R_notes on Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Metal and Non Metals

8/11/2019 R_notes on Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Metal and Non Metals

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VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartments Sector-9; Rohn; !e" #e$h-11008%;&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+

magnetic effect of current NOTES

The region surrounding the magnet, in which the force ofthe magnet can be detected, is said to have a magneticfield.Why does a compass needle get deflected?ompass needle get deflected when brought near magnetdue to the force of the magnet.

The lines along which the iron fillings align themselvesrepresent magnetic lines of force.!agnetic field is a "uantity that has both magnitude anddirection. The direction of the magnetic field is ta#en to bethe direction in which a north pole of the compass needlemoves inside it.

The field lines emerge from the north pole and merge atthe south pole out side magnet.$nside the magnet, thedirection of field lines is from its south pole to its northpole. Thus the magnetic field lines are closed curves. Thisis why no two field%lines are found to cross each other.

!agnetic field due to current carrying conductor

The direction of magnetic field produced by the electriccurrent depends upon the direction of flow of current.$f wereverse the direction of current then the direction ofmagnetic field produced by the electric current get

changed.

The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a givenpoint increases as the current through the wireincreases.The concentric circles representing the magnetic fieldaround a current%carrying straight wire becomelarger and larger as we move away from it.

!agnetic field due to current carrying circular loop&

We #now that the magnetic field produced by a current%carrying straight wire depends inversely on the distance.We #now that the magnetic field produced by a current%carrying conductor at a given point, depends directly onthe current passing through it.

Therefore, if there is a circular coil having n turns, thefield produced is n times as large as produced by a singleturn. This is because the current in each circular turn hasthe same direction, and the field due to each turn then 'ustadds up.

(uestions )an# !agnetic effects of electric currentsolved "uestions %!agnetic effects of electric currentNE*T !agnetic Effects of urrents SO+E-(EST$ONSncert solution !agnetic Effects of Electric urrent

!agnet / substance which has the property of attractingother substances li#e iron filings and points in the northsouth direction when suspended freely is called a magnet.

!agnetic field The space around a magnet in which theforce of attraction and repulsion due to it can be detectedis called the magnetic field.

!agnetic field lines The curved paths along which thenorth pole of the compass needle moves in a magnetic

field are called magnetic field lines. !agnetic field linesare used to represent a magnetic field.

0roperties of magnetic field linesThe magnetic field lines never intersect each other becauseif they do so it means that at that point the compass needle

would point towards two directions which is not possible.

They emerge at North 0ole and merge at South 0ole.They are crowded near the poles and are far apart near themiddle.These are directed from North 0ole to South 0ole outsidethe magnet and from south to North 0ole inside the

magnet.

ompass needle / compass needle is a small bar magnetwhose ends always point towards north south direction.The end pointing towards north is called North 0ole andthe end pointing towards south is called South 0ole.

!agnetic field due to a current carrying straight wire The

straight current carrying conductor produces a magneticfield around it in the form of concentric circular field lineswith the conductor at the centre.

G_10_General SciencePage 1
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1actors affecting strength of magnetic field around acurrent carrying straight conductor. Strength of magneticfield is directly proportional to the current passing throughthe conductor and inversely proportional to the distancefrom the conductor. 2 ) a $ and ) a 34r 5

*ight hand thumb rule or !a6well7s cloc#wise rule $fwe hold a straight wire in our right hand, and if the thumbrepresents the direction of current then the fingersrepresent the direction of magnetic field lines.

!agnetic field due to current carrying circular loop or coil

When the current is passed through circular loop orcoil, the lines of force are circular near the wire butstraight and parallel near the centre of loop or coil. 1actorsaffecting magnetic field due to current carrying circularloop or coil.

!agnetic field due to current carrying circular loop at itscentre is8-irectly proportional to the current passing through it.$nversely proportional to the radius of loop.

!agnetic field due to current in a solenoid The

!agnetic field due to current carrying solenoid is similarto the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The endsof the solenoid act as North 0ole and South 0ole. The fieldlines inside the solenoid are in the form of straight parallellines.

1actors affecting !agnetic field due to current in a

solenoid

3. !agnetic field is directly proportional to the number ofturns in the coil.

9. $t is directly proportional to the current passing throughit.

:. $t is inversely proportional to the length of air gapsbetween the poles.

;. $t depends on the nature of the core material used in thesolenoid. Electromagnet.

