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8/4/2019 ritual Futures&Options
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
ratucm iuturns
& optaogsog ratucm clvcgtcen, surpmus proluhtaog
cgl byjralazctaog. tbn rnturg oi
tbn ratucm c`jcssclors.
hurctnl jyc``c jarceo
`ckage tbn hcsn ior
ratucm nhogo`y, nhogo`ah byjralaty,
ntbgah gctaogcmas` &
pcg Cirahcgas`
Main atsnmi, wrotn vcg Enggnp, `ncgs to snpcrctn cgl to rnugatn, to hbcgen ior`
cgl hoglataog, to lan cgl to jn rnjorg. \bnsn hbcgens hcg ohhur s`ootbmy cgl `ncgageiummy
cs pcrt oi c mcrenr, n`jrchage, cgl rncssurage pcttnrg ogmy jy `ncgs oi
tbnar orhbnstrctaog cs ratns oi pcsscen.
Hctbnragn Jnmm, Zatucm Vnrspnhtavns
Bcrlt cgl Gnera creun tbct, uglnr emojcmazctaog, gctaogcm sovnrnaegty as go mogenr tbn mohus oi pownr; pownr as
satuctnl ag cg c`orpbous wnj oi nhogo`ah cgl pomatahcm rnmctaogs outsaln oi cgy stctn wbct tbny hcmm N`parn.
\bus, ag c pnrvnrsn wcy, tbn moeah oi emojcmazctaog lons got so `uhb lastageuasb jntwnng Iarst cgl \barl Uorml
sovnrnaegty, jut sujsu`ns cgl lnjamatctns jotb oi tbn`, tboueb pnrbcps got nqucmmy, ag tbn snrvahn oi c gnw worml
nhogo`ah orlnr.
A`pnracmas`, Xovnrnaegty cgl tbn @ckage oi Agtnrgctaogcm Mcw.
Cgtogy Cgeban, Znvanwnl jy @crk Kmnygc.
8/4/2019 ritual Futures&Options
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
\urgnr wcs cwcrn tbct tbn poor, tbn mownr hmcss, tbn sujcmtnrg bcl c laiinrngt
cgl hmosnr rnmctaogsbap to tbn hbcotah potngtacmatans oi ratucm chtaog, jut ag bas a`ceagctaog tbnar eocms
wnrn cmtnrgctnmy tbn "mnvnmage" oi ho``ugatcs, cgl sohacm `ojamaty4 "tbn struhturcmmy aginraor
csparn to sy`jomah struhturcm supnraoraty ag ratucm" (:>94:68).
Bastory, Xtruhturn, cgl Zatucm,
Dobg L. Knmmy cgl @crtbc Kcpmcg
Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghns
Mouasn Znvnmm
\bn sncrhb ior c `orn pownrium ngtaty to provaln so`n ior` oi orlnr to tbn hbcotah gcturn oi bu`cg nxastnghn as c
pbngo`ngog tbct hcg jn snng tbrouebout `uhb oi bu`cg bastory. Ior c Zo`cg, tbn eols wnrn nvnrywbnrn, cs
pownrium iorhns watb cg agtnrnst ag cmm cspnhts oi lcamy main. Znmaeaog ior`nl pcrt oi tbn jrocl-jcsnl bo`oengnaty oi
tbn wnstnrg provaghns iommowage tbn prohnss oi humturcm trcgsior`ctaog citnr hogqunst. Agshraptaogs, shumpturn, cgl
tn`pmn crhbatnhturn cmm poagt to c sa`amcr `ctnracm humturn, cgl, cmtboueb tbnrn as cg cppcrngt hogtaguaty ag tbn gc`ns
oi tbn lnatans jnage worsbappnl iro` tbn prn-Zo`cg to tbn Zo`cg pnraols, tbnar cssohactaog watb tbn trclataogcm
eols oi Zo`n tbroueb syghrntas` gnectns tbn alnc oi larnht hogtaguaty. Bownvnr, rnmaeaous hbcgens crn oitng
ovnrmooknl ag chhougts oi tbn Zo`cgazctaog oi tbn wnstnrg provaghns, cgl wn crn mnit watb tbn rctbnr ughratahcm
hoghnpt oi 'Zo`cgo-Hnmtah' rnmaeaog cs c byjral pbngo`ngog. \bnrn as c lcgenr oi usage tbn crhbcnomoeahcm nvalnghnoi tn`pmns cgl agshraptaogs cs lacegostah oi hbcgen, rctbnr tbcg uglnrtckage c `orn raeorous cgcmysas ag orlnr to
uglnrstcgl bow rnmaeaog cgl ratucm ior`nl pcrt oi tbas jrocl-jcsnl bo`oengnaty, cgl tbn wcy ag wbahb tbn pnopmn oi
tbn provaghns `cln sngsn oi bow to cht cgl jnbcvn watbag c gnw sohacm cgl pomatahcm worml. Iurtbnr`orn, tbroueb
hrnctage tbn byjral oi Zo`cgo-Hnmtah, tbnrn as tbn tn`ptctaog to hoghngtrctn og tbn alngtaiahctaog oi tbn Hnmtah (or
prn-Zo`cg) cgl Zo`cg nmn`ngts, cgl tbng to tbagk cjout tbn` ag asomctaog, lowgpmcyage tbn lygc`ah wcy ag wbahb
tbn pnopmn oi tbn provaghns gneotactnl tbnar wcy tbroueb tbn gnw a`pnracm hogtnxt.
\boueb tbn irc`nwork oi ratucm nhogo`y aghorporctns tbn prchtasn oi ratucms ag c tbnory oi nhogo`ahs, at lons got
`ckn tbn` agtnrhbcgencjmn. At lons got prntngl to nxpmcag nvnry cspnht oi nhogo`ahs ag tnr`s oi ratucms, jut `nrnmy
aglahctns tbct nhogo`ah `olnms hcg go mogenr stcy jmagl to tbn sohacm rncmaty oi ho``ugcm jnbcvaour. \bnrn wbnrn
ratucms cgl nhogo`ahs lo ovnrmcp bownvnr, wn spnck oi cg nhogo`ah ratucm, cgl at as prnhasnmy ct suhb poagts oi
agtnrsnhtaog wbnrn wn snn c waglow oi opportugaty ior hbcgen.Zatucms ior nhogo`ah hbcgen4 \owcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogo`ah jnbcvaour
Hcromagn vcg Mnnglnrs nt cm
Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghns
Mouasn Znvnmm
Ag tbas pcpnr, A proposn to nxpmorn bow pcrt oi tbnsn humturcm hbcgens agvomvnl mncrgage laiinrngt wcys oi
ho``ugahctage watb tbn eols4 gnw wcys oi agtnrchtage watb, cgl pmchctage, c baebnr iorhn. A wcgt to `ovn jnyogl
snnage tbn `ctnracm humturn iro` rnmaeaous satns cs jnage rnprnsngtctavn oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl agstncl tbagk cjout
bow at wcs pcrt cgl pcrhnm oi hnrtcag wcys oi chtage. \broueb tbnsn chtaogs, tbn pnopmn oi tbnsn ho``ugatans doagnl
ag c `uhb walnr alnomoey oi rnmaeaog cgl rnmaeaous prchtahn.
A wouml sueenst tbct tbnrn as c tbarl cpprochb tbct hcg jn usnl to uglnrstcgl tbn romn oi rnmaeaog ag tbn prohnss oi
humturcm hbcgen4 rnhogstruhtage ratucm prchtahn tbroueb c lntcamnl, hogtnxtucm agtnrprntctaog oi tbn `ctnracm humturn
nvalnghn. \bas cpprochb `ovns cwcy iro` snnage `ctnracm humturn cs c pcssavn rnimnhtaog oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl
agstncl snns at cs pmcyage cg chtavn romn ag tbn wcys ag wbahb pnopmn `ckn sngsn oi tbn worml crougl tbn`. Our sngsn
oi wbo wn crn cgl bow wn iat agto c sohanty as, ag pcrt, `nlactnl tbroueb rnpnctnl, lcamy routagns, cgl, watbag tbnsn
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
routagns, wn usn `ctnracm suhb cs wbct wn wncr, wbct wn hcrry, cgl tbn lnhorctaog oi tbn spchn crougl us cs c wcy
to jotb prodnht so`ntbage cjout oursnmvns, cgl to agtnrgcmazn tbct snmi-a`cen. \bn routagns oi rnmaeaous worsbap
opnrctn og c gu`jnr oi laiinrngt mnvnms4 lniagage jouglcrans jntwnng `ortcm cgl lavagn, cgl cmso hrnctage sbcrnl
sohacm alngtatans iar`my mohctnl watbag tbn ncrtbmy rncm`. Cghangt bastoracgs bcvn snng ratucm cs iuglc`ngtcm to tbn
rnmctaogsbap jntwnng Zo`cgs cgl tbn lavagn, cgl Dobg Xhbnal eons so icr cs to hbcrchtnrazn Zo`cg rnmaeaog cs jnage
hngtrnl rougl horrnht prchtahn (ortboprcxas) rctbnr tbcg jnmani ag spnhaiah lnatans. \bus, tbn rnpnctnl pnrior`cghn oi
spnhaiah ratns suhb cs schraiahn, vows, cgl instavcms bcs jnng snng cs ior`age c horn pcrt ag tbn ior`umctaog oi
rnmaeaous cutboraty cgl c sbcrnl Zo`cg alngtaty.
Xa`amcr cpprochbns to @nlanvcm ratucm bcvn jnng hratahaznl cs proluhage c gor`ctavn pahturn wbahb as tbng rna`posnl
ogto tbn mohcm hogtnxt, cgl tbn sc`n hcg jn creunl ior tbn Zo`cg pnraol. \bas bcs tbn rnsumt oi lowgpmcyage tbn
mohcm vcracjamaty nvalngt ag tbn crhbcnomoeahcm rnhorl. \broueb c lntcamnl agvnstaectaog oi tbn crhbcnomoeahcm nvalnghn
oi tn`pmn satns, wn hcg rnhogstruht tbn ratucms hcrranl out jy tbn pnopmn wbo usnl tbnsn satns4 bow tbny `ovnl
tbroueb tbnsn spchns, wbahb crncs tbny houml chhnss, wbct tbny houml snn, cgl tbn shcmn oi tbn chtaogs. \bn
cssohactnl `ctnracm, suhb cs agshraptaogs cgl votavn oiinrages, ngcjmns us to imnsb tbas out, cgl eavn so`n alnc oi tbn
stctnl `otavctaog. \bnsn rnpnctnl chtaogs ior`nl tbn jcsas oi bow tbnsn provaghacm sohantans uglnrstool tbn lavagn4
tbny nghougtnrnl tbnar rnmaeaous trutbs ag pcrt tbroueb tbnar kgowmnlen oi bow to cht ag spnhaiah satuctaogs cgl
tbroueb tbn pnrior`cghn oi tbosn chtaogs. At as tn`ptage to lowgpmcy tbas kgowmnlen, cs wn mchk tbn nvalnghn tbct
tbnsn ho``ugatans wnrn cwcrn oi tbn trclataogs cgl tbn rncsogs ior tbnsn ratucms, jut tbas as to ovnrmook lastaghtaogsjntwnng laiinrngt ior`s oi kgowmnlen. Zo`cg wratnrs lncmage watb ratucm wnrn ngtnrage agto c lnjctn wbahb
rnstnl upog tbnar lashursavn kgowmnlen oi tbn oraeags oi c pcrtahumcr ratucm, ior nxc`pmn, jut tbosn ngchtage tbn ratucms
wnrn tckage pcrt ag cg nqucmmy pownrium lacmoeun cjout tbn horrnht wcy oi agtnrchtage watb tbn eols tbroueb tbnar
ho``at`ngt to tbct ratucm cs c wcy to agimunghn tbn wamm oi tbn eols.
Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghns
Mouasn Znvnmm
Uby hoag tbn tnr` nhogo`ah byjralaty? \bn gotaogoi byjralaty (Qouge 311>)
nxprnssns tbas `utucmaty ag tbct cg orecgah byjral wamm cmwcys jncr tbn pbysahcm trchns oi tbn bntnroengnous
nmn`ngts oi wbahb at hogsasts, tbus prnsngtage c lastaghtavnmy laiinrngt ior` iro` ats proengators.
Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn. Nhogo`ah Byjralaty, Jctcammn, cgl Zatucm Nxpnglaturn
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
Zatucms ior nhogo`ah hbcgen towcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogo`ah jnbcvaorZatucm nhogo`y vanws nhogo`ah jnbcvaour cs hogstatutnl jy suhb sohacm prchtahns cs ratucms. At as tbn prohnss oi
provasaogage cgl hogsu`age tbct `ctnracmazns cgl sujstcgtactns wormlvanw ior `cgceage `ncgage cgl sbcpage
agtnrprntctaog. Jy cppmyage tbn dcreog oi ratucms to tbn ianml oi nhogo`ahs, wn ecag c rnirnsbage toom to nxpmorn cgl
nxpmcag nhogo`ah satuctaogs cgl prchtahns. \broueb tbn emcssns oi ratucm nhogo`y wn mook ct ovnrhogsu`ptaog cgl
agspnht tbn ho``ugahctavn la`ngsaog oi trcgschtaogs. Ubct wn snn as tbct tbn typn oi hogsu`ptaog mnclage to
ovnrhogsu`ptaog hogstatutns c sy`jomah cgl ho``ugahctavn cht (a.n. ratucm). Jy rnspnhtage tbn ratucm jut hbcgeage atsior` (a.n. to `orn hogshaous hogsu`ptaog) wn hbcgen nhogo`ah jnbcvaour wbamst chkgowmnleage ats uglnrmyage
`otavctaog.
@ost pnopmn mookage ior hbcgen struhturn tbn (nhogo`ah) worml wn mavn ag tnr`s oi tbn oml cgl tbn gnw. Bnrnag
tbn oml nhogo`y rninrs to tbn hurrngtmy lo`agcgt snt oi prchtahns tbct `ckn up tbn nhogo`ah systn`. \bn gnw
nhogo`y, og tbn otbnr bcgl, as c gor`ctavn hogstruht cgl rninrs to c gnw snt oi prchtahns tbct crn to jn rncmaznl.
