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Riverside County Office of Education
Reading for Meaning
Go “A. P. E.”for Fluency
John E. Allen, Presenter Jurupa Unified School District
Riverside County Office of Education
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Objectives
Content Objective:• We will learn the three elements of
fluency instruction
Language Objective:• I will describe the three elements of
fluency instruction to a partner
Riverside County Office of Education
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Language Function: Description• One of the three elements of fluency is _____• The three elements of fluency are ______,
_____, and _______. • The three elements of fluency are
___________. They are important because _________.
• Fluency is comprised of ___________. These elements are important because ___________. We must always remember ___________.
Riverside County Office of Education
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What Am I Learning? - KWLATopic What I Know What I Want to
KnowWhat I Learned How I will
Apply What I Learned
Fluency
Riverside County Office of Education
Why Teach Fluency?
• “40 % of a representative sample of the nation’s fourth graders were low in fluency. ” (NAEP, 2002, 2005)
• “Fluency is a neglected skill in many American classrooms, affecting many students’ reading comprehension.”
• “Fluency provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension.”
Put Reading First 2001, pp. 22-23
Riverside County Office of Education
What Skills Do Students Need To Be Fluent?
• Decoding Skills
• Comprehension Skills
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Decoding Component
Deep orthographic knowledge:–An understanding of the patterns
of language
–Practice with words and phrases
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Comprehension Component
• Comprehension Component:–Ability to combine textual information
with personal knowledge and experience
–An understanding of how punctuation works within text
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Fluency is the bridge between the sound-spelling system and comprehension.
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Automaticity and FluencyAutomaticity: • Fast, effortless word recognition
without expression.Fluency: • The ability to read accurately, at a
proper pace, with appropriate intonation and expression.
(Put Reading First 2001, p. 22)
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• Framework for Reading •• Framework for Reading •
Voca
bula
ry
Phonem
ic A
ware
ness
Phonic
s
A
uto
mati
cit
y
Sig
ht
Word
s
Conce
pts
of
Pri
nt
DECODING COMPREHENSIONWord
Recognition Strategies
Fluency (A.P.E.)
Academic Language
Comprehension Strategies
MOTIVATION
Back
gro
und K
now
ledge
Synta
x &
Text
Str
uct
ure
Com
pre
hen
sion
Mon
itori
ng
(Re)o
rganiz
ing T
ext
John Shefelbine, CSU Sacramento/Developmental Studies Center/CA Reading Framework 1997, p. 20
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Fluency is derived from the Latin word fluens, which means “to
flow”.
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Fluency Defined• Fluency is the ability to accurately and
effortlessly decode written words while recognizing meaning in those words through appropriate phrasing and oral expression. (Fluency: An Oft-Neglected Goal of the Reading Program; Rasinski, 2006 )
• In reading aloud, fluent readers read accurately, effortlessly, and with expression. Their reading sounds natural, as if they are speaking.
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When the reader focuses all of his/her attention on word recognition, it drains cognitive resources, thereby leaving little room for comprehension.
Dysfluency
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3 DIMENSIONS OF FLUENCY“Readers must be able to sound out the words in a text with minimal errors. this refers to phonics and other strategies for decoding words.”
Rasinski (2004)Creating Fluent Readers
“Readers need to expend as little mental effort as possible in the decoding aspect of reading so that they can use their finite cognitive resources for meaning making.”
LaBerge & Samuels
“The reader must parse the text into syntactically and semantically appropriate units”.Rasinski (2004)
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Go “APE”The Three Dimensions of Fluency
• Accuracy
• Pacing
• Expression
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Accuracy
• Explicit phonics instruction• Developing automaticity with
decoding and recognition of words• Developed through blending routines • Practice with decodable text• Connection to Sound Spelling Cards
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Pacing
• Appropriate pacing is explicitly taught and modeled
• Students are given time to read text multiple times to practice appropriate pacing… …not speed reading!
• Daily practice
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Expression• Prosody-the music of language• Explicit instruction and modeling on how to
read text with appropriate expression• Daily practice• Focus on different aspects of expression
– Pausing, Phrasing– Inflection– Cadence
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Objectives
Content Objective:• We will learn the three elements of
fluency instruction
Language Objective:• I will describe the three elements of
fluency instruction to a partner
Riverside County Office of Education
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Language Function: Description• One of the three elements of fluency is _____• The three elements of fluency are ______,
_____, and _______. • The three elements of fluency are
___________. They are important because _________.
• Fluency is comprised of ___________. These elements are important because ___________. We must always remember ___________.
Riverside County Office of Education
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Practice is the Key to Building Automaticity!
But . . .
Practice implies that instruction has happened. As with all other skills, fluency must first be directly taught and demonstrated before students are expected to practice.
Fluency where to find it…
• Phonics Library K-2
• Reader’s Library 3-6
• I Love Reading Books: 1-2
• Decodable Books: K-2
• On My Way Practice Readers: K-2
• Theme Paperbacks: 1-6
• Practice Readers
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How do I directly teach fluency?• Think-alouds:
-Analyze text for clues to “prosody” (melodic, rhythmic speech)
• Expressive Modeling: -Discussion of choices when reading
• Phrase Cued Reading: -Adding “signals” to text
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Think-Aloud for Fluency
I notice that there are commas in this text. I will need to put short pauses there. I also notice that there is a
dash. That means that I need to add in a
longer pause to get me ready for the exciting
ending where the exclamation point is.
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Expressive Modeling
• Teacher models fluent reading daily.• Teacher reads with expression and prosody.• Teacher discusses prosodic features of text.• Teacher guides students in reading with
expression and prosody.• Teacher guides children in discussion of why
they read something as they did.
