1
Pierre Y. JulienColorado State University
South Korea, May 2007
River Restoration and Flood Control
Objectives
Brief overview of flood control and river restoration examples from the USA, Malaysia and South Korea.
1935 1972 1992
Hydraulic geometry of the Rio Grande
2
MEI
Rio Grande near Bernardo, USACE 1963
Bernardo Gage
#1 There is no cookbook approach to stream restoration projects.
#2 Solutions normally require equilibrium conditions between flow and sediment regimes and knowledge of river mechanics and stream ecology.
#3 Solutions need to be effective, environmentally acceptable and economical.
Stream Restoration Concepts
3
Concept of Equilibrium
Concept of Equilibrium
Oxbow Preservation
4
Access to Oxbows
• Protect Levee• Create a Functioning Floodplain• Improve Wildlife Habitat
Rio Grande Restoration near Santa Ana
Project Goals
• Sandy/silty substrate• Shallow water h < 0.4 m• Water velocities
0.1 m/s < V < 0.5 m/s
• Bimodal sand/gravel bed• Deep water h ~ 1.20 m• Water velocities 1.4 m/s
Silvery Minnow• Create wider channels
Rio Grande Restoration – Endangered Species
5
Gradient Restoration Facility
River Realignment
• Construct Bio-engineering Bankline
Habitat Improvement
• Sediment Storage Upstream from GRF• Low Velocity Overbank Flows• Planting and Natural Reseeding of Native Vegetation
6
Stream Restoration Guidelines1. Clearly define the OBJECTIVES2. PAST, Present and FUTURE3. Look at the UPPER WATERSHED4. Look DOWNSTREAM for degradation5. EQUILIBRIUM Hydraulic Geometry6. Appropriate AQUATIC HABITAT7. Examine various design ALTERNATIVES8. DESIGN must be Effective, Environmentally sound
and Economical 9. Plan CONSTRUCTION for the unexpected10. Post-construction MONITORING
Stream Restoration Examples
Sebasticook River Watershed RestorationNewport, Maine
http://www.me.nrcs.usda.gov/SebasticookRiver.html
BEFORE
AFTER
Stream Restoration Examples
Upper Chester Creek Restoration, Alaskahttp://www.muni.org/salmoninthecity/projects.cfm
BEFORE AFTER
7
Stream Restoration Examples
Perkiomen Creek, Pennsylvania Upper main branchhttp://www.esajournals.org/esaonline/?request=get-
document&issn=1540-9295&volume=003&issue=05&page=0259
AFTER
BEFORE AFTER
Stream Restoration Examples
South Branch Tunkhannock Creek Restoration Project
Lackawanna County, Pennsylvaniahttp://www.fxbrowne.com/html/Services/Updates/South%20
Branch%20Tunkhannock%20Creek.htm
AFTERBEFOREAFTER
Stream Restoration Examples
Pike Creek, Maple Grove, Minnesotahttp://www.answers.com/topic/restoration-ecology
AFTERBEFORE
AFTER
8
KELANTAN
KEDAH
PERAK
THAILAND
SEMBILAN
JOHOR
SELANGOR
PAHANG
NEGERI
TERENGGANU
PERLIS
MELAKA
Monsoon
Selangor
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Kelantan
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Malaysia
Month
mm
Convective
•Heavy rainfall 2500 – 3000 mm/yr
•Strong N-E, Moderate S-W Monsoon
Muda River 1998 Flood
Flood Prone Areas (Oct 1998 Flood)
Ldg Victoria
Sand and Gravel Mining
Kampong Kubang Bedengong Kampong Lubok Segintah
River Sand Mining
Sand Mining Pumping Activity
9
Riverbed Degradation
Levee Protection
Levee Protection
KG. BUMBUNG LIMA
PEKULA
KG. JAWA
KG. BUKITLALANG
Merdeka Bridge
PLUS Highway
10
TEPU BINA 1994
KUALA LUMPUR
LAND - USE CHANGE 1994
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
TEPU BINA 1998
LAND - USE CHANGE 1998
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
Satellite image of Kuala Lumpur
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Elevated Rapid Transits JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
SEMINAR ON RIVER PROTECTION & WATERSHED MODELING (26SEMINAR ON RIVER PROTECTION & WATERSHED MODELING (26--27 May 2006)27 May 2006)Jalan Dang Jalan Dang WangiWangi PadaPada 10 Jun 200310 Jun 2003Jalan Tun Jalan Tun RazakRazak padapada 10 Jun 200310 Jun 2003
SEMINAR ON RIVER PROTECTION & WATERSHED MODELING (26SEMINAR ON RIVER PROTECTION & WATERSHED MODELING (26--27 May 2006)27 May 2006)
10 June 2003 Flood
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WATER QUANTITY CONTROL
Flash Floods
Damage in Klang Valley RM 50 M /yr
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
SEMINAR ON RIVER PROTECTION & WATERSHED MODELING (26SEMINAR ON RIVER PROTECTION & WATERSHED MODELING (26--27 May 2006)27 May 2006)
Flood Mapping
Roadsides / SwalesRoadsides / Swales