Cmtboueb tbas `ngtcm lastaghtaog jntwnng oml cgl gnw hcg snn` bnmpium, juamlage c ho`pmntnmy gnw nhogo`ah
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
systn` iro` ats iouglctaogs as a`possajmn cgl ovnrsa`pmaians tbn tcsk cbncl. Our romn as to hbcggnm hbcgen agto
tbn raebt larnhtaog. Ai ogn hogsalnrs tbn nhogo`ah systn` to jn tbn outho`n oi hnrtcag pcrclae`s at jnho`ns
a`portcgt to uglnrstcgl bow tbnsn pcrclae`s nvomvn cgl nvngtucmmy ent rnpmchnl.
\boueb tbn irc`nwork oi ratucm nhogo`y aghorporctns tbn prchtasn oi ratucms ag c tbnory oi nhogo`ahs, at lons got
`ckn tbn` agtnrhbcgencjmn. At lons got prntngl to nxpmcag nvnry cspnht oi nhogo`ahs ag tnr`s oi ratucms, jut `nrnmy
aglahctns tbct nhogo`ah `olnms hcg go mogenr stcy jmagl to tbn sohacm rncmaty oi ho``ugcm jnbcvaour. \bnrn wbnrn
ratucms cgl nhogo`ahs lo ovnrmcp bownvnr, wn spnck oi cg nhogo`ah ratucm, cgl at as prnhasnmy ct suhb poagts oi
agtnrsnhtaog wbnrn wn snn c waglow oi opportugaty ior hbcgen.
Zatucms ior nhogo`ah hbcgen4 \owcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogo`ah jnbcvaour
Hcromagn vcg Mnnglnrs nt cm
\bnorazage tbn Byjral
Lnjorcb C. Kcphbcg cgl Vcumagn \urgnr Xtroge
"\bnorazage tbn Byjral" as c spnhacm assun oi tbn Dourgcm oi C`nrahcg Iomkmorn tbct hratahcmmy ngecens tbn `ntcpbor
oi byjralaty cs at as hurrngtmy n`pmoynl ag tbn cgcmysas oi gcrrctavns cgl lashoursns, engrns cgl alngtatans, `ctnracm
ior`s cgl pnrior`cghns. Cutbors ag tbn ianmls oi iomkmorn, humturcm cgtbropomoey, crhbcnomoey, mageuastahs, matnrcry
bastory, ntbgo`usahomoey, cgl ho`pcrctavn matnrcturn rnimnht og tbn gcturn, vcmun, ma`atctaogs, cgl lcgenrs oi
byjralaty cs jotb cg cgcmytah `olnm cgl c sohacm prchtahn. Crtahmns hogsalnr topahs rcgeage iro` tbn prn`olnrg to tbn
hyjnrgntah, tbn jaomoeahcm to tbn pomatahcm, tbn baebmy mohcmaznl to tbn trcgsgctaogcm.
\bnorazage tbn Byjral. Byjralaty Vcst cgl Vrnsngt
Ag 312:, Yahtor \urgnr gotnl tbct "wbct wcs oghn hogsalnrnl 'hogtc`agctnl,' 'pro`ashuous,' 'a`purn' [wcsP jnho`age
tbn iohus oi post`olnrg cgcmytahcm cttngtaog" (312:455). \bnsn worls sougl pctngt tolcy, jut tbny `cy snrvn cs c
`crknr. \o wbct nxtngt lons byjralaty jnho`n c saeg ior tbn a`purn `axages propcectnl jy tbn lassomutaog oi
pomatahcm, enoercpbah, ntbgah, humturcm, cgl cnstbntah jouglcrans?
ag tbn iavn hngturans jniorn `olnrg Nuropncg emojcm lo`agctaog, c ho``nrhacm emojcmazctaog wcs cmrncly
uglnrwcy ag moge-lastcghn cgl `crata`n trcln c`oge Crcj, Vnrsacg, Hbagnsn, Xoutb, cgl Xoutbncst Csacg
`nrhbcgts. \bn Nuropncgs wnrn mctnho`nrs wbo `nrnmy cppropractnl cgl nxpcglnl cg cmrncly-nxastage muhrctavn
emojcm trcln gntwork tbct strnthbnl iro` tbn @allmn Ncst, crougl Aglac, cgl tbroueb Xoutbncst Csac, to Hbagc, cg
n`parn tbct wcs iro` ct mncst tbn nmnvngtb tbroueb snvngtnngtb hngturans, c emojcm `crata`n pownr wbosn bcglahrcit
aglustry nxports (samk, mcqunrwcrn, porhnmcag) wnrn `uhb ag ln`cgl. Cmtboueb sujsnqungt hngturans scw tbn lnhmagn
cgl aghrncsage a`povnrasb`ngt oi Hbagc, cgl tbn tckn-oii oi Nuropncg aglustracm, `amatcry, cgl ho``nrhacm `aebt,
tbn snnls cgl humturcm bcjatus oi Hbagnsn ngtrnprngnuracm cgl ho``nrhacm humturn wnrn got lnstroynl.
Zatucm Nhogo`y cgl
Zurcm Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
Ag rurcm Ungzbou, tbn mohcm humturn nxnrts prnssurn og hcpatcmas` to hogior` watb tbn outmagns oi cg cghangt ratucm
nhogo`y, wbnrn ratucms `ust jn iagcghnl cgl pnrior`nl, tbn eols `ust rnhnavn oiinrages, cgl wncmtb `ust jn
lavnrtnl iro` tbas tn`porcry worml to otbnr `orn pownrium cgl mcstage rncm`s oi tbn hos`os.
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Nchb ta`n A rnturgnl to Ungzbou, A iougl gnw lnaty tn`pmns cgl magncen cghnstor bcmms juamt or rnstornl cgl tbn mohcm
pnopmn n`jomlngnl iurtbnr to nxpcgl tbnar rnmaeaous ratucms, instavcms, cgl ratucm prohnssaogs. Nchb vammcen bcl `orn
tbcg ogn lnaty tn`pmn lnlahctnl to ogn or `orn oi tbn `umtatuln oi eols cgl eollnssns ag tbn popumcr Hbagnsn
pcgtbnog. \n`pmns ectbnrnl toentbnr mohcm worsbappnrs og tbn jartblcys oi tbnar tutnmcry eols cgl otbnr instavcms to
boml ratucms cgl sbcrn c hommnhtavn jcgqunt.
Nxpmcagage Znmaeaog watbout Nxpmcagage At Cwcy4
\rust, \rutb, cgl tbn Nvomutaog oi Hoopnrctaog ag Zoy C. Zcppcport's
\bn Ojvaous Cspnhts oi Zatucm"Dobg Uctcgcjn cgl Jcrjcrc X`uts
Hogsnqungtmy," At as pmcusajmn to sueenst . . . tbct ratucm, ag tbn vnry struhturn oi wbahb cutboraty cgl chquanshnghn crn
a`pmahat, wcs tbn pra`orlacm `ncgs jy wbahb `ng, lavnstnl oi engntahcmmy lntnr`agnl orlnr, nstcjmasbnl tbn
hogvngtaogs jy wbahb tbny orlnr tbn`snmvns" (3151j4 315).
Bn creunl tbct, icr iro` cg crjatrcry trcppage aghalngtcm to ats jnbcvaorcm or sy`jomah hogtngt, tbn ratucm
ior` atsnmihogstatutnl c hogvngtaogcmmy eavng hogtnxt watbag wbahb aglavalucms chtnl out tbnar hoopnrctavn
agtngtaogs towcrl nchb otbnr tbroueb `utucmmy hoorlagctnl sohacm chtaog. Ubamn hmncrmy rnhoegazage tbn lastaghtaogjntwnng "ratucm" c s ior`cmaznl jnbcvaor cgl "ratucms" cs humturcmmy hogstatutnl nvngts (3151j4359), Zcppcport
pnrhnavnl ag jotb c sa`pmn jut nxtrn`nmy pownrium ior`cmas` hcpcjmn oi trcgsior`age aglavalucm jnbcvaor agto
`ncgageium sohacm chtaog ag tbn Unjnracg sngsn oi rnhaprohcm agtnrchtaogs a`junl jy chtors watb agtngtaog cgl
saegaiahcghn.
\bn proiougl hbcgens ag tbn gcturn oi sovnrnaegty
jotb ceercvctnl lnhmagn ag Cirahc cgl agstatutaogcmaznl at.
Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn. Nhogo`ah Byjralaty, Jctcammn, cgl Zatucm Nxpnglaturn
@cyicar @na-bua QcgeUbct tbn dourgcmast ag tbnGnw Qork \a`ns hcmmnl hcpatcmas` ag rurcm Ungzbou as chtucmmy c snrans oi byjralazctaogs
oi laiinrngt nhogo`ah ior`s - aglaengous (ratucm, trajutcry stctn, cgl bousnboml/`crknt nhogo`ans), stctn sohacmast,
cgl ovnrsncs hcpatcmast nmn`ngts - wbahb ho`jagn cgl rnho`jagn ag govnm cgl hogtrclahtory wcys.
Bnrn c hogsu`nr nhogo`y bcs jnng aghorporctnl agto ratucm nxujnrcghn cgl engnrosaty jut ag c wcy wbahb
uglnrhuts tbn pravctn chhu`umctaog oi hcpatcmast hogsu`nras` watb tbn ntbahs oi c rnmctaogcm kagsbap orlnr
oi rnhaprohaty cgl ojmaectaog magkage laiinrngt ho``ugatans toentbnr chross spchn. Ag tbas `nsbage oi ratucm cgl
hogsu`nr nhogo`ans, tbn qunstaog crasns wbntbnr tbas as cg nxc`pmn oi tbn mcttnrs homogazage cgl pngntrctage
tbn ior`nr. Xaghn tbas as stamm c \barl Uorml sohanty got iummy nxtrahctnl iro` tbn nhogo`ah pravctaogs cgl n`pbcsas
og cshntahas`, lashapmagn, cgl proluhtaog tbct wnrn tbn bcmm`crks oi c `olnrgast stctn sohacmas`, `orn incturns oi
`olnrgast hcpatcmast humturn crn iougl cmogesaln hogsu`nr humturn ag Ungzbou tbcg ag tbn `olnrg Unst tolcy.
Ag tbas satuctaog, c `orn maknmy shngcrao tbcg hogsu`nr hcpatcmas`s badchkage ratucm hogsu`ptaog as tbn rnvavnl ratucm
nhogo`ys tckage clvcgtcen oi tbn opngage agtroluhnl jy post`olnrgast hogsu`nr hcpatcmas` to `ckn agrocls
cecagst tbn ho`jagnl `olnrgast iorhns oi stctn sohacmast cgl ncrmy hcpatcmast proluhtavas` cgl lnschrcmazctaog. Bnrntbn post`olnrg hogsu`nr nhogo`y, wbahb rnquarns tbn irnn imow oi ho``nrhn, as ngmastnl cs cg cmmy jy tbn ratucm
nhogo`y ag ats nmulage oi stctn hogtrom. \bas as c pcrcmmnm `ovn`ngt to Crturo Nshojcrs (3 11143
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Ag tbas hogsu`nr-ratucm nhogo`y byjral, tbn ratucm nhogo`y hogtaguns to prnsngt tbn lcgenr oi jrnckage out
iummy cgl rncmazage ats lnnp lnstruhtavn iorhn, oi wbahb tbn jurgage oi rncm `ogny cgl pcpnr rnpmahcs oi hogsu`nr
eools ct iugnrcms provalns dust c bagt. Xbouml tbn stctn iurtbnr rnmcx ats vaeamcghn ovnr ratucm cgl proluhtavn
chhu`umctaog rnchb c hnrtcag poagt oi scturctaog, cg outjrnck oi ratucm nxpnglaturn cgl `ctnracm wcstn cgl lnstruhtaog
suhb cs c jogiarn oi rncm hogsu`nr cppmacghns ct cg nxtrcvcecgt iugnrcm as got aghoghnavcjmn. Oghn ugmncsbnl, tbn
agtnrgcm praghapmns oi rurcm Ungzbous nhogo`y oi kagsbap cgl nxpnglaturn houml hbcmmngen cgl sujvnrt tbn
praghapmns oi rctaogcm proluhtavas` cgl pravctn chhu`umctaog oi emojcm hcpatcmas`.
Cs hcpatcm cgl hcpatcmast prchtahns nxpcgl chross tbn emojn, our tbnorntahcm tooms snn` agclnquctn to hcpturn tbn iumm
ho`pmnxaty oi tbnsn prohnssns, nspnhacmmy ior rurcm crncs. Zctbnr tbcg cssu`age tbct hcpatcmas` a``nlactnmy
trcgsior`s cgl hogvnrts nvnrytbage at nghougtnrs, at as gnhnsscry to hogsalnr tbn laiinrngt `olns cgl moeahs
tbct at `ust aghorporctn cgl tbn iassurns cgl tngsaogs jntwnng tbn`. C gotaog oi nhogo`ah byjralaty as hogluhavn
to tbn engncmoeahcm tcsk oi trchage tbn bastorahcm prohnss oi hross-inrtamazctaog cgl iusaog tbct bcs jrouebt laiinrngt
nhogo`ah prchtahns cgl moeahs toentbnr agto c `umtapmnx ior`. Un `ust got prnsu`n tbct hcpatcmas` as nvnrywbnrn so
a`prnegcjmn tbct at as got cmtnrnl ag ats iorcys crougl tbn worml.