/n electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulatedcopper wire wrapped around a soft iron core. $t is atemporary magnet as it wor#s as long as current is passed

through it. 1actors affecting the strength of magnetic fieldof an electromagnet

The strength of magnetic field of an electromagnet is 8

3. -irectly proportional to the number of turns.

9. -irectly proportional to the current flowing through it.

:. $nversely proportional to the length of air gaps betweenthe poles.

3. They are used in electrical devices such as electric bell,

electric fan, motor, and generator.

9. They are used for lifting and transporting large mass ofiron.

:. They are used in medical practices for removing piecesof iron from wound and used in !*$.

0ermanent magnets/ permanent magnet is made from steel alloys li#e carbonsteel, chromium steel, cobalt steel, etc. They are wea#erthan electromagnets and their strength and polarity cannot

be changed. 1orce on a current carrying conductor in amagnetic field.

/ current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic fielde6peri% ences a force due to the interaction between %%%a. !agnetic field due to current carrying conductor and

b. E6ternal magnetic field in which conductor is placed.

1orce on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field/ current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic fielde6peri% ences a force due to the interaction between

a. !agnetic field due to current carrying conductor and

b. E6ternal magnetic field in which conductor is placed.

1lemming7s +eft


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on the coil which rotates it continuously. Electromagnetic

induction. The production of electric current by moving astraight conductor in a magnetic field is calledelectromagnetic induction. $t is the production ofelectricity from magnetism.

1lemming7s *ight 0E / !/=NET$ 1$E+- and

1$E+- +$NES

3. What effects do you e6pect on passing current through aconductor?9.


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Will you e6perience any magnetic field moving along this

"ueue of electrons?3B. an we separate north pole and south pole of amagnet?3C. What will happen if we brea# a bar magnet into twoe"ual halves?

3D. !agnetic fields in two different regionsdescribed by magnetic field lines as shown below.

What conclusion one can draw about the magnetic fields

in region 3 and 9?9. -etect the north pole of the bar magnet, show below?

T>0E )!/=NET$ 1$E+- -E TO **ENT/**>$N= ON-TO*

3. Show the magnetic field pattern produced due to astraight current carrying conductor.9. Which rule can help us to find the direction of magnetic

field lines around a straight current carrying conductor?:. What factors influence the magnetic field around acurrent carrying conductor?;. What is a solenoid? 0E !/=NET$ 1O*E /N- E+ET*$!OTO*

3. On what factors, does the force e6perienced by a currentcarrying conductor placed inside a magnetic field,depends?9.


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3:. / bar magnet is placed inside a uniformmagnetic field as shown below.

What type of motion do you e6pect from the bar magnet?3. What will happen if we change the split ring by twodifferent complete rings in an electric motor?3A. What will happen if we use circular coil instead of

rectangular coil in armature of an electric generator?

3B. an we differentiate magnetic field lines formed dueto a bar magnet and a current carrying solenoid using acompass?3C. $f a current carrying conductor e6periences a force2action5 on placing it in a magnetic field then

which component e6periences its reaction as per theNewton7s third law?3D. $f we halve the number of turns in a current carryingsolenoid without changing anything else, what will be thedifference in force e6perienced on placing it in a magneticfield from the previous case?

9. What will happen to the rotation of armature if we&82a5 increase the number of rectangular turns? 2b5 increase

the magnetic pole strength?2c5 decrease the current through armature coil?

T>0EF - E+ET*O!/=NET$ $N-T$ON /N-

E+ET*$ =ENE*/TO*3. E6plain the wor#ing of a galvanometer?9. What is electromagnetic induction? -esign ane6periment to describe this phenomenon.:. )y how many different means one can induce current ina conductor?

;. What do you mean by /.. 2/lternating urrent5?. State the principle on which electric generator wor#s.A. E6plain the wor#ing of an electric generator using a

labeled diagram.B. $f a bar magnet is moving with a constant speed withrespect to a solenoid connected to a galvanometer. What

do you e6pect to observe?C. What is the difference between an /.. and a -..electric generator?D.


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possible.

2(.5 =ive two methods by which we can increase thestrength of magnetic field produced by a circular coilcarrying current?2/ns5 The two methods by which we can increase thestrength of magnetic field are given below&%

3. )y increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil.9. )y increasing the current flowing through the coil.2(.5 What are the patterns of magnetic field lines insideand outside of a solenoid? What do they indicate?2/ns5 2i5The field lines inside the solenoid are parallelstraight lines. This indicates that the magnetic field isuniform and is therefore, same at all points inside it.