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
MSMA
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JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRANMSMA
Wet DetentionPonds
Dry DetentionPonds
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRANMSMA
• Extensive cut & fill• Topsoil losses• Poor Slope Protection• Poor Earthworks Control• Heavy erosion• Cause of mudslides & flash floods
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRANWATER QUALITY - EARTHWORKS
14
Soil Reinforcement mats
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
Road Medians
•Similarly for road dividers and curbs – put in greenery
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
ExpresswaysJABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
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Elevated HighwaysJABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
Retrofitting of Urban Drains
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
KLANGGATES DAM
30 cumec
Sg Kerayon
g
280 cumec
300 cumec
Sg KerohSg Jinjang
SgBatu
SgG
omba
k
PWTC
Kolam Kg Benteng
(0.4 mcm)
KolamTakungan
JinjangKolam
Takungan Batu
Kolam Kg Puah
100 cumec
275 cumec
400 cumec
290 cumec
35 cumec35 cumec
150 cumec
65 cumec
Sg KlangSg
Gom
bak
80 cumec
125 cumec
(2.5 mcm) (4.5 mcm)
BATUDAM
MasjidJamek
Kolam Kg Berembang(0.6 mcm)
Kolam Taman Desa
(1.4 mcm)
SgBu
nus
45 cumec
180 cumec
100 cumec190 cumec
10 cumec
SgKl
ang
Flood Control Measures for Kuala LumpurFlood Control Measures for Kuala Lumpur
NOT TO SCALE
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A FLOOD TUNNEL UNDER KLANG RIVER
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRANSMART TUNNEL
Sg. KlangHOLDING
BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
NO STORMS FLOOD EVENTS
Sg. KlangHOLDING
BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
NO STORMS FLOOD EVENTS
Sg. KlangHOLDING
BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
NO STORMS FLOOD EVENTSSg. Klang
HOLDING BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
MOST STORMS
Sg. KlangHOLDING
BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
MOST STORMSSg. Klang
HOLDING BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
ONLY IN MAJOR STORMS(FLOOD EVENTS > APRIL AND OCTOBER 2001)
Sg. KlangHOLDING
BASIN
STORAGERESERVOIR
Sg. Kerayong
ONLY IN MAJOR STORMS(FLOOD EVENTS > APRIL AND OCTOBER 2001)
Operation Modes For The Smart ProjectOperation Modes For The Smart Project
Tunnel Boring Machine break-through, June 2005
TBM No.1 TBM No.1 ––SOUTH DRIVESOUTH DRIVE
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Total rainfall of Typhoon Maemi from 9/8/2003 to 9/13/2003)
South Korea
Mangun mountain, South Korea
Imha reservoir
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Annual average: 3,450 tons/km2/year.
Soil loss mapsMaemi: 2,920 tons/km2/year.
CSU Watershed Model TREX
Flow Depth [ft] 100 yr Storm
Stream Restoration Examples
River restoration project of Yangjae stream in Seoul metropolitan area (Gwacheon city)
BEFORE AFTER
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Stream Restoration Examples
River restoration project of Yangjae stream in Seoul metropolitan area (Seocho-Gu)
BEFOREBEFORE AFTER
Hapcheon Re-regulation Dam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time (hr)
wat
er d
epth
(m)
Degradation and armouring
40 km
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
width (m)
bed
elev
atio
n (m
)
19832003
20
River changes below Hapcheon dam
2004
2007
1983
Before
After
Nakdong River and NREB Unsteady modeling for the upstream of NREB
Nakdong River Estuary Barrage
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Quasi-steady state model
Upstream water level
Tide level
Quasi-steady state model (Model validation 2003 – with dredging)
4.8% (-0.32m)
2.9% (0.16m)
32.9% (0.27m)
5.9% (0.52m)
21.2% (0.17m)
Flood Damages
Gupo Bridge during Typhoon Maemi
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Erosion and River Mechanics Textbooks Erosion and River Mechanics Textbooks
Acknowledgments
• Dr. Sang Kil Park (PNU)• Dr. Un Ji (Myongji U. )• Hyeon Sik Kim (KOWACO)• Young Ho Shin (KOWACO)• Byungdal Kim (KOWACO)• A.F. Embi (DID-Malaysia)• Dr. N.A. Zakaria (USM)• Dr. A. Ab. Ghani (USM)• James Halgren (CSU)• Seema Shah (CSU)
Thank You !