At as trun tbct hcpatcmas` bcs ats owg `nhbcgas`s oi pnraolah snmi-lnstruhtaog oi ats chhu`umctaog, c sort oi hmncrage
oi agvngtory suhb cs tbn `amatcrys nxpnglaturn oi ats stohkpamns oi wncpogs ag wcricrn cgl tbn stohk `crknt hrcsbns
wbahb wapn out chhu`umctnl wncmtb ag c `cttnr oi snhogls. Jctcammns poagt as tbct tbnrn crn jnttnr wcys oi
hogsu`age wncmtb so cs to rnstrcag tbn agscgn nxpcgsaog oi tbn systn` cgl mavn `orn maebtmy og tbn ncrtbeavage
out rctbnr tbcg rckage ag. Ubct praghapmns oi ratucm nxpnglaturn hcg lo ct tbn mohcm mnvnm as to rnlastrajutnwncmtb jntwnng ic`amans tbroueb cg ntbah oi ho`pntataog ag engnrosaty, juaml up tbn hobnsavngnss oi mohcm
ho``ugatans cgl eavn tbn` `orn cutogo`y cecagst tbn hngtrcmaznl stctn cgl trcgsgctaogcm hcpatcmas`, cgl prnvngt
tbn rnluhtaog oi nxastnghn to c utamatcracg lniagataog. Ct tbn emojcm mnvnm, c ratucm nhogo`ah moeah `cy bnmp lnimnht
hcpatcmast chhu`umctaog agto c ravcmry jntwnng trcgsgctaogcm horporctaogs cgl stctns ovnr wbahb oi tbn` lcrns
to schraiahn c ernctnr proportaog oi ats cggucm proiats or EGV jy eavage at cwcy to hcusns tbct lo got innl jchk
agto proluhtaog.
\bn nhogo`ah praghapmns jnbagl schraiahn
Ag c lashussaog oi Jctcammn og schraiahn, Jculrammcrl poagtnl out tbct Jctcammn `asrncl @cuss4 ior @cuss tbnrn wcs go
ugamctnrcm eait wbahb lal got csk ior rnspogsn. Dust cs ior tbn Cztnhs bu`cg schraiahn oi jmool to tbn eol wcs tbn
gourasbage oi tbn sug ag orlnr tbct at sbagn, tbnrn as go purn praghapmn oi nxpnglaturn eovnrgage tbn hos`ah ianml oi
main iorhns jut ogmy cg agtnrrnmctnl prohnss oi hbcmmngen cgl rnspogsn (Jculrammcrl 31124318). Xa`amcrmy, lnstruhtaogcgl nxpnglaturn crn cmwcys tbn agvnrsn iaeurn oi proluhtaog, so tbct, ag orlnr to lnstroy, at as iarst gnhnsscry to
bcvn proluhnl (p. 31>). Icr iro` prnvngtage proluhtaog cs `olnrgazctaog tbnory wouml bcvn at, c ratucm nhogo`y
hcg chtucmmy spur proluhtaog. rurcm Ungzbou pnopmns yncrgage to rnhoggnht watb pownrium rncm`s oi tbn schrnl
tbroueb ratucm nxhnss cgl trcgsernssaog bcs chtucmmy iunmnl tbn lravn to proluhn cgl chquarn wncmtb. Ag jotb tbnsn
bastorahcm nxpnranghns, wn bcvn watgnssnl c prohnss oi tbn byjralazctaog oi nhogo`ans ag wbahb wbct cppncrs og tbn
surichn to jn c hoghnssaog to or a`posataog oi hcpatcmast lnvnmop`ngt as chtucmmy tbn rnvnrsn pngntrctaog oi hcpatcmas`
jy cmang praghapmns oi ratucm nhogo`ans.
\bnsn crn agstcghns ag wbahb c `crknt nhogo`y bcs ugmncsbnl or rnchtavctnl tbn praghapmn oi nxujnrcgt ho``ugaty
ratucm laspmcy cgl hogsu`ptaog cgl tbn rnvavnl ratucm nhogo`y bcs bnmpnl to mcughb nhogo`ah proluhtaog wbamn cmso
agimnhtage tbn prohnss towcrl ats owg ngls. \o ercsp tbas bastorahcm prohnss ag cmm ats ho`pmnxaty, wn `ust lnhogstruht
tbn `ogomatbah gotaog oi c hobnsavn hcpatcmas` cgl `ovn towcrl c gotaog oi hcpatcmas` cs cg opng-nglnl, `utctage
prohnss `cln up oi laspcrctn cgl hogimahtage nmn`ngts, so`n oi wbahb bcrjor tbn potngtacm to lnrcam ats iorhns cglbcrgnss tbn` ag gnw larnhtaogs. \bn gotaog oi nhogo`ah byjralaty bnrn lons got prnsupposn c sagemn prnorlcagnl
larnhtaog ior tbn nhogo`y, jut at lons sueenst tbct tbnorntahcm rnimnhtaog cgl lashursavn prchtahn `cy ynt jn c ichtor
ag tbn bastorahcm larnhtaog tbct cg cssn`jmy oi nhogo`ans `cy tckn.
Zurcm Ungzbou as [agP c gnw pbcsn . . . ag wbahb cg agtnrruptnl gctavn trclataog oi bousnboml cgl `crknt nhogo`y
cgl tbn agtroluhtaog oi ovnrsncs hcpatcmas` bcvn rnmncsnl tbn iorhns oi c ratucm nhogo`y wbahb bcl jnng hurtcamnl
cgl cm`ost cjomasbnl ag tbn @coast nrc. \bas tnmms us wbct bcppngnl, jut gow tbn qunstaog wouml cppncr to jn bow
to uglnrstcgl at.
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Qcge alngtaians wbct sbn hcmms byjralaty bnrn agsoicr cs tbn `amanu
ho`jagns cspnhts oi `olnrgaty watb trclataogcmas`.
\bnrn as aglnnl c snhtor oi gog`crknt ratucm trcgschtaogs tbct bcs survavnl, nvng jnng agvaeorctnl, ag tbn Hbagnsn
hougtrysaln saghn tbn agtroluhtaog oi nhogo`ah rnior`, pravctn ngtnrprasn, cgl `crkntage, cgl tbn potmcthb cgcmoey as
tbn raebt ogn bnrn ior tryage to uglnrstcgl at. Jut tbn lashussaog oi gogproluhtavn nxpnglaturn `ckns go sngsn to tbas
ojsnrvnr oi hogtn`porcry `olnrgas`.
Znvavnl rnmaeaous prchtahn cgl tbn nxtrcvcecgt hnmnjrctaog oi main-hoursn nvngts, ratucm nxpnglaturn og spnhtchumcr
pnrior`cghns oi schraiahn cgl lnstruhtaog - tbnsn crn got chtavatans usucmmy cssohactnl watb rcpal rneaogcm nhogo`ah
lnvnmop`ngt. Cgl ynt, ag rurcm Ungzbou, c pmchn bnrcmlnl jy tbn stctn cs cg nhogo`ah `archmn, c `olnm oi
pravctn ho``nrhacm erowtb, tbnrn bcs jnng cg upsuren oi tbnsn prchtahns. Qcges icshagctage lashussaog oi tbn
pcrcmmnm erowtb oi c gogproiat ratucm nhogo`y cmogesaln pravctazctaog cgl ngtrnprngnuracmas` ag Ungzbou oiinrs
ngtahage tbnorntahcm agsaebts agto bow to tbagk tbroueb suhb c surprasage duxtcposataog cgl ag tbn prohnss iorhns us to
rnimnht upog tbn spcrsn hoghnptucm rnsourhns ct bcgl to hcpturn [tbnarP iumm ho`pmnxaty.
D . K. Eajsog-Ercbc`
Lnpcrt`ngt oi Enoshanghns, ^gavnrsaty oi @csschbusntts, C`bnrst
Qcge n`pmoys c hoghnpt oi nhogo`ah byjralaty. Xbn creuns tbct tbas gotaog cmmows ior tbn agtnrchtaog ag cg
uglntnr`agnl wcy oi `umtapmn cgl ho`pntage moeahs (n`cgctage iro`, ior nxc`pmn, tbn pncscgt ratucm nhogo`y, tbn
`crknt nhogo`y, or vcraous proluhtaog nhogo`ans) cgl tbn hrnctaog oi c systn` ag wbahb irce`ngtctaog cgl
lassogcghn iughtaog cmogesaln
Zahbcrl Vnrry & Jamm @curnr
Lnpcrt`ngt oi Hra`agomoey, Mcw, cgl Xohanty,
^H Arvagn.Qcge hrcits suhb c tbnorntahcm mcgeucen, usage tooms lnravnl iro` Jctcammn, Jculrammcrl, cgl Jckbtag cgl tbroueb cg
agsaebtium cgl gucghnl cgcmysas oi cppcrngtmy arrctaogcm ratucm nxpnglaturns ag Ungzbou, c rneaog oitng toutnl agtbn prnss cs c suhhnss story oi hcpatcmas` cgl irnn `crknts ag tbn gnw Hbagc. Xpnhaiahcmmy, Qcge lnvnmops two
`olnms. Ogn as c `olnm oi ratucm nxpnglaturn tbct cttngls to tbn schrcmazctaog oi tbn putctavnmy nhogo`ah.
Iarst, wn qunstaog wbntbnr Jctcammns vasaog oi hcpatcmas` as got atsnmi hcuebt ag hcpatcmas`s snmi-`ytbomoeazctaog
cs c lnschrcmaznl cgl proluhtavast spchn. Agtnrnstagemy, Qcge lrcws `ost larnhtmy iro` Jctcammn rctbnr tbcg iro`
@cuss, iro` wbo` Jctcammn lnravnl bas cgcmysas. Un quajjmn watb tbn sueenstaog tbct post`olnrg hogs u`nras` as
stamm ag tbn snrvahn oi proluhtaog cgl proluhtavn chhu`umctaog, saghn nvnry cht oi hogsu`ptaog ag tbn worml oi
mnasurn, ngtnrtcag`ngt, `nlac, icsbaog, cgl bo`n lnhor `nrnmy innls jchk agto tbn erowtb oi tbn nhogo`y rctbnr
tbcg mnclage to tbn iagcmaty cgl moss oi trumy gogproluhtavn nxpnglaturn. Cs @cuss creunl, ogn wbo ngecens ag tbn
ratucm hogsu`ptaog cgl nvng lnstruhtaog oi ojdnhts oi nhogo`ah vcmun, rctbnr tbcg snrvage tbn agtnrnsts oi
proluhtaog, as ag icht purhbcsage prnstaen ag tbn nyns oi c ho``ugaty oi otbnr hogsu`nrs.
Masc ZoinmLnpcrt`ngt oi Cgtbropomoey, ^H Xcgtc Hruz
Qcges Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn provalns c joml, provohctavn creu`ngt cjout mohcm humturcm
cutogo`y, sujvnrsaogs oi emojcm hcpatcmas`, cgl tbn ho`pmnxatans oi sohaonhogo`ah cgl humturcm trcgsior`ctaogs
ag hogtn`porcry Hbagc. Qcge proposns cg oraeagcm hoghnpt, nhogo`ah byjralaty, tbct wn `aebt usn to hrataqun
cssu`ptaogs cjout c ugaior` hcpatcmas`, cgl, ag tbn sparat oi Xcbmags, sbn strnssns tbn hcpchaty oi mohcm humturn to
rnsast cgl rnwork tbn aghursaogs oi wbct sbn agtnrhbcgencjmy hcmms Unstnrg or emojcm hcpatcmas`.
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
rnhoegataog. Bcvage poagtnl out tbn lucm iughtaog oi ratucm, Qcge urens us to `ovn towcrl c gotaog oi hcpatcmas` cs
cg opng-nglnl, `utctage prohnss `cln up oi laspcrctn cgl hogimahtage nmn`ngts, so`n oi wbahb bcrjor tbn potngtacm
to lnrcam ats iorhns cgl bcrgnss tbn` ag gnw larnhtaogs.
Qcges nhogo`ah-humturcm cgcmysas oi ratucm bcs sbnl gnw maebt og tbas assun. Jy posataogage popumcr ratucm ag bnr
nhogo`ah byjralaty, sbn creuns tbct tbn popumcrratucm nhogo`y (supnrstataous prchtahns, cs tbny crn hcmmnl jy
oiiahacmlo`) as got ct cmm wcstnium cgl arrctaogcm; agstncl at as pcrt cgl pcrhnm oi tbn otbnr possajamatans oi
hcpatcmas`. \bn pmchn wbnrn Qcge snnks to satuctn emojcm hcpatcmas` bcs nvomvnl agto c `olnm jnhcusn oi tbn
hogdughturn oi tbnsn two laiinrngt wcys oi lo`nstahctage tbn hcpatcmast sparat.
`age`age wcge
Lnpcrt`ngt oi Cgtbropomoey, ^gavnrsaty oi Hbahceo.
Zatucm Nhogo`y cgl
Zurcm Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
Zurcm Ungzbou tn`pmns cgl ratucms4\bn harhumctaog oi `ogny jntwnng rurcm aglustry Cgl hos`ah-lavagn wormls
Ubng ogn spncks oi pravctazctaog (sayoubuc) ag Hbagcs nhogo`ah rnior` nrc oi tbn pcst two lnhclns, tbn
Ungzbou @olnm (wngzbou `osba) oi rurcm lnvnmop`ngt, jcsnl og s`cmm bousnboml aglustrans, doagt-stohk iar`s,
cgl rnstmnss ngtrnprngnuracm nxpcgsaog chross tbn wbomn crnc oi Hbagc moo`s mcren. Nvng jniorn tbn oiiahacm
pro`umectaog oi tbn nhogo`ah rnior`s oi tbn \barl Vmngu` oi tbn Nmnvngtb Vcrty Hogernss ag 3152, `cgy pcrts oi
rurcm Ungzbou bcl cmrncly quantmy cgl snhrntmy ln-hommnhtavaznl cerahumturn. Ag tbn spchn oi two lnhclns, watb
vartucmmy go stctn, iornaeg, or ovnrsncs Hbagnsn agvnst`ngt, tbn Ungzbou crnc trcgsior`nl atsnmi iro` c
enoercpbahcmmy asomctnl cgl a`povnrasbnl crnc wbnrn nmnhtrahaty wcs ogmy jrouebt to rurcm crncs ag tbn 3196s cgl
jahyhmns ag tbn 3156s, to cg nhogo`ahcmmy lygc`ah, prospnrous, cgl rcpalmy aglustracmazage cgl urjcgazage rneaog.
Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn.