2ii5The field lines outside the solenoid are curved lines.This indicates that the magnetic field is non%uniform.2(.5 What are the factors which govern the forcee6perienced by a current carrying conductor placed in auniform magnetic field depends?2/ns5 The factors which govern the force e6periced by

conductor which is placed in a uniform magnetic fieldare&%3. strength of the magnetic field in which conductor isplaced.9. strength of current flowing through the conductor.:. length of conductor.

2(.5 -istinguish between an electric motor and generator?2/ns5 The ma'or differences between an electric motorand generator are stated below&Electric !otor

=enerator3. $t converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

9. $t needs electrical energy for its wor#ing.

:. They are used as water pumps, marble grinders e.t.c=enerator3. $t converts mechanical energy into electrical energy9. $t needs mechanical energy for its wor#ing.:. They are used as water pumps, marble grinders e.t.c

:. -iesel generator, hydro%electric generator are thee6amples of it.2(.5 Why mostly all electrical home appliances li#erefrigerator, toaster etc. are provided with a wire havinggreen insulation?

2/ns5 Earth wire is the insulated green coloured copperwire which is connected to a metal plate deep inside the

earth near the house. $t is used as a safety measure.$t is #ept at Iero potential by connecting it to the ground,thus, providing a low%resistance conducting path for thecurrent.

When by electric fault, if current flows through themetallic body of electric appliance and we touch it, thencurrent finds the lower resistance path of earth wire thanour body. So, current flows through earth wire only andwe remain safe.2(.5 -escribe domestic household circuit.

2/ns5 1rom an electric pole or underground cables, wereceive electric supply in our homes. -omestic electriccircuit consists of three main wires.The wire with red

insulation is called live wire.The wire with blac# insulation is called neutral wire.

0otential difference between the neutral and the live wire

is 99 .The wire with green insulation is called earth wire. $t isconnected to a metallic body deep inside the earth./ccording to new $nternational onvention, insulation oflive wire should be of brown colour whereas neutral and

earth wires should be of light blue and green 2or yellow5insulation cover. $n our homes, we receive / electricpower of 99 with a fre"uency of


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;.$t is prepared from soft iron. ;.$t is

prepared from hard steel.2(.5 What do you understand by magnetic effect ofelectric current?2/ns5 The phenomenon due to which, a wire behaves li#ea magnet when electric current is passed through it, is

called as the magnetic effect of electric current.2(.5 E6plain !a6wellJs right hand thumb rule?2/ns5 /ccording to !a6wellJs right hand thumb rule,K$f we hold the current%carrying conductor in our righthand in such a way that the thumb is stretched along thedirection of the current, then the curled fingers give thedirection of the magnetic field produced by the currentL,

2(.5 What are the properties of magnetic field due to acurrent through a straight wire?2/ns5 The properties ofmagnetic field due to a current through a straight wire are&3. The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at agiven point increases as the current through the wireincreases.

9. The magnetic field produced by a given current in theconductor decreases as the distance from it increases.:. The concentric circles representing the magnetic fieldaround a current%carrying straight wire become larger andlarger as we move away from it.;. $f the direction of the current is reversed in the wire, the

lines will still be circular, but the directions of the lineswill be reversed, which can be verified using the compassneedle.2(.5 Which rule is used find the direction of the force on aconductor in a magnetic field. E6plain?/ns5 To find thedirection of the force on a conductor in a magnetic field, a

simple rule #nown as 1lemingJs left%hand rule is used.

/ccording to 1lemingJs left%hand rule, if you stretch thethumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left hand suchthat they are mutually at right angles, $f the 1irst fingerpoints in the direction of the field. The second fingerrepresents the direction of the current 2in the classical

direction, from positive to negative5, then the thumb willpoint in the direction of the force acting on the conductoror in the direction of the resultant motion. Thish rule isused to #now the direction of the induced current(. =ive characteristics of magnetic field lines./ns& 2i5 They represent the magnetic field.

2ii5 They are directed from north to South 0ole outside amagnet and from south to North 0ole inside a magnet.

2iii5 The field lines are closed curves.2iv5 The strength of magnetic field in a region isdetermined by closeness of the field lines in that region.2v5 The closer the field lines are, greater will be the field

strength and vice8versa.2vi5 No two field lines ever cross each other as it wouldmean two different directions of field at point ofintersection, which is not possible.2viii5 The parallel lines represent the uniform magneticfield whereas converging lines or diverging lines

represents the non uniform magnetic field.(.5 What do you mean by electromagnetic induction?2/ns5 MThe process, due to which a changing magnetic

field in a conductor induces a current in anotherconductor, is called electromagnetic inductionM.

