TT: Kami telah menyampaikan pemesanan anda melalui email.
Structure Shift
If one curses his father or his mother, (if-clause)
Siapa mengutuki ayah dan ibunya, (adj clause)
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Translation shift 2
Class shift (part of speech) ST: We have a very nice
discussion. TT: Kami berdiskusi dengan
sangat menyenangkan.
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Translation shift 3
Unit shift (rank: word, phrase, sentence)
ST: daughter, son
TT: anak perempuan, anak laki-laki
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Translation shift 4
Intra-system shift
ST: This is the place for cats. TT: Ini adalah tempat untuk kucing.
Within a language system SL & TL have formal equivalence, but
the translator chooses non-corresponding term in TT.
kucing instead of kucing-kucing
Setelah Menggunakan Kamar Mandi,(adv clause = sub-clause)
Harap Disiram Sampai Bersih(imparative sentence)
>> Complex sentence = Majemuk bertingkat ------------------------------------------------------
Keep this Restroom Clean (imperative sentence)
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Eugine Nida
Two types of Equivalence
1. Formal Equivalence:focuses on both form & content; accuracy & correctness
2. Dynamic Equivalence:focuses on naturalness of expression - relevant to the local culture
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Skopos Theory – Functional Approach
Skopos theory focuses on the purpose of the translation, which determines the methods and strategies of translating, which are employed to produce functionally adequate result (Munday, 2001: 79). 24
Skopos Theory
The idea is from Pragmatics.Specialized
texts/discourses/corporaThis theory really holds for
specialized texts i.e. medical-scientific text translated for the general public (commoners).
Adequacy vs. EquivalenceThe theory proposes the term
Adequacy instead of Equivalence.
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Skopos Theory
Skopos > purpose (Greek)
The action of translating is determined by its purpose
Main tenet:
The initiator of the translation act (i.e. client) specifies the TT.
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