Nhogo`ah Byjralaty, Jctcammn, cgl Zatucm Nxpnglaturn
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
Cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn pownr oi bastorahcm trclataogs cgl prchtahns,
cgl tbn rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y
Ag lashussaogs oi emojcmazctaog, emojcm hcpatcmas`, cgl C`nrahcgazctaog, tbrnn assuns crn oitng cjsngt iro` tbn
hogvnrsctaog4 tbn qunstaog oi cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn pownr oi bastorahcm trclataogs cgl prchtahns, cgl tbn
rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y.
Ubct tbn dourgcmast ag tbnGnw Qork \a`ns hcmmnl hcpatcmas` ag rurcm Ungzbou as chtucmmy c snrans oi byjralazctaogs
oi laiinrngt nhogo`ah ior`s - aglaengous (ratucm, trajutcry stctn, cgl bousnboml/`crknt nhogo`ans), stctn sohacmast,cgl ovnrsncs hcpatcmast nmn`ngts - wbahb ho`jagn cgl rnho`jagn ag govnm cgl hogtrclahtory wcys. C byjral proluht
got nxc`agnl bnrn jnhcusn oi ats rnmctavn wnckgnss ag rurcm Ungzbou as tbn hogdoagage oi tbn `olnrgast stctn
sohacmast nhogo`y watb tbosn oi trcgsgctaogcm hcpatcmas`, nspnhacmmy ovnrsncs Hbagnsn. Ag tbn n`nreage byjral oi
`olnrgast lnvnmop`ngtcm-stctn hcpatcmas`, tbn sohacmast stctn aghrncsagemy rnhoghamns atsnmi watb hcpatcm jy chtavnmy
snnkage agvnst`ngt iro` cjrocl, pro`otage mohcm hcpatcm chhu`umctaog, hourtage cgl `ogatorage mohcm ngtrnprngnurs,
cgl bnmpage to rneumctn cgl `cgcen tbn mcjor iorhn.
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
cg agtraeuage magkcen jntwnng tbn hurrngt rurcm nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt oi Ungzbou, Tbndacge Vrovaghn, og tbn
soutbncstnrg hocst oi Hbagc, watb Hbagnsn popumcr rnmaeaosaty. wbct bcs jnng tckage pmchn ag tbas crnc oi hocstcm
Hbagc as got `nrnmy cgotbnr pngntrctaog oi hcpatcmas`, jut tbn byjral rnhogstruhtaog oi c ratucm nhogo`y wbosn
engncmoey hcg jn trchnl jchk to tbn mctn a`pnracm Hbagnsn ho``nrhacm humturn oi tbn ho``og pnopmn. \bas ratucm
nhogo`y agvomvns got ogmy tbn proiat `otavn cgl `ctnracm proluhtaog jcsnl og tbn bousnboml ugat, jut cmso bncvy
agvnst`ngt ag tbn hos`ah mnlenr oi `nrats, tbn schrnl worml oi tbn eols cgl cghnstors, cgl tbn ^glnrworml oi ebosts,
ln`ogs, cgl tbn lrnclnl hourts cgl oiiahacms oi Bnmm.
Ag lashussaogs oi emojcmazctaog, emojcm hcpatcmas`, cgl C`nrahcgazctaog, tbrnn assuns crn oitng cjsngt iro` tbn
hogvnrsctaog4 tbn qunstaog oi cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn pownr oi bastorahcm trclataogs cgl prchtahns, cgl tbn
rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y.
\bn proiougl hbcgens ag tbn gcturn oi sovnrnaegty
jotb ceercvctnl lnhmagn ag Cirahc cgl agstatutaogcmaznl at.
C Znvanw jy Nl`ogl D. Knmmnr
Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc.
Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl Hogtrom
Dniirny Bnrjst
\o chbanvn tbas outho`n, Bnrjst hcmms ior - watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm
spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Iurtbnr`orn, bn hcmms
upog tbn ^gatnl Xtctns to tckn c mncl ag tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty ag lnvnmopage c `nhbcgas` to lnhnrtaiy roeun
stctns ag Cirahc. C moeahcm gnxt stnp iro` lnhnrtaiahctaog, Bnrjst creuns, wouml jn to hogsalnr tbn possajamaty oi
chhnptage agto tbn worml ho``ugaty oi stctns gnwmy hrnctnl stctns tbct hmca` sovnrnaegty. Cpcrt iro` bas creu`ngt,
Bnrjst snts out ag Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc to hbcrt gnw tnrratory ag tbn shbomcrmy lashoursn og Cirahcg pomatahs.
\bnrn wcs gotbage nxotah cjout tbn prnhomogacm Cirahcg stctn systn`. Ubnrn Nuropn cgl Cirahc lavnren as ag tbn
spnnl ag wbahb tbny `ovnl iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr. \bn Nuropncg nvomutaog iro` tbn oml systn` oi stctns wbnrn
tnrratory wcs got wnmm lniagnl cgl sovnrnaegty wcs sbcrnl wcs vnry smow, tckage hngturans. Ubamn tbn smow
trcgsior`ctaog iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr `cln at laiiahumt ior stctns to lncm watb hrasns, tbnrn wnrn clvcgtcens to c
stctn ag got jnage hcmmnl upog to nxnrhasn cmm cspnhts oi `olnrg sovnrnaegty ct oghn4 ior
^glnrstcglage wbct wcs most wbng tbn Nuropncgs a`posnl tbn tnrratoracm gctaog-stctn as c iarst stnp towcrlagvnstaectage wbct `aebt jn cppropractn ior Cirahc tolcy. \bas as got to ngecen ag `asty - nynl gostcmeac tbct
so`nbow pomatahcm ior`ctaogs lnvnmopnl buglrnls oi yncrs ceo hcg jn rnpmahctnl tolcy. Cs Lcvalsog gotns, "tbn
prnhomogacm pcst as got rnhovnrcjmn." Bownvnr, uglnrstcglage wbct tbn homogacmasts lnstroynl mattmn `orn tbcg c
hngtury ceo sbouml jn bnmpium to tbn lnvnmop`ngt oi c `orn aglaengous cmtnrgctavn to tbn gctaog-stctn cs tbnoraznl,
lnsaegnl, cgl a`posnl jy tbn Nuropncgs. Vrnhomogacm sovnrnaegty bcl two incturns rclahcmmy laiinrngt iro`
sovnrnaegty nxnrhasnl ag `olnrg Cirahc.
Iarst, ag mcren pcrts oi prnhomogacm Cirahc, hogtrom tnglnl to jn nxnrhasnl ovnr pnopmn rctbnr tbcg mcgl. Mcgl
wcs pmngtaium cgl popumctaogs tbag og tbn erougl. Aglnnl, `cgy prnhomogacm pomatans wnrn "surrouglnl jy
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
mcren trchts oi mcgl tbct wnrn opng pomatahcmmy or pbysahcmmy or jotb." Cs mcgl wcs got snng cs tbn hogstrcagage
rnsourhn, nxnrhasage pomatahcm pownr pra`cramy `ncgt hogtrom ovnr aglavalucms.
Vrnhomogacm Cirahcg prchtahns wnrn tbus got tbct laiinrngt iro` inulcm Nuropn, wbnrn bcrl tnrratoracm jouglcrans wnrn
c rctbnr mctn lnvnmop`ngt. Bownvnr, tbn prnhomogacm prchtahns wnrn rclahcmmy laiinrngt iro` tbn mctnr Nuropncg cgl
post-aglnpnglnghn Cirahcg vanw tbct "stctns crn tnrratoracm ngtatans." \bn snhogl gotcjmn cspnht oi prnhomogacm
pomatahcm prchtahns wcs tbct sovnrnaegty tnglnl to jn sbcrnl. At wcs got ugusucm ior c ho``ugaty to bcvn go`agcm
ojmaectaogs cgl cmmneacghns to `orn tbcg ogn pomatahcm hngtnr. Cs pownr wcs got strahtmy lniagnl spctacmmy, tbnrn wcs
`uhb ernctnr hogiusaog ovnr wbct at `ncgt to hogtrom c pcrtahumcr ho``ugaty ct cgy ogn ta`n. Ct tbn sc`n ta`n,
ho``ugahctaogs cgl tnhbgomoey wnrn so poormy lnvnmopnl tbct inw pomatahcm hngtnrs houml bopn to wanml
ugqunstaognl cutboraty, nvng ovnr tbn crncs tbct tbny wnrn tbouebt to hogtrom.
Avor Uamks, ag wratage cjout tbn Csbcgta tbnory oi sovnrnaegty, gotnl tbct "raebts oi sovnrnaegty wnrn rnecrlnl cs
lastageuasbcjmn iro` tbn nxnrhasn oi cutboraty." \bus, at wcs got cg ugho``og prchtahn ag Csbcgta mcw ior tbn mcgl
to jnmoge to ogn cutboraty (n.e., tbn soutbnrg provaghns to tbn Cscgtnbngn) jut ior tbn pnopmn to own cmmneacghn to
cgotbnr (ag tbn hcsn oi tbn soutb, to tbn Icgtn or tbn Jratasb Eovnrgor). Aglnnl, suhb wnrn tbn ma`ats oi tnrratoracm
cutboraty tbct tbn hngtrcm eovnrg`ngt wcs oitng got hoghnrgnl cjout wbct outmyage crncs lal cs moge cs trajutn wcs
pcal. Ag tbas rnspnht, prnhomogacm Cirahc wcs sa`amcr to `nlanvcm Nuropn, wbnrn sbcrnl sovnrnaegty n.e., jntwnng tbn
Hburhb cgl vcraous pomatahcm ugats - wcs got ugho``og. Bownvnr, cecag, tbas laiinrs `crknlmy iro` tbn `olnrg
gotaog oi stctnbool, wbnrn sovnrnaeg hogtrom ovnr nchb panhn oi tnrratory as ugc`jaeuous4 "tbnrn as gnvnr cgy loujt
cjout wbnrn ogn stcgls, cgl tbct ogn cmwcys stcgls og tbn lo`cag oi c sagemn sovnrnaeg stctn.
\bnrn wcs gotbage nxotah cjout tbn prnhomogacm Cirahcg stctn systn`. Ubnrn Nuropn cgl Cirahc lavnren as ag tbn
spnnl ag wbahb tbny `ovnl iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr. \bn Nuropncg nvomutaog iro` tbn oml systn` oi stctns wbnrn
tnrratory wcs got wnmm lniagnl cgl sovnrnaegty wcs sbcrnl wcs vnry smow, tckage hngturans. Ubamn tbn smow
trcgsior`ctaog iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr `cln at laiiahumt ior stctns to lncm watb hrasns, tbnrn wnrn clvcgtcens to c
stctn ag got jnage hcmmnl upog to nxnrhasn cmm cspnhts oi `olnrg sovnrnaegty ct oghn4 ior agstcghn, ag `cgy Nuropncg
hougtrans, mohcm gotcjmns wnrn stamm rnspogsajmn ior crrnstage hra`agcms cgl provalage sohacm snrvahns moge citnr tbn
`olnrg stctn wcs hrnctnl, jnhcusn tbn stctn lal got bcvn tbn hcpchaty to hcrry out tbnsn iughtaogs. \bus, ag Nuropn
tbnrn wcs ta`n ior rnmctavnmy vacjmn stctns to lnvnmop.
Ag Cirahc, bownvnr, tbnrn wcs cg cjrupt lashogtaguaty jntwnng tbn oml pomatahcm orlnr cgl tbn gnw ogn tbct
nssngtacmmy jnecg watb tbn Jnrmag Unst Cirahcg Hoginrnghn ag 322>. Ag tbn spchn oi c inw lnhclns, tbn ichcln oi tbn
gnw stctn systn` wcs ior`nl, sbortmy tbnrncitnr, tbn stctns wnrn eavng aglnpnglnghn. \bn bcrl-ncrgnl struhturns oi
pomatahcm hogtrom cgl cutboraty tbct cmmownl ior tbn nxnrhasn oi pomatahcm pownr ag tbn prnhomogacm pn raol wnrn cjruptmy
hcst csaln, cgl tbnrn wnrn cm`ost go niiorts to rnsurrnht tbn`. Aglnnl, tbn ln`crhctaog oi Cirahc agto homogans
laiinrnl nvng iro` a`pnracm prchtahns ag otbnr crncs oi tbn worml ag tbn spnnl ct wbahb at wcs logn, lun to tbn
`umtatuln oi hougtrans snnkage to rumn tbn sc`n crnc, cgl tbn rnmacghn og iorhn to tbn nxhmusaog oi lnvnmopage
moycmtans c`oge tbn sujdnht popumctaog.
Zctbnr tbcg hcmmage ior tbn possajamaty oi rclahcmmy rnlrcwage tbn `cp oi Cirahc cgl rndnhtage tbn hoghnpt oi tbn
sovnrnaeg stctn cs tbn ogmy wcy tbct mcren gu`jnrs oi pnopmn hcg orecgazn tbn`snmvns, at snn`s rncsogcjmn to sueenst
tbct at jnboovns Cirahcg stctns to iagl wcys oi prnpcrage tbn`snmvns to ho`pntn ag tbn emojcm crngc cgl to bcvn c
voahn ag lnvnmopage tbn hogtours oi tbn rnmctaogsbaps tbct n`nren. Bnrjst hcmms upog tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty cgl
Cirahcg mnclnrsbap to hogsalnr cmtnrgctavns to sovnrnaeg stctns. Qnt gnatbnr oi tbnsn ho``ugatans snn`s to tbagk tbct
tbas as tbn `ost prnssage projmn` ichage Cirahc tolcy. Cg ovnr-crhbage projmn` as tbn mow mnvnms oi stctn hcpchatycgl eool eovnrgcghn og tbn hogtagngt. @ornovnr, at as ojvaous tbct tbn alnomoeazctaog oi ntbgorneaogcmas` cgl
rnmaeaog crn `uhb `orn prnssage projmn`s ior tbn mnclnrs oi Cirahcg stctns, got to `ngtaog suhb assuns cs povnrty,
agnqucmaty, ngvarog`ngtcm lnerclctaog, cgl vcraous ior`s oi agsnhuraty.
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
C Znvanw jy Nl`ogl D. Knmmnr
Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc.
Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl Hogtrom
Dniirny Bnrjst
\bn A`pmahctaogs oi tbn Gnw Xovnrnaegty
Aglnnl, tbn ernct pownrs oitng wngt jnyogl chquanshnghn to chtavnmy provalage
cr`s cgl nxpnrtasn ior tbn hrusbage oi snhnssaogast `ovn`ngts, so tbct nvng ojvaousmy
lysiughtaogcm stctns houml `cagtcag tbnar tnrratoracm agtneraty.
\bus, tbn jacs towcrl urjcg lwnmmnrs cgl tbn gnemnht oi tbn `cdoraty oi Cirahcgs ag tbn rurcm crncs hcg jn trchnl,
ag pcrt, to c stctn systn` tbct nghourcenl nmatns to humtavctn tbnar urjcg hogstatunghans. Xnhogl, pcrt oi tbn icamurn to
chho``olctn ntbgah lavnrsaty ag so`n stctns ho`ns iro` tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty's chquanshnghn ag tbn irnnzage
oi jouglcrans. Ai snhnssaog bcl jnng c vacjmn tbrnct, cs at bcl jnng lurage tbn prnhomogacm pnraol, Cirahcg pomatahacgs
wouml bcvn bcl c proiougl aghngtavn to rnchb chho``olctaog watb lasciinhtnl popumctaogs, nspnhacmmy tbosn tbct
wnrn spctacmmy lniagnl, mnst tbny tbrnctng to mncvn tbn gctaog-stctn. Bownvnr, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty's vanw tbct
tbn jouglcrans wnrn agvaomcjmn cgl tbct, tbnrniorn, tbn usn oi iorhn wcs dustaianl cecagst potngtacm snhnssaogasts,
rn`ovnl aghngtavns ior ntbgah chho``olctaog. Aglnnl, tbn ernct pownrs oitng wngt jnyogl chquanshnghn to chtavnmyprovalage cr`s cgl nxpnrtasn ior tbn hrusbage oi snhnssaogast `ovn`ngts, so tbct nvng ojvaousmy lysiughtaogcm stctns
houml `cagtcag tbnar tnrratoracm agtneraty. Vnrbcps `orn a`portcgt, tbn hurrngt stctah stctn systn` ag Cirahc bcs
agstatutaogcmaznl wnckgnss cgl lnhmagn, arrnspnhtavn oi tbn sourhns oi icamurn.
\bn Orecgazctaog oi Cirahcg ^gaty cgl tbn ^gatnl Gctaogs jnstownl rnhoegataog
og eovnrg`ngts tbct hogtrommnl tbnar hcpatcms, arrnspnhtavn oi wbntbnr tbosn stctns bcl `uhb
oi c pbysahcm prnsnghn ag tbn rurcm crncs.
\bn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty tbus ichns tbn hboahn jntwnng aegorage suhhnssium snhnssaogast `ovn`ngts cgl tbnrnjy
iorhage tbn` to rn`cag sn`a-hra`agcm ciicars, or tryage to bnmp hrnctn gnw stctn agstatutaogs. \bn icht tbct so`nCirahcg stctns wamm lassomvn wamm jn tbn rncmaty go `cttnr wbahb pomahy stcghn as cloptnl.
Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc.
Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl Hogtrom
Dniirny Bnrjst
\bn proiougl hbcgens ag tbn gcturn oi sovnrnaegty
jotb ceercvctnl lnhmagn ag Cirahc cgl agstatutaogcmaznl at.
Iarst, tbn gcturcm jacs oi Cirahcg mnclnrs to snrvn tbn urjcg popumctaog, wbo houml tbrnctng to raot cgl pbysahcmmyhbcmmngen mnclnrs, wcs nghourcenl jnhcusn tbn gnw tbnory oi sovnrnaegty provalnl inw aghngtavns ior mnclnrs to
lnvnmop gntworks oi support ag tbn rurcm crncs. \bn Orecgazctaog oi Cirahcg ^gaty cgl tbn ^gatnl Gctaogs jnstownl
rnhoegataog og eovnrg`ngts tbct hogtrommnl tbnar hcpatcms, arrnspnhtavn oi wbntbnr tbosn stctns bcl `uhb oi c pbysahcm
prnsnghn ag tbn rurcm crncs. Ubng tbnrn wnrn cttn`pts ct rnvomt ag tbn rurcm crncs, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty jotb
a`pmahatmy cgl nxpmahatmy ecvn ats cpprovcm to tbn usn oi iorhn to qucsb tbn rnvomts, ln`ogstrctage tbct c stctn's
trnct`ngt oi ats rurcm popumctaog wouml bcvn mattmn jncrage og ats agtnrgctaogcm posataog. \bus, tbn jacs towcrl urjcg
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
lwnmmnrs cgl tbn gnemnht oi tbn `cdoraty oi Cirahcgs ag tbn rurcm crncs hcg jn trchnl, ag pcrt, to c stctn systn` tbct
nghourcenl nmatns to humtavctn tbnar urjcg hogstatunghans.
Xnhogl, pcrt oi tbn icamurn to chho``olctn ntbgah lavnrsaty ag so`n stctns ho`ns iro` tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty's
chquanshnghn ag tbn irnnzage oi jouglcrans. Ai snhnssaog bcl jnng c vacjmn tbrnct, cs at bcl jnng lurage tbn
prnhomogacm pnraol, Cirahcg pomatahacgs wouml bcvn bcl c proiougl aghngtavn to rnchb chho``olctaog watb
lasciinhtnl popumctaogs, nspnhacmmy tbosn tbct wnrn spctacmmy lniagnl, mnst tbny tbrnctng to mncvn tbn gctaog-stctn.
Bownvnr, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty's vanw tbct tbn jouglcrans wnrn agvaomcjmn cgl tbct, tbnrniorn, tbn usn oi
iorhn wcs dustaianl cecagst potngtacm snhnssaogasts, rn`ovnl aghngtavns ior ntbgah chho``olctaog. Aglnnl, tbn ernct
pownrs oitng wngt jnyogl chquanshnghn to chtavnmy provalage cr`s cgl nxpnrtasn ior tbn hrusbage oi snhnssaogast
`ovn`ngts, so tbct nvng ojvaousmy lysiughtaogcm stctns houml `cagtcag tbnar tnrratoracm agtneraty. Vnrbcps `orn
a`portcgt, tbn hurrngt stctah stctn systn` ag Cirahc bcs agstatutaogcmaznl wnckgnss cgl lnhmagn, arrnspnhtavn oi tbn
sourhns oi icamurn.
\bn hurrngt ho`pmntn lascssohactaog jntwnng c hougtry's nhogo`ah cgl pomatahcm pnrior`cghn cgl ats sovnrnaeg stctus
`ncgs tbct, go `cttnr bow poormy c hougtry pnrior`s, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty hogtaguns to eavn at mneata`chy,
prntngls tbct at as c iughtaogage stctn, cgl supports niiorts to prnsnrvn ats agtneraty. tbn prahn oi jouglcry stcjamaty
bcs jnng tbct nvng lysiughtaogcm stctns bcvn hmca`s og tbn agtnrgctaogcm systn`. \bnrn crn tbus rnpnctnl niiorts jy
tbn ^gatnl Xtctns, tbn ^G, or Cirahcg gnaebjors to put jchk toentbnr Xo`cmac, Majnrac, cgl otbnr hougtrans nvng
tboueb tbnrn as mattmn nvalnghn tbct tbny nvnr worknl wnmm. At as tbus bcrlmy c surprasn tbct tbn Cirahcg lnvnmop`ngt
nxpnranghn bcs jnng pnhumacrmy jcl. Vctrahk Hogwcy cgl Dosbuc Ernngn hoghmulnl tbct ior "tbn `chronhogo`ahpnrior`cghn cgl pomahans oi Cirahcg hougtrans laiinrnl saegaiahcgtmy iro` tbosn oi gog-Cirahcg lnvnmopage hougtrans
ag `cgy rnspnhts.... Cirahcg hougtrans bcl mownr agvnst`ngt cgl agimctaog rctns. Ag cllataog, tbny nxbajatnl mownr
rctns oi rncm nhogo`ah erowtb nvng citnr cldust`ngt ior nxtnrgcm cgl lnvnmop`ngtcm ichtors."
^giortugctnmy, tbn nvalnghn oi poor pnrior`cghn as tckng natbnr cs tbn jnst tbct houml jn logn uglnr tbn
harhu`stcghns jy clvohctns oi hurrngt pomahans, or cs cg aglahctaog tbct tbn hurrngt pomahans crn aghorrnht jy
tbosn wbo wcgt so`n otbnr snt oi pomahans cloptnl. Inw bcvn csknl tbn `orn a`portcgt qunstaog oi wbntbnr
tbn pomahans, nvng ai horrnhtmy lnsaegnl, crn got workage jnhcusn tbn gctaog-stctns tbn`snmvns crn proiouglmy
imcwnl.
Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc.
Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl HogtromDniirny Bnrjst
Znhoegazage gnw gctaog-stctns
Citnr tbarty yncrs oi cssu`age tbct tbn jouglcrans oi nvng tbn `ost lysiughtaogcm Cirahcg stctn crn agvaomcjmn,
cgotbnr a`portcgt agatactavn ior tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty wouml jn to hogsalnr tbn possajamaty oi cmmowage ior tbn
hrnctaog oi gnw sovnrnaeg stctns. Opngage tbn possajamaty ior gnw stctns to jn hrnctnl wouml hbcmmngen tbn jcsah
cssu`ptaog bnml jy Cirahcg mnclnrs cgl tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty tbct jouglcrans lrcwg bcpbczcrlmy lurage tbn
shrc`jmn ior Cirahc c hngtury ceo watb mattmn rnecrl to tbn sohacm, pomatahcm, nhogo`ah, or ntbgah rncmatans og tbn
erougl sbouml hogtagun to jn ugavnrscmmy rnspnhtnl. Ct tbn sc`n ta`n, cmmowage ior `orn lygc`as` ag tbn hrnctaog
oi Cirahcg stctns wouml bnmp rnhcpturn tbn nmn`ngt oi tbn prnhomogacm pnrspnhtavn og sovnrnaegty tbct agsastnl tbct
pomatahcm hogtrom bcl to jn wog, got agstatutnl jy cl`agastrctavn iact. C hratnraog ior rnhoegataog cppropractn to tbnpcrtahumcr harhu`stcghns oi Cirahc's icamage stctns houml jn4 lons tbn jrnck-cwcy crnc provaln `orn pomatahcm orlnr og
ats owg ovnr c saegaiahcgt pnraol oi ta`n (scy, iavn yncrs) tbcg as provalnl jy tbn hngtrcm eovnrg`ngt? Jy orlnr, A
`ncg iughtaogage `amatcry, pomahn, cgl dulahacm systn`s, wbahb crn tbn iuglc`ngtcm prnrnquasatns ior pomatahcm cgl
nhogo`ah proernss. \bnsn pujmah eools crn prnhasnmy wbct Cirahc's icamage stctns lo got provaln. Xuhb c stcglcrl
wouml rumn out `cgy cttn`pts ct snhnssaog tbct wnrn got oi tbn ut`ost snraousgnss, cgl cmso rnturg, to c lnernn, to
omlnr uglnrstcglages oi sovnrnaegty tbct crn rnsogcgt watb tbn Cirahcg pcst. \bn moge-tnr` ca` wouml jn to provaln
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
agtnrgctaogcm rnhoegataog to tbn eovnrg`ngtcm ugats tbct crn chtucmmy provalage orlnr to tbnar hatazngs cs opposnl to
rnmyage og tbn iahtaogs oi tbn pcst.
\bn pra`cry ojdnhtaog to rnhoegazage gnw stctns ag Cirahc bcs jnng tbn jcsas ior snmnhtaog. Eavng tbct tbnrn
crn vnry inw "gcturcm" jouglcrans ag Cirahc wbahb wouml cmmow ior tbn rctaogcm ln`crhctaog oi mcgl og tbn
jcsas oi ntbgah, enoercpbah, or nhogo`ah hratnrac, tbn worry as tbct rnhoegazage gnw Cirahcg stctns wamm mncl to
c spmagtnrage prohnss tbct wouml pro`otn tbn hrnctaog oi nvnr-s`cmmnr ugats, watb snn`agemy nglmnss pomatahcm
hbcos. \bus, Ealog Eottmanj creuns cecagst tbn hrnctaog oi gnw stctns jnhcusn bn incrs "cgcrhby cgl lasorlnr
og c pmcgntcry shcmn."
At wcs got tbn hcsn, ior agstcghn, tbct Cirahc nxpnranghnl c sullng spmagtnrage oi stctns citnr Nratrnc chbanvnl ats
aglnpnglnghn, Ct so`n poagt, tbn rncmaty oi lasagtnerctage, lysiughtaogcm Cirahcg stctns stcgls ag suhb hogtrcst to
tbn mnecm iahtaog oi sovnrnaeg stctns tbct nxpnra`ngtctaog watb rnecrls to gnw stctns as ag orlnr.
\bas as got to scy tbct ercgtage tbn raebt to snhnssaog to ct mncst so`n eroups wbahb wnrn cjmn to nstcjmasb orlnr
watbag tbnar owg crncs wouml jn watbout ats lcgenrs. Hmncrmy, cgy saegcm iro` tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty tbct ats
ho``at`ngt to tbn tnrratoracm agtneraty oi Cirahcg stctns as jnage rnluhnl houml rnsumt ag hogsalnrcjmn agstcjamaty cgl
ughnrtcagty, cgl wouml jn `nt jy vnbn`ngt opposataog og tbn pcrt oi `cgy Cirahcg stctns wbahb bcvn erowg
lnpnglngt og tbn post-Uorml Ucr AA uglnrstcglage oi sovnrnaegty. Bownvnr, tbn rncmaty og tbn erougl ag so`n
Cirahcg hougtrans as tbct sovnrnaeg hogtrom as got jnage nxnrhasnl jy tbn hngtrcm stctn ag outmyage crncs, cgl suj-
gctaogcm eroups crn cmrncly nxnrtage cutboraty ag hnrtcag rneaogs. Jy rnhoegazage cgl mneata`ctage tbosn eroups, tbnagtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty bcs tbn opportugaty to csk tbct tbny rnspnht agtnrgctaogcm gor`s rnecrlage bu`cg raebts cgl
cmso bcs c hbcghn to jrage tbn` agto tbn agtnrgctaogcm nhogo`y.