(. / current through a horiIontal power line flows in

north to south direction.What is the direction of magneticfield 2i5at a point directly below it and 2ii5at a pointdirectly above it?/ns. 2i5 West to East 2ii5 East to West(. / straight wire carrying electric current is moving out

of plane of paper and is perpendicular to it. What is thedirection and type of induced magnetic field?/ns . $nduced magnetic field will be in the form ofconcentric circles in the plane of paper.(.


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perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.

Obviously, the force acting on an electron is opposite tothat. Therefore in this case it is into the page.(. / coil of insulated copper wire is connected to agalvanometer. What would happen if a bar magnet is 2i50ushed into the coil? 2ii5 Withdrawn from inside the coil?

2iii5 es, /lpha particles being positivelycharged constitutes a current in the direction of motion. 2ii5 No. The neutrons being electrically neutralconstitute no current.(. !eena draws magnetic field lines of field close to thea6is of a current carrying circular loop. /s she moves

away from the centre of the circular loop she observes thatthe lines #eep on diverging.


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alternating current.

2(.5 E6plain the construction and wor#ing of electricmotor?2/ns5 onstruction& /n ordinary electric motor consists ofan armature /)- 2a coil of large number of turns5wound on an iron core.The armature is placed in a strong

magnetic field.The ends of the armature are connected totwo halves 20 and (5 of a split ring.$n electric motors, thesplit ring acts as a commutator 2a device that reverses thedirection of flow of current through a circuit is calledcommutator5. 0 and ( are in contact with carbon brushesG and >, respectively.The carbon brushes are thenconnected to a battery and a #ey.

Wor#ing&/s soon as the #ey is closed, the current in arm

/) of the coil flows from / to ) and the current in arm

- flows from to -./ccording to 1leming7s +eft%5 touch the gap between 0 and (. Thecoil does not stop rotating as it has gained momentum andit goes beyond the vertical position. When coil goesbeyond vertical position, the direction of current along thearms /) and - is reversed .Therefore, the direction of

force acting on /) and - gets reversed. Now, /) movesup and - goes down. /gain, due to momentum, the

armature continues its anticloc#wise rotation. 1inally, thecoil reaches its initial position. The cycle continues as longas there is flow of electric current through the armature./n a6le can be attached to the rotating split ring which can

be used to do wor#.

(. Why does a magnetic compass needle pointing Northand South in the absence of a nearby magnet get deflectedwhen a bar magnet or a current carrying loop is brought

near it. -escribe some salient features of magnetic lines offield concept./ns& urrent carrying loops behave li#e bar magnets and

both have their associated lines of field. This modifies thealready e6isting earth7s magnetic field and a deflectionresults. !agnetic field has both direction and magnitude.

diagrammatically by the degree of closeness of the field

lines. 1ield lines cannot cross each other as two values ofnet field at a single point cannot e6ist. Only one value, auni"ue net value, can e6ist. $f in a given region, lines offield are shown to be parallel and e"uispaced, the field isunderstood to be uniform.

+/SS G $mportant (uestions )an# !agnetic effects ofelectric currentOne mar# (uestions&0art 33.


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2(.5 What is a magnet? 2 3 mar# 5

2(.A5 What is the S$ unit of induced current? 2 3 mar# 52(.B5 What is the fre"uency of d.c current? 2 3 mar# 52(.C5 What is the fre"uency of a.c current that you use inyour house? 2 3 mar# 52(.D5 What is magnetic field? 2 3 mar# 5

2(.35 There is a battery operated toy, what #ind of motoris being used in it? 2 3 mar# 52(.335 =ive two e6ample of devices in which d.c motor isused. 2 3 mar# 52(.395 =ive two e6amples in which a.c motor is used. 2 3mar# 52(.3:5 What is generator? 2 3 mar# 5

2(.3;5 What is motor? 2 3 mar# 52(.35 When the current in a wire moves from south tonorth, the direction of the deflection in the magneticneedle parallel to the wire will be&2 3 mar# 52a5 East to west 2b5 West to east 2c5 East tonorth 2d5 West to south

2(.3A5 !agnetic field is a "uantity that has both directionand magnitude. 0ic# out the incorrect statement2 3 mar# 52a5 The magnetic field lines emerge from north pole andmerge at the south pole.2b5 $nside the magnet, the direction of field lines is fromits south pole to its north pole.