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Phrase-Cued ReadingInstructional Sequence:
– Teacher marks phrases and models reading• Chorally read—exaggerate prosody• Reread in pairs—teacher monitors• Reread as homework to parents, siblings, etc.
– Reread same passage with no marks the next day• Choral and partner practicing
– Students mark new passages by the phrase• Partner reading practice• Individual performance
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Phrase-Cued Reading• Divide text according to natural pauses within & between
sentences. • Help students recognize the syntactic chunks that are formed
by: –prepositional phrases–verbal phrases–other meaningful chunks (ideas that cluster together).
• Passages should be: –brief (100-250 words)
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The Fourth of July ParadeEvery Fourth of July, / there is a parade in our town. // It is so much fun! // There are marching bands and floats. // There are horses, / ponies, / and pets. // There are clowns and jugglers. // There are wagons and fire engines. // And most of all, / there are people, / people, / people! //
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How do I directly teach fluency?
• We will also explore: –Repeated Reading–Echo Reading–Cloze Reading –Choral Reading
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Repeated Reading
• Children read in pairs.• One child reads the text three times.• The other child reviews errors and rates
the reader on fluency on the third reading.
• The children reverse roles.
(Koskinen & Blum 1986, 70-75)
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Why Repeated Reading?
• Fluency rate increases with each reading.
• Word recognition errors drop.• Improves rate on the next passage.
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Why Repeated Readings?
• Fewer fixations (stalls) per line, taking in larger chunks of text (eye span) with each fixation
• Shorter duration of fixations, mental processing becomes faster
• Fewer regressions, moving through passage freely
Samuels, Schermer,& Reinking
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Continuum of Teacher to Student Support for Student Reading of Grade Level Text Developed by John E. Allen, Jurupa Unified School District 2005
Low Support
High Support
Student Individual Independent Reading
Teacher Read Aloud
Teacher- Directed Smaller Flexible Reading Groups
Student- Selected Text
Teacher- Selected Text
Partner Reading
Cloze Reading
Whole Class Reading
Echo Reading
Choral Reading
Student-Directed Literature Circles
Student -Selected Text
Teacher- Selected Text
Riverside County Office of Education
Modeling Fluency: The Continuum of Teacher Support
• Echo Reading –High level of support
• Cloze Reading–Medium level of support
• Choral Reading–Low level of support
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Let’s Practice Echo-Cloze-ChoralThere are many plants on our earth. Plants can be big. Plants can be small. We can’t even see some plants. They are too small. Plants need many things to grow. They need sunlight. Some plants need a lot of sunlight. Others need very little sunlight. Plants also need water to grow. Just like sunlight, some plants need a lot of water. Other plants need very little water. A cactus can live without a lot of water.
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Your Turn• Use the passage and practice fluency
instruction with a partner:–Think-alouds–Expressive Modeling–Phrase Cued Reading–Echo Reading –Cloze Reading–Choral Reading
Riverside County Office of Education
Assessing Reading Fluency
• Formally and informally• Timed grade-level passages• Accuracy and speed• Monitoring progress
Riverside County Office of Education
Assessing Fluency• Select a grade-level passage• Student reads for one minute• Compute the number of words
read in one minute• Count the number of errors• Subtract the number of errors
from the number of words read
Rate and Fluency Guidelines
Silent and Oral Words Per Minute (WPM)
Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
70-100WPM
95-130WPM
120-170WPM
66-104WPM
86-124WPM
95-130WPM
Taylor, Harris, Pearson & Garcia, 1995
Silent
Oral
Rate and Fluency Guidelines
Silent and Oral Words Per Minute (WPM)
Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7
160-210WPM
180-230WPM
180-240WPM
108-140WPM
112-145WPM
122-155WPM
Taylor, Harris, Pearson & Garcia, 1995
Silent
Oral
Riverside County Office of Education
How To Monitor Reading Fluency
Daily practice Timed repeated readings Set goals Graph fluency progress
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Identifying Appropriate Text
• Independent reading level:–95% accuracy–Misread one of every 20 words
• Read 50–200 words• Various genres
Put Reading First 2001, p. 27
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Organizing Repeated Reading
• Student fluency folders:– Graphs– Laminated text– Color coded
• Structures and routines:– Teach routines and expectations– Where to get materials
Riverside County Office of Education
Riverside County Office of Education
What Do I Do for Students Who Do Not Reach Fluency Targets?
Determine whether the problem is accuracy or fluency• Look for possible patterns:
o More than 1 error every 10 words indicates a need to look at accuracy
o Few errors but low rate - work on fluencyo Rates less than 30–40 wpm typically indicate a need for
word recognition instruction• If students are not firm on word recognition skills,
focusing on increasing speed will be counter-productiveSimmons & Kame’enui 1998
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Objectives
Content Objective:• We will learn the three elements of fluency
instructionLanguage Objective:• I will describe the three elements of fluency
instruction to a partner
Riverside County Office of Education
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Language Function: Description• One of the three elements of fluency is _____• The three elements of fluency are ______,
_____, and _______. • The three elements of fluency are
___________. They are important because _________.
• Fluency is comprised of ___________. These elements are important because ___________. We must always remember ___________.
Riverside County Office of Education
51
What Did I Learn? - KWLATopic What I Know What I Want to
KnowWhat I Learned How I will
Apply What I Learned
Fluency
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Automaticity
Fluency
Fluency Formula
Rate
Phrase
Prosody
Inflection
Academic Vocabulary
Fluency Think-AloudRepeated
Reading
Riverside County Office of Education
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