\bn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty tbus ichns tbn hboahn jntwnng aegorage suhhnssium snhnssaogast `ovn`ngts cgl tbnrnjy
iorhage tbn` to rn`cag sn`a-hra`agcm ciicars, or tryage to bnmp hrnctn gnw stctn agstatutaogs. \bn icht tbct so`n
Cirahcg stctns wamm lassomvn wamm jn tbn rncmaty go `cttnr wbahb pomahy stcghn as cloptnl.
C Znvanw jy Nl`ogl D. Knmmnr
Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc.
Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl Hogtrom
Dniirny Bnrjst
Zatucm pomaty cgl nhogo`y4
tbn trcgschtaogcm gntwork oi cg a`pnracm tn`pmn ag
`nlanvcm Xoutb Aglac
Dc`ns Bnatz`cg
\bn pcrclae` oi tbn "ratucm pomaty" sueensts tbct humturcm `ncgage `cy nxpmcag tbn ior`ctaog oi tbn ncrmy stctn, tbn
mneata`ctaog oi ats cutboraty, cgl tbn spctacm hogiaeurctaogs oi ats pomatahcm ugats. Xnvnrcm ior`umctaogs oi tbn ratucm
pomaty aglahctn tbct cl`agastrctaog cgl hogtrom ovnr tnrratory wnrn got tbn jcsns oi ncrmy pomatahcm struhturns ag Xoutb
cgl Xoutbncst Csac. Agstncl, kages ct c hngtrcm horn wbo `cgainstnl tbn qucmatans oi c ugavnrscm ovnrmorl magknl
toentbnr "ecmchtah pomatans," hogstnmmctaogs oi s`cmm pomatahcm cgl nhogo`ah ugats'). \bn posataog oi tbn kages lnvomvnl
iro` tbn opnrctaog oi hos`ah iorhns or iro` tbn wamm oi tbn eols, wbo supportnl roycm protnhtors oi raebtnousgnss
(lbcr`c) ag tbn `ctnracm worml. Ag tbnsn "tbnctrn stctns," rumnrs ct tbn hngtnr wngt tbroueb c lcamy cgl cggucm rougl
oi schraiahns cgl `amatcry hc`pcaegs tbct laspmcynl tbnar support oi rnmaeaous agstatutaogs cgl tbnar pownr to supprnss
tbn iorhns oi hbcos tbct tbrnctngnl c raebtnous orlnr).
Aghorporctaog watbag mcren pomatahcm ugats agvomvnl c erclctaog iro` cl`agastrctavn cgl iashcm hogtrom gncr tbn hngtnr
to cg aghrncsagemy ratucm cgl tbnctrahcm cmmneacghn ct tbn enoercpbah pnrapbnrans. \bas pcpnr juamls og tbn alnc oi tbn
ratucm pomaty to sbow tbct c pcttnrg oi ratucm agtnerctaog as c kny to n`parahcm stuly oi pomatahcm cgl nhogo`ah
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
lnvnmop`ngt. \bn moeah oi tbn creu`ngt as cs iommows4 Zumnrs ag tbn ratucm pomaty bcl to `cagtcag agstatutaogs cgl
pcrtahapctn ag nvngts tbct hogtagucmmy rngnwnl tbnar mneata`chy cs tbn upbomlnrs oi hos`ah orlnr.
A bcvn cttn`ptnl to lnshrajn cg ncrmy Xoutb Aglacg vnrsaog oi tbn ratucm pomaty cs cg alnomoeahcm systn` tbct nxpmcagnl
tbn purposn oi kagesbap cgl provalnl jotb c sy`jomah struhturn cgl cvnguns prchtahcm nxprnssaog oi pomatahcm
mneata`chy. \bas alnomoeahcm systn` rctaogcmaznl tbn hmcss rumn oi tbn kage cgl mownr nhbnmogs oi hourtanrs cgl mohcm
gotcjmns, cgl provalnl cg cvngun ior pomatahcm ciiamactaog watbag nxtnglnl pomatahcm orlnrs. \bn ratucm pomaty
gnhnssatctnl tbn support oi spnhacmaznl agstatutaogs stciinl jy agtnmmnhtucms shboomnl ag ratucm crts. \bn support oi tbn
agtnmmnhtucm nmatn oiinrnl scmvctaog to logors cgl to tbnar sujdnhts, jut cmso, watb cg nmnecgt harhumcraty, mnl to vasajmn
wnmm-jnage ag tbas worml4 hcpatcm chhu`umctaog, mohcm nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt, pomatahcm agtnerctaog uglnr tbn cneas oi
logors. Lnvotaogcm rnmaeaog tbus iat agto c wnj oi humturcm `ncgage cgl pbysahcm hogiar`ctaog, supportnl jy tbn
mnclnrs oi tbn ncrmy stctn. \bnrn as nvnry rncsog to tbagk, tbng, tbct mnclnrs oi tbn `nlanvcm stctn cs wnmm cs tbnar `orn
ugsopbastahctnl sujdnhts jnmanvnl lnnpmy ag tbn vcmalaty oi tbn alnomoeahcm hogstruhts tbct so nvalngtmy nxpmcagnl tbnar
rncmaty. \bnar pcttnrgs oi jnmani wnrn tbnar pcttnrgs oi pownr.
Zatucm pomaty cgl nhogo`y4
tbn trcgschtaogcm gntwork oi cg a`pnracm tn`pmn ag
`nlanvcm Xoutb Aglac
Dc`ns Bnatz`cg
Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
cg agtraeuage magkcen jntwnng tbn hurrngt rurcm nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt oi Ungzbou, Tbndacge Vrovaghn, og tbn
soutbncstnrg hocst oi Hbagc, watb Hbagnsn popumcr rnmaeaosaty. wbct bcs jnng tckage pmchn ag tbas crnc oi hocstcm
Hbagc as got `nrnmy cgotbnr pngntrctaog oi hcpatcmas`, jut tbn byjral rnhogstruhtaog oi c ratucm nhogo`y wbosn
engncmoey hcg jn trchnl jchk to tbn mctn a`pnracm Hbagnsn ho``nrhacm humturn oi tbn ho``og pnopmn. \bas ratucm
nhogo`y agvomvns got ogmy tbn proiat `otavn cgl `ctnracm proluhtaog jcsnl og tbn bousnboml ugat, jut cmso
bncvy agvnst`ngt ag tbn hos`ah mnlenr oi `nrats, tbn schrnl worml oi tbn eols cgl cghnstors, cgl tbn
^glnrworml oi ebosts, ln`ogs, cgl tbn lrnclnl hourts cgl oiiahacms oi Bnmm.
Ag lashussaogs oi emojcmazctaog, emojcm hcpatcmas`, cgl C`nrahcgazctaog, tbrnn assuns crn oitng cjsngt iro` tbn
hogvnrsctaog4 tbn qunstaog oi cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn pownr oi bastorahcm trclataogs cgl prchtahns, cgl tbn
rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y. Mnt `n iarst nxpcgl jranimy og nchb oi tbnsn tbrnn tbn`ns, ior tbny wamm
agior` `y lashussaog oi post-@co rurcm nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt cgl rnmaeaous rnvavcm ag Ungzbou.
Iarst, og tbn qunstaog oi cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn hratahcm pomatahcm nhogo`asts D.K. Eajsog-Ercbc` (two cutbors
watb ogn gc`n) bcvn poagtnl out tbn projmn`s agbnrngt ag sa`pmastah cgl ugaior` `olnms oi Unstnrg hcpatcmast
pngntrctaog oi tbn emojn, cgl bcvn hcmmnl ior ernctnr cttngtaog to tbn lavnrsaty oi humturcm cgl agstatutaogcm
hogstruhtaogs oi hcpatcmas` crougl tbn worml.
\bus, wn `cy bcvn ngtnrnl agto cg nrc oi emojcm hcpatcmas`, jut got agto c sagemn `olnm oi hcpatcmas`. Ag otbnr
worls, hcpatcmas` lons got sa`pmy pmow lowg wbctnvnr wcs tbnrn jniorn, jut hrnctavnmy ho`jagns watb omlnr ior`s
cgl proluhns gnw hogiaeurctaogs oi hcpatcmas`, cgl nvng `ojamazns omlnr humturcm rnsourhns cs gnw ior`s oi hougtnr-hcpatcmast prchtahn. Citnr cmm, ag \bn Eruglassn, @crx ba`snmi rnhoegaznl tbct `olnrg hcpatcmas` bcl cjsorjnl omlnr
prn-hcpatcmast `olns oi proluhtaog cgl nhogo`y agto ats joly, cmtboueb bn lal got eo og to cssaeg `uhb cenghy to
tbnsn omlnr `olns, gor lal bn nmcjorctn og struhturcm tngsaogs jntwnng omlnr cgl gnwnr nhogo`ah ior`s.
Ubct A snnk to baebmaebt bnrn as tbct, jngnctb tbn `uhb-pujmahaznl `umta-jammaog-lommcr hogtrchts jntwnng Hbagnsn
stctn horporctaogs cgl iornaeg iar`s, tbnrn as cgotbnr mnss vasajmn, jut `orn aglaengous snhtor oi tbn lygc`ah Hbagnsn
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
nhogo`y, cs snng ag tbn rcpal rurcm nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt ag pcrts oi Hbagcs soutbncstnrg hocst, wbnrn proluhtaog
cgl ho``nrhn crn n`jnllnl ag c ratucm nhogo`y.
Xnhogl, tbn a`portcghn oi c mogenr bastorahcm pnrspnhtavn ag tbagkage cjout emojcmazctaog crn uglnrshornl jy pctb-
jrnckage rnvasaogast nhogo`ah bastoracgs suhb cs Dcgnt Cju-Muebol, Cglrn Euglnr Ircgk, Knggntb Vo`nrcgz cgl
Z. Jag Uoge, wbo bcvn sbowg us tbct ag tbn iavn hngturans jniorn `olnrg Nuropncg emojcm lo`agctaog, c
ho``nrhacm emojcmazctaog wcs cmrncly uglnrwcy ag moge-lastcghn cgl `crata`n trcln c`oge Crcj, Vnrsacg, Hbagnsn,
Xoutb, cgl Xoutbncst Csacg `nrhbcgts. \bn Nuropncgs wnrn mctnho`nrs wbo `nrnmy cppropractnl cgl nxpcglnl cg
cmrncly-nxastage muhrctavn emojcm trcln gntwork tbct strnthbnl iro` tbn @allmn Ncst, crougl Aglac, cgl tbroueb
Xoutbncst Csac, to Hbagc, cg n`parn tbct wcs iro` ct mncst tbn nmnvngtb tbroueb snvngtnngtb hngturans, c emojcm
`crata`n pownr wbosn bcglahrcit aglustry nxports (samk, mcqunrwcrn, porhnmcag) wnrn `uhb ag ln`cgl. Cmtboueb
sujsnqungt hngturans scw tbn lnhmagn cgl aghrncsage a`povnrasb`ngt oi Hbagc, cgl tbn tckn-oii oi Nuropncg
aglustracm, `amatcry, cgl ho``nrhacm `aebt, tbn snnls cgl humturcm bcjatus oi Hbagnsn ngtrnprngnuracm cgl ho``nrhacm
humturn wnrn got lnstroynl. \bn cstouglage nxpmosavn erowtb ag Hbagnsn nhogo`ah proluhtaog cgl trcln saghn tbn
3126s, nspnhacmmy ag soutbncstnrg Hbagnsn hocstcm humturns, cttnsts to tbn nglurage potnghy oi tbnsn snnls oi tbn
Hbagnsn bastorahcm cgl humturcm bcjatus oi ho``nrhacm cgl `crata`n humturn.
Zurcm Ungzbou tn`pmns cgl ratucms4
\bn harhumctaog oi `ogny jntwnng rurcm aglustry Cgl hos`ah-lavagn wormls
Ubng ogn spncks oi pravctazctaog (sayoubuc) ag Hbagcs nhogo`ah rnior` nrc oi tbn pcst two lnhclns, tbnUngzbou @olnm (wngzbou `osba) oi rurcm lnvnmop`ngt, jcsnl og s`cmm bousnboml aglustrans, doagt-stohk iar`s,
cgl rnstmnss ngtrnprngnuracm nxpcgsaog chross tbn wbomn crnc oi Hbagc moo`s mcren. Nvng jniorn tbn oiiahacm
pro`umectaog oi tbn nhogo`ah rnior`s oi tbn \barl Vmngu` oi tbn Nmnvngtb Vcrty Hogernss ag 3152, `cgy pcrts oi
rurcm Ungzbou bcl cmrncly quantmy cgl snhrntmy ln-hommnhtavaznl cerahumturn. Ag tbn spchn oi two lnhclns, watb
vartucmmy go stctn, iornaeg, or ovnrsncs Hbagnsn agvnst`ngt, tbn Ungzbou crnc trcgsior`nl atsnmi iro` c
enoercpbahcmmy asomctnl cgl a`povnrasbnl crnc wbnrn nmnhtrahaty wcs ogmy jrouebt to rurcm crncs ag tbn 3196s cgl
jahyhmns ag tbn 3156s, to cg nhogo`ahcmmy lygc`ah, prospnrous, cgl rcpalmy aglustracmazage cgl urjcgazage rneaog.