2c5 $nside the magnet, the direction of field lines is from itsnorth pole to its south pole.2d5 No two field lines intersect each other and the field isstrongest where the field lines are crowded.2(.3B5 The region surrounding a magnet, in which theforce of the magnet can be detected is said to have2 3 mar#

5

2a5 !agnetic field 2b5 Electric field 2c5!agnetic poles 2d5 Electric poles2(.3C5 Which of the following is not the special featuresof magnets? 2 3 mar# 52a5 They align in the North 8South direction when

suspended freely.2b5 They have two distinct North and South poles.2c5 +i#e poles attract each other and unli#e poles repeleach other.2d5 The magnetic field lines produced due to a magnet areclosed curves.

2(.3D5 -irection of the force e6perienced by a current%carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field is

dependent on 2 3 mar# 52a5 -irection of the current alone2b5 -irection of the magnetic field alone2c5 -irection of current as well as the direction of

magnetic field2d5 -irection of electric field2(.95 The magnitude of the force e6perienced by acurrent%carrying conductor when placed in a magneticfield will be2 3 mar# 52a5 !a6imum if the directions of current and magnetic

field are perpendicular to each other2b5 !inimum if the directions of current and magneticfield are perpendicular to each other

2c5 !a6imum if the directions of current and magneticfield are opposite to each other 2d5 !a6imum if the

directions of current and magnetic field are same

2(.935 Which of the following is not true for an electricgenerator2 3 mar# 52a5 onverts mechanical energy into electrical energy.2b5 Wor#s on the basis of electromagnetic induction.2c5 an be used to generate / or -.

2d5 onverts electrical energy to mechanical energy2(.995 /n alpha particle is pro'ected towards west andgets deflected towards north by a magnetic field. Thedirection of the magnetic field is 2 3 mar# 52a5 Towards south 2b5 Towards east 2c5-ownwards 2d5 pwards2(.9:5 /n electric current through a metallic conductor

produces a4an FFFFFFFFF around it. 2 3 mar# 52a5 Electric field 2b5 !agnetic field 2c5Electromagnetic effect. 2d5 =ravitational field2(.9;5 / straight conducting wire is placed parallel to andover a compass needle. The deflection in the needle 2 3mar# 5

2a5 )ecomes opposite when the direction of the current isreversed2b5 *emains in the same direction even on reversing thedirection of current2c5 Peeps fluctuating on passage of current in anydirection

2d5 $s negligible on reversing the direction of current2(.95 /t every point of a current carrying circular loop,the concentric circles representing the magnetic fieldsaround it would become2 3 mar# 52a5 +arger and larger as we move away from the wire.2b5 So large at the centre of circular loop that they loo#

li#e straight lines.

2c5 Smaller and smaller as we go away from the wire.2d5 There is no fi6ed pattern for circles2(.9A5 Which of the following statements is not true?2 3mar# 52a5 The pattern of the magnetic field around a conductor

due to an electric current flowing through it depends onthe shape of the conductor.2b5 The magnetic field of a solenoid carrying a current issimilar to that of a bar magnet.2c5 !agnitude of magnetic field is directly proportional tothe "uantity of current flowing through the current.

2d5 !agnetic field produced by the passage of currentthrough a straight wire is permanent.

2(.9B5 !agnetic field produced inside a solenoid are sostrong that 2 3 mar# 52a5 They can be used to magnetiIe a magnetic material,when placed inside the coil.

2b5 They can be used to magnetiIe a magnetic material,when placed near the coil.2c5 They are still not able to magnetiIe a magneticmaterial. 2d5 They become permanent.2(.9C5 $ncrease in number of turns of a coil in the solenoidwill2 3 mar# 5

2a5


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FFFFFFFFFFF wrapped around with a coil of FFFFFFFF

copper wire.2 3 mar# 52a5 Soft iron, insulated 2b5 /luminum, $nsulated 2c5Soft iron, uncovered 2d5 !agnet, uncovered2(.:5 / current%carrying conductor when placed in amagnetic field e6periences 2 3 mar# 5

2a5 /n acceleration 2b5 / force 2c5 -emagnetiIation 2d5 $t always remains in e"uilibrium2(.:35 /n electric motor is a device2 3 mar# 52a5 That converts electrical energy into #inetic energy2b5 That converts electrical energy to mechanical energy2c5 There is no energy conversion of one form to another.2d5 That converts sound energy to light energy.