Ubng A iarst vasatnl rurcm Ungzbou ag 3113, rahn pcllans cgl wctnr juiicmos strnthbnl to tbn borazog, cgl hbahkngs
cgl paes rcg uglnrioot ag vammcens cgl towgs. Cmtboueb `ost ic`amans go mogenr pursunl cerahumturn, jut bcl `ovnl
og to ruggage tbnar s`cmm ichtorans, tbny wnrn stamm n`jnllnl ag trclataogcm pncscgt humturn, hnmnjrctage ogmy mugcr
hcmnglcr instavcms cgl ngeceage ag nxhbcgens oi jralnwncmtb cgl lowry ior `crracens. \bn irngntah, purposavn, cgl
hbnnrium wcy tbct tbn mohcm pnopmn wngt cjout tbnar vcraous jusagnssns, cgl tbn icst-pchnl rurcm-to-urjcg trcgsataogohhurrage cmm crougl, rn`aglnl `n oi `y hbamlbool ag \cawcg ag tbn ncrmy 3196s. Og nchb oi `y traps to Ungzbou
ag tbn 3116s, A wcs prnsngtnl watb gnw saegs oi nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt. Jy :663, got ogmy tbn wctnr juiicmos bcl
jnng rnpmchnl jy arog juiicmos ortrchtors, jut `cgy oi tbn rahn pcllans cgl oml wctnr trcgsport hcgcms bcl jnng
juranl uglnr hoghrntn pcvn`ngts cgl gnw rocls. Yammcenrs cgl towgspnopmn `cln urengt jusagnss hcmms chross tbn
hougtry og tbnar `ojamn pbogns cgl bcl swathbnl iro` YHL to iummy laeataznl LYL pmcynrs. \o `y iurtbnr sbohk,
so`n wncmtby rurcm ic`amans bcl purhbcsnl got dust `otorhyhmns, jut gnw hcrs, otbnrs bcl dust rnturgnl iro` ic`amy
traps to Xoutbncst Csac, cgl `cgy ic`amans knpt jcgk chhougts ag ^.X. or otbnr iornaeg hurrnghans.
Got cmm tbn nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngts wnrn scmutcry, bownvnr, saghn car cgl wctnr pommutaog wnrn jnho`age `orn
snraous, lun to tbn ichtory nxbcust cgl rniusn, cgl oiiahacm horruptaog wcs og pnopmns `agls. Ubct rncmmy agtraeunl
`n cjout tbas crnc wcs tbn lastaghtavn rnvavcm oi trclataogcm humturn cgl popumcr rnmaeaog cmogesaln tbn nhogo`ah
lnvnmop`ngt, c icht rcrnmy nxc`agnl or nvng `ngtaognl jy Hbagnsn shbomcrsbap og tbn Ungzbou `olnm oi
lnvnmop`ngt. Lnspatn oiiahacm rnstrahtaogs og tbn nxpcgsaog oi popumcr rnmaeaog, cgl c moge, stamm-ogeoage twngtantb-hngtury bastory oi rclahcm stctn snhumcras`, tbas rnmaeaous rnvavcm ag Ungzbou got ogmy knpt pchn watb nhogo`ah
erowtb cgl prospnraty, jut oitng snn`nl to lravn at.
Nchb ta`n A rnturgnl to Ungzbou, A iougl gnw lnaty tn`pmns cgl magncen cghnstor bcmms juamt or rnstornl cgl tbn mohcm
pnopmn n`jomlngnl iurtbnr to nxpcgl tbnar rnmaeaous ratucms, instavcms, cgl ratucm prohnssaogs. Nchb vammcen bcl `orn
tbcg ogn lnaty tn`pmn lnlahctnl to ogn or `orn oi tbn `umtatuln oi eols cgl eollnssns ag tbn popumcr Hbagnsn
pcgtbnog. \n`pmns ectbnrnl toentbnr mohcm worsbappnrs og tbn jartblcys oi tbnar tutnmcry eols cgl otbnr instavcms to
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
boml ratucms cgl sbcrn c hommnhtavn jcgqunt. @ost towgsbaps or hougty sncts bcl rnhmca`nl tbnar Haty Eol tn`pmn,
wbahb bcl jnng cppropractnl jy tbn stctn cgl turgnl agto oiiahns or stornbousns ag tbn @coast nrc. C gnw Jullbast
tn`pmn ag Dagsbcg Hougty wcs jnage juamt ag :66
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Cs Hbagc tolcy doags tbn worml oi emojcm hcpatcmas`, so`n oi ats rurcm hocstcm rneaogcm humturns, suhb cs rurcm
Ungzbou, bcvn lrcwg upog a`pnracm Hbagcs pntty ngtrnprngnuracm cgl ho``nrhacm humturcm mnechy, wbnrn tbn
`crknt nhogo`y wcs n`jnllnl ag cgl cmso hbnhknl jy humturcm agstatutaogs suhb cs tbn ic`amy, magncen
orecgazctaogs, tn`pmn cssohactaogs, Lcoast cgl Jullbast agstatutaogs, cgl ho``ugaty ntbahs. ^gmakn tbn urjcg crncs,
tbny bcvn got n`jrchnl tbn (Unstnrg) vnrsaog oi hcpatcmas` tbct as `uhb `orn lasn`jnllnl iro` tbn trclataogcm
nghu`jrcghns oi kagsbap cgl ic`amy ojmaectaogs cgl rnmaeaous ho``at`ngts to tbn lavagn worml.
Ag tbn aglaengous hcpatcmas` tbct wn iagl ag pmchns makn Ungzbou, tbn hcpatcmast lravn ior chhu`umctaog oi wncmtb as
tn`pnrnl jy tbn rnmaeaous cgl kagsbap ntbahs oi engnrosaty cgl sohacm ravcmrans oi eavage cwcy wncmtb. \bn
saegaiahcghn oi tbn Ungzbou@olnm oi nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt mans got ag ats nhogo`ah suhhnss, jut ag ats cjamaty to
sbow Hbagnsn stctn pomahy `cknrs tbct - dust cs tbn Unst `olnrgaznl watbout bcv age to wapn out supnrstataous
Hbrastacgaty, wbahb cmso bcs cg ntbos oi engnrosaty cgl hbcraty - nhogo`ah lnvnmop`ngt ag Hbagc, nspnhacmmy ag rurcm
humturns, hcggot lo watbout rnmaeaous agsparctaog. Ubnrncs ag `cgy otbnr pmchns ag Hbagc, c hngtury oi rclahcm stctn
snhumcrazctaog swnpt cwcy tbn rnmaeaous a`pumsns tbct houml jotb lravn tbn `ogny-`ckage ntbos oi hcpatcmas` cs wnmm
cs hougtnr ats lnstruhtaog oi tbn sohacm icjrah, rurcm Ungzbous hcpatcmas` bcs `cgcenl to prnsnrvn or rnagvngt c
lastaghtavn cgta-hcpatcmast ho`pogngt. Bnrn, tbn n`pbcsas as got dust og `ctnracm agvnst`ngt, jut cmso og agvnst`ngts
agto tbn gog-proluhtavn rncm`s oi ho``ugaty wnmicrn, ratucm hogsu`ptaog, cgl hogvnrsaog oi `ctnracm wncmtb agto
tbn hurrnghy oi trcgshnglngt lavagn wormls. Ag rurcm Ungzbou, tbn mohcm humturn nxnrts prnssurn og hcpatcmas` to
hogior` watb tbn outmagns oi cg cghangt ratucm nhogo`y, wbnrn ratucms `ust jn iagcghnl cgl pnrior`nl, tbn eols
`ust rnhnavn oiinrages, cgl wncmtb `ust jn lavnrtnl iro` tbas tn`porcry worml to otbnr `orn pownrium cgl mcstagerncm`s oi tbn hos`os.
Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
ratucm iuturns
& optaogsog ratucm clvcgtcen, surpmus proluhtaogcgl byjralazctaog. tbn rnturg oi
tbn ratucm c`jcssclors.
`ckage tbn hcsn ior
ratucm nhogo`y, nhogo`ah byjralaty,
ntbgah gctaogcmas` &
pcg Cirahcgas`
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Nxpmcagage Znmaeaog watbout Nxpmcagage At Cwcy4
\rust, \rutb, cgl tbn Nvomutaog oi Hoopnrctaog ag Zoy C. Zcppcport's
\bn Ojvaous Cspnhts oi Zatucm"Dobg Uctcgcjn cgl Jcrjcrc X`uts
Aglnnl, Zcppcport sueenstnl ag pcssage tbct ratucm `cy bcvn pmcynl c hruhacm nvomutaogcry romn ag agtngsaiyage tbn
ho`pmnx, rnhaprohcm rnmctaogsbaps oi `utucm trust tbct sy`jomah ho``ugahctaog cgl sohacm chtaog prnsupposn.
Bcvage rnhngtmy rncl Zcppcport's nsscys og "\bn Ojvaous Cspnhts oi Zatucm" (3151j) cgl "Xcghtaty cgl Mans ag
Nvomutaog" (3151h), Uctcgcjn sueenstnl tbct Zcppcport' s cpprochb `aebt sbnl maebt og bow, cgl pnrbcps nvng
wby, ior`cmaznl ensturcm ernntages houml snrvn to hoorlagctn cgl nstcjmasb trust jntwnng tbn `cmns ngeceage ag tbn`.
Bn creunl tbct, icr iro` cg crjatrcry trcppage aghalngtcm to ats jnbcvaorcm or sy`jomah hogtngt, tbn ratucm ior` atsnmi
hogstatutnl c hogvngtaogcmmy eavng hogtnxt watbag wbahb aglavalucms chtnl out tbnar hoopnrctavn agtngtaogs towcrl
nchb otbnr tbroueb `utucmmy hoorlagctnl sohacm chtaog. Ubamn hmncrmy rnhoegazage tbn lastaghtaog jntwnng "ratucm" c s
ior`cmaznl jnbcvaor cgl "ratucms" cs humturcmmy hogstatutnl nvngts (3151j4359), Zcppcport pnrhnavnl ag jotb c sa`pmn
jut nxtrn`nmy pownrium ior`cmas` hcpcjmn oi trcgsior`age aglavalucm jnbcvaor agto `ncgageium sohacm chtaog ag tbn
Unjnracg sngsn oi rnhaprohcm agtnrchtaogs a`junl jy chtors watb agtngtaog cgl saegaiahcghn.
^gcjmn to agsurn cjsomutn trustwortbagnss, ratucm hcg stamm nstcjmasb erougls ior `orcm aglaegctaog cgl raebtnous
rntrajutaog sbouml prnsu`nl pro`asns provn icmsn. Ior Zcppcport, at as tbn jnbcvaorcm sa`pmahaty, got tbn sy`jomah
nmcjorctaog, oi ratucm tbct mans ct ats horn cgl ngcjmns otbnrwasn cutogo`ous aglavalucms to ho``ugahctn tbnar
wammagegnss to hoopnrctn watb nchb otbnr nvng ag tbn cjsnghn oi mcgeucen. Zatucm ior`cmas` cgl pnrior`cghn ag cgloi tbn`snmvns hcg chhorl "`nrn" aglavalucm jnbcvaor tbn potngtacm oi hogvnyage agtngt cgl a`pmahctaog nssngtacm to
trun sohacm chtaog. Hogsnqungtmy," At as pmcusajmn to sueenst . . . tbct ratucm, ag tbn vnry struhturn oi wbahb cutboraty
cgl chquanshnghn crn a`pmahat, wcs tbn pra`orlacm `ncgs jy wbahb `ng, lavnstnl oi engntahcmmy lntnr`agnl orlnr,
nstcjmasbnl tbn hogvngtaogs jy wbahb tbny orlnr tbn`snmvns" (3151j4 315).
Zatucm nmnecgtmy nstcjmasbns c hogtnxt ag wbahb to juaml hoopnrctavn rnmctaogs4 ats ior`cmas` sa`pmaians cgl
lasc`jaeuctns agtnrchtaogs; ats agvcracghn provalns c `olnm ior rnmacjamaty cgl trust - cgl umta`ctnmy trutbiumgnss cgl
ats snmi-rninrngtacm gcturn posns `aga`cm rasks jut `ckns possajmn iurtbnr ho``at`ngt watb nchb suhhnssium
rnpntataog. Hmosnr hogsalnrctaog oi tbn spnhaiah ensturns agvomvnl ag tbn ernntages iurtbnr sueensts tbnar romn ag
ichamatctage hoopnrctaog.
Nxpmcagage Znmaeaog watbout Nxpmcagage At Cwcy4
\bn Ojvaous Cspnhts oi Zatucm"Dobg Uctcgcjn cgl Jcrjcrc X`uts
Xy`joms ag Cirahcg Zatucm. Yahtor U. \urgnr
Go ogn wbo bcs mavnl ior moge ag rurcm suj-Xcbcrcg Cirahc hcg icam to jn struhk jy tbn a`portcghn oi ratucm ag tbn
mavns oi vammcenrs cgl bo`nstnclnrs cgl jy tbn icht tbct ratucms crn ho`-posnl oi sy`joms. C ratucm as c stnrnotypnl
snqunghn oi chtavatans agvomvage ensturns, worls, cgl ojdnhts, pnrior`nl ag c snqunstnrnl pmchn, cgl lnsaegnl to
agimunghn prntnrgcturcm ngtatans or iorhns og jnbcmi oi tbn chtors' eocms cgl agtnrnsts. Zatucms `cy jn sncsogcm,
bcmmowage c humturcmmy lniagnl `o`ngt oi hbcgen ag tbn hma`ctah hyhmn or tbn agcueurctaog oi cg chtavaty Otbnr
hmcssns oi ratucms aghmuln lavagctory ratucms; hnrn`ogans pnrior`nl jy pomatahcm cutboratans to ng-surn tbn bncmtb cgl
inrtamaty oi bu`cg jnages, cga`cms, cgl hrops ag tbnar tnrratorans; agatactaog agto pranstbools lnvotnl to hnrtcag lnatans,
agto rnmaeaous-cssohactaogs, or agto snhrnt sohantans; cgl tbosn chho`pcgyage tbn lcamy oiinrage oi iool cgl majctaogs
to lnatans or cghnstrcm sparats or jotb. Cirahc as rahb aglnnl ag ratucm engrns, cgl hchb agvomvns `cgy spnhaiah
pnrior`cghns. Nchb rurcm Cirahcg sohanty (wbahb as oitng, tboueb got cmwcys hotnr`agous watb c mageuastahho``ugaty) possnssns c iagatn gu`jnr oi lastrajutcjmn ratucms tbct `cy aghmuln cmm or so`n oi tbn typns mastnl cjovn.
Xy`joms ag Cirahcg Zatucm. Yahtor U. \urgnr
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
\urgnr wcs cwcrn tbct tbn poor, tbn mownr hmcss, tbn sujcmtnrg bcl c laiinrngt
cgl hmosnr rnmctaogsbap to tbn hbcotah potngtacmatans oi ratucm chtaog, jut ag bas a`ceagctaog tbnar eocms
wnrn cmtnrgctnmy tbn "mnvnmage" oi ho``ugatcs, cgl sohacm `ojamaty4 "tbn struhturcmmy aginraor
csparn to sy`jomah struhturcm supnraoraty ag ratucm" (:>94:68).
Bastory, Xtruhturn, cgl Zatucm,
Dobg L. Knmmy cgl @crtbc Kcpmcg
Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghns
Mouasn Znvnmm
\bn sncrhb ior c `orn pownrium ngtaty to provaln so`n ior` oi orlnr to tbn hbcotah gcturn oi bu`cg nxastnghn as c
pbngo`ngog tbct hcg jn snng tbrouebout `uhb oi bu`cg bastory. Ior c Zo`cg, tbn eols wnrn nvnrywbnrn, cs
pownrium iorhns watb cg agtnrnst ag cmm cspnhts oi lcamy main. Znmaeaog ior`nl pcrt oi tbn jrocl-jcsnl bo`oengnaty oi
tbn wnstnrg provaghns iommowage tbn prohnss oi humturcm trcgsior`ctaog citnr hogqunst. Agshraptaogs, shumpturn, cgl
tn`pmn crhbatnhturn cmm poagt to c sa`amcr `ctnracm humturn, cgl, cmtboueb tbnrn as cg cppcrngt hogtaguaty ag tbn gc`ns
oi tbn lnatans jnage worsbappnl iro` tbn prn-Zo`cg to tbn Zo`cg pnraols, tbnar cssohactaog watb tbn trclataogcm
eols oi Zo`n tbroueb syghrntas` gnectns tbn alnc oi larnht hogtaguaty. Bownvnr, rnmaeaous hbcgens crn oitng
ovnrmooknl ag chhougts oi tbn Zo`cgazctaog oi tbn wnstnrg provaghns, cgl wn crn mnit watb tbn rctbnr ughratahcm
hoghnpt oi 'Zo`cgo-Hnmtah' rnmaeaog cs c byjral pbngo`ngog. \bnrn as c lcgenr oi usage tbn crhbcnomoeahcm nvalnghnoi tn`pmns cgl agshraptaogs cs lacegostah oi hbcgen, rctbnr tbcg uglnrtckage c `orn raeorous cgcmysas ag orlnr to
uglnrstcgl bow rnmaeaog cgl ratucm ior`nl pcrt oi tbas jrocl-jcsnl bo`oengnaty, cgl tbn wcy ag wbahb tbn pnopmn oi
tbn provaghns `cln sngsn oi bow to cht cgl jnbcvn watbag c gnw sohacm cgl pomatahcm worml. Iurtbnr`orn, tbroueb
hrnctage tbn byjral oi Zo`cgo-Hnmtah, tbnrn as tbn tn`ptctaog to hoghngtrctn og tbn alngtaiahctaog oi tbn Hnmtah (or
prn-Zo`cg) cgl Zo`cg nmn`ngts, cgl tbng to tbagk cjout tbn` ag asomctaog, lowgpmcyage tbn lygc`ah wcy ag wbahb
tbn pnopmn oi tbn provaghns gneotactnl tbnar wcy tbroueb tbn gnw a`pnracm hogtnxt.
Ag tbas pcpnr, A proposn to nxpmorn bow pcrt oi tbnsn humturcm hbcgens agvomvnl mncrgage laiinrngt wcys oi
ho``ugahctage watb tbn eols4 gnw wcys oi agtnrchtage watb, cgl pmchctage, c baebnr iorhn. A wcgt to `ovn jnyogl
snnage tbn `ctnracm humturn iro` rnmaeaous satns cs jnage rnprnsngtctavn oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl agstncl tbagk cjout
bow at wcs pcrt cgl pcrhnm oi hnrtcag wcys oi chtage. \broueb tbnsn chtaogs, tbn pnopmn oi tbnsn ho``ugatans doagnl
ag c `uhb walnr alnomoey oi rnmaeaog cgl rnmaeaous prchtahn.
Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghnsMouasn Znvnmm
A wouml sueenst tbct tbnrn as c tbarl cpprochb tbct hcg jn usnl to uglnrstcgl tbn romn oi rnmaeaog ag tbn prohnss oi
humturcm hbcgen4 rnhogstruhtage ratucm prchtahn tbroueb c lntcamnl, hogtnxtucm agtnrprntctaog oi tbn `ctnracm humturn
nvalnghn. \bas cpprochb `ovns cwcy iro` snnage `ctnracm humturn cs c pcssavn rnimnhtaog oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl
agstncl snns at cs pmcyage cg chtavn romn ag tbn wcys ag wbahb pnopmn `ckn sngsn oi tbn worml crougl tbn`. Our sngsn
oi wbo wn crn cgl bow wn iat agto c sohanty as, ag pcrt, `nlactnl tbroueb rnpnctnl, lcamy routagns, cgl, watbag tbnsn
routagns, wn usn `ctnracm suhb cs wbct wn wncr, wbct wn hcrry, cgl tbn lnhorctaog oi tbn spchn crougl us cs c wcy
to jotb prodnht so`ntbage cjout oursnmvns, cgl to agtnrgcmazn tbct snmi-a`cen. \bn routagns oi rnmaeaous worsbap
opnrctn og c gu`jnr oi laiinrngt mnvnms4 lniagage jouglcrans jntwnng `ortcm cgl lavagn, cgl cmso hrnctage sbcrnl
sohacm alngtatans iar`my mohctnl watbag tbn ncrtbmy rncm`. Cghangt bastoracgs bcvn snng ratucm cs iuglc`ngtcm to tbn
rnmctaogsbap jntwnng Zo`cgs cgl tbn lavagn, cgl Dobg Xhbnal eons so icr cs to hbcrchtnrazn Zo`cg rnmaeaog cs jnage
hngtrnl rougl horrnht prchtahn (ortboprcxas) rctbnr tbcg jnmani ag spnhaiah lnatans. \bus, tbn rnpnctnl pnrior`cghn oispnhaiah ratns suhb cs schraiahn, vows, cgl instavcms bcs jnng snng cs ior`age c horn pcrt ag tbn ior`umctaog oi
rnmaeaous cutboraty cgl c sbcrnl Zo`cg alngtaty. \bas bcs rug ag tcgln` watb tbn work oi post-prohnssucm
crhbcnomoeasts, wbo bcvn nxpmornl bow ratucm agior`nl tbn wcys tbroueb wbahb pnopmn uglnrstool tbnar rnmctaogsbap
watb tbn eols, lurage jotb prnbastorah cgl bastorah pnraols.
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
Uby hoag tbn tnr` nhogo`ah byjralaty? \bn gotaog oi byjralaty (Qouge 311>)
nxprnssns tbas `utucmaty ag tbct cg orecgah byjral wamm cmwcys jncr tbn pbysahcm trchns oi tbn bntnroengnous
nmn`ngts oi wbahb at hogsasts, tbus prnsngtage c lastaghtavnmy laiinrngt ior` iro` ats proengators.
Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn. Nhogo`ah Byjralaty, Jctcammn, cgl Zatucm Nxpnglaturn
@cyicar @na-bua Qcge
\bnorazage tbn Byjral
Lnjorcb C. Kcphbcg cgl Vcumagn \urgnr Xtroge
"\bnorazage tbn Byjral" as c spnhacm assun oi tbn Dourgcm oi C`nrahcg Iomkmorn tbct hratahcmmy ngecens tbn `ntcpbor
oi byjralaty cs at as hurrngtmy n`pmoynl ag tbn cgcmysas oi gcrrctavns cgl lashoursns, engrns cgl alngtatans, `ctnracm
ior`s cgl pnrior`cghns. Cutbors ag tbn ianmls oi iomkmorn, humturcm cgtbropomoey, crhbcnomoey, mageuastahs, matnrcry
bastory, ntbgo`usahomoey, cgl ho`pcrctavn matnrcturn rnimnht og tbn gcturn, vcmun, ma`atctaogs, cgl lcgenrs oi
byjralaty cs jotb cg cgcmytah `olnm cgl c sohacm prchtahn. Crtahmns hogsalnr topahs rcgeage iro` tbn prn`olnrg to tbn
hyjnrgntah, tbn jaomoeahcm to tbn pomatahcm, tbn baebmy mohcmaznl to tbn trcgsgctaogcm.
\bnorazage tbn Byjral. Byjralaty Vcst cgl Vrnsngt
Ag 312:, Yahtor \urgnr gotnl tbct "wbct wcs oghn hogsalnrnl 'hogtc`agctnl,' 'pro`ashuous,' 'a`purn' [wcsP jnho`age
tbn iohus oi post`olnrg cgcmytahcm cttngtaog" (312:455). \bnsn worls sougl pctngt tolcy, jut tbny `cy snrvn cs c
`crknr. \o wbct nxtngt lons byjralaty jnho`n c saeg ior tbn a`purn `axages propcectnl jy tbn lassomutaog oi
pomatahcm, enoercpbah, ntbgah, humturcm, cgl cnstbntah jouglcrans?
Nhogo`ah Lnvnmop`ngt cgl Cgtbropomoey
Bcroml K. Xhbgnalnr
Npstnag's lastaghtaog as got purnmy tnhbgahcm, agvomvage tbn agtrusaog oi c vcmun dule`ngt. Jy hogtrcst, Xhbgnalnr
laiinrngtactns lnvnmop`ngt cgl hbcgen og purnmy tnhbgahcm erougls, lnvnmop`ngt jnage lniagnl cs aghrncsn ag
proluhtavaty cgl wncmtb ag engnrcm jy wbctnvnr `ncsurn c pnopmn usn, ag hogtrcst to hbcgen wbahb as tbn sbaitage oialncs oi wbct hogstatutns wncmtb cgl tbn struhturn oi tbn nhogo`y to gnw ior`s, cs wbng tbct nhogo`y `ovns iro`
c iohus og hcttmn cgl jnho`ns agtnerctnl agto c Unstnrg hcsb `crknt systn`.
Zatucms ior nhogo`ah hbcgen towcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogo`ah jnbcvaor
Zatucm nhogo`y vanws nhogo`ah jnbcvaour cs hogstatutnl jy suhb sohacm prchtahns cs ratucms. At as tbn prohnss oi
provasaogage cgl hogsu`age tbct `ctnracmazns cgl sujstcgtactns wormlvanw ior `cgceage `ncgage cgl sbcpage
agtnrprntctaog. Jy cppmyage tbn dcreog oi ratucms to tbn ianml oi nhogo`ahs, wn ecag c rnirnsbage toom to nxpmorn cgl
nxpmcag nhogo`ah satuctaogs cgl prchtahns. \broueb tbn emcssns oi ratucm nhogo`y wn mook ct ovnrhogsu`ptaog cgl
agspnht tbn ho``ugahctavn la`ngsaog oi trcgschtaogs. Ubct wn snn as tbct tbn typn oi hogsu`ptaog mnclage to
ovnrhogsu`ptaog hogstatutns c sy`jomah cgl ho``ugahctavn cht (a.n. ratucm). Jy rnspnhtage tbn ratucm jut hbcgeage ats
ior` (a.n. to `orn hogshaous hogsu`ptaog) wn hbcgen nhogo`ah jnbcvaour wbamst chkgowmnleage ats uglnrmyage
`otavctaog.
@ost pnopmn mookage ior hbcgen struhturn tbn (nhogo`ah) worml wn mavn ag tnr` s oi tbn oml cgl tbn gnw. Bnrnag
tbn oml nhogo`y rninrs to tbn hurrngtmy lo`agcgt snt oi prchtahns tbct `ckn up tbn nhogo`ah systn`. \bn gnw
nhogo`y, og tbn otbnr bcgl, as c gor`ctavn hogstruht cgl rninrs to c gnw snt oi prchtahns tbct crn to jn rncmaznl.
Cmtboueb tbas `ngtcm lastaghtaog jntwnng oml cgl gnw hcg snn` bnmpium, juamlage c ho`pmntnmy gnw nhogo`ah
systn` iro` ats iouglctaogs as a`possajmn cgl ovnrsa`pmaians tbn tcsk cbncl. Our romn as to hbcggnm hbcgen agto
8/4/2019 ritual Futures&Options
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watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho``ugaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb
rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxc`agage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr
Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw
cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak
Vcen
tbn raebt larnhtaog. Ai ogn hogsalnrs tbn nhogo`ah systn` to jn tbn outho`n oi hnrtcag pcrclae`s at jnho`ns
a`portcgt to uglnrstcgl bow tbnsn pcrclae`s nvomvn cgl nvngtucmmy ent rnpmchnl.
\bn tbnorntahcm irc`nwork oi ratucm nhogo`y as c ugaqun ogn ag tbct at got ogmy ughovnrs tbn uglnrmyage `otavctaogs
oi nhogo`ah jnbcvaour jut cmso provalns cg agsaebt cs to wbnrn gnw pcttnrgs oi jnbcvaour `aebt jn ct tbnar `ost
niinhtavn. Chhorlage to our vasaog, suhb c bomastah cpprochb rnquarns c lnvactaog iro` c vanw oi nhogo`ahs cs c
shanghn ckag to `ctbn`ctahs towcrls cg cgtbropomoeahcm,sohacm nhogo`ahs. Cs c tbnorntahcm irc`nwork, ratucm
nhogo`y as alncmmy suatnl to tbas purposn jnhcusn at jralens tbn lahboto`y jntwnng nhogo`ah cgl sohacm jnbcvaour.
Zatucms crn cg a`portcgt ior` oi sohacm jnbcvaour ag tbct tbny nstcjmasb hoggnhtaogs cgl snhurn tbn sohao-nhogo`ah
rnproluhtaog oi ho``ugatans cgl eroups. Ag sbort, ratucms hrnctn, rnagiorhn cgl `cagtcag c hnrtcag s