2(.:95 Which of the following statements cannot berelated to the construction of an electric motor? 2 3 mar# 52a5 / rectangular coil of insulated copper wire is placedbetween the two poles of a magnetic field such that two ofits parallel sides are perpendicular to the direction of themagnetic field.

2b5 The ends of the coil are connected to the two halves ofa split ring.2c5 The inner insulated sides are attached to a6le whereasthe e6ternal conducting edges touch two conductingstationary brushes.2d5 The coil and the a6le continuously rotate in one

direction.2(.::5 The direction of the induced current is given by2 3mar# 52a5 *ight


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.


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3. What is a magnetic field? What are field lines around amagnet?

9. +ist the characteristic properties of magnetic field lines.

:. S#etch the pattern of magnetic field lines around a barmagnet.

;. S#etch the pattern of magnetic field lines around acurrent%carrying straight conductor and state the factors onwhich the strength of magnetic field depends.

. State right hand thumb rule to find the direction ofmagnetic field around a current 8carrying straightconductor.


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9A.


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!etals and Non%metals

Elements are divided mainly into two groups on the basisof physical and chemical properties 8 !etal and Non%metal.0hysical 0roperties of !etals&%


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When steam is passed over magnesium metal, magnesium

o6ide and hydrogen gas are formed.

25 *eaction of aluminium metal with water&*eaction ofaluminium metal with cold water is too slow to come into

notice. )ut when steam is passed over aluminium metalRaluminium o6ide and hydrogen gas are produced.

2A5 *eaction of Iinc metal with water&Qinc metalproduces Iinc o6ide and hydrogen gas when steam ispassed over it. Qinc does not react with cold water.

2B5 *eaction of $ron with water&*eaction of iron with coldwater is very slow and come into notice after a long time.

$ron forms rust 2iron o6ide5 when reacts with moisturepresent in atmosphere.

$ron o6ide and hydrogen gas are formed by passing ofsteam over iron metal.

Other metals usually do not react with water or react veryslowly.lass ten Science )SE!etals and Non%metals!etals&% hemical 0roperties& 0art%$$

*eaction of metals with dilute acid&%!etals form respective salts when react with dilute acid.

E6ample&235 *eaction of sodium metal with dilute acid&Sodiummetal gives sodium chloride and hydrogen gas when reactwith dilute hydrochloric acid.

295 *eaction of potassium with dilute sulphuric acid&%0otassium sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed whenpotassium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.

2:5 *eaction of magnesium metal with dilute hydrochloricacid&%!agnesium chloride and hydrogen gas are formedwhen magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

2;5 *eaction of aluminium with dilute hydrochloric acid&%/luminium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed.

25 *eaction of Iinc with dilute sulphuric acid&%Qinc

sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when Iinc reacts

with dilute sulphuric acid. This method is used inlaboratory to produce hydrogen gas.

opperopper, gold and silver are #nown as noble metals.

These do not react with water or dilute acids.!etal O6ides 8 hemical 0roperties&%!etal o6ides are basic in nature. /"ueous solution ofmetal o6ides turns red litmus blue.*eaction of metal o6ides with water&!ost of the metal o6ides are insoluble in water. /l#ali

metal o6ides are soluble in water. /l#ali metal o6ides givestrong base when dissolved in water.E6ample&235 *eaction of sodium o6ide with water&%Sodium o6idegives sodium hydro6ide when reacts with water.

Sodium hydro6ide is a strong base.

295 *eaction of magnesium o6ide with water&%!agnesium

o6ide gives magnesium hydro6ide with water.

2:5 *eaction of potassium o6ide with water&0otassiumo6ide gives potassium hydro6ide when reacts with water.

2;5 *eaction of Iinc o6ide and aluminium o6ide&/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are insoluble in water./luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are amphoteric in nature.

/n amphoteric substance shows both acidic and basiccharacter. $t reacts with base li#e acid and reacts with acid

li#e a base.When Iinc o6ide reacts with sodium hydro6ide, it behavesli#e an acid. $n this reaction, sodium Iicate and water areformed.

Qinc o6ide behaves li#e a base when reacts with acid. Qinco6ide gives Iinc chloride and water on reaction withhydrochloric acid.

$n similar way aluminium o6ide behaves li#e a base whenreacts with an acid and behaves li#e an acid when reactswith a base./luminium o6ide gives sodium aluminate along withwater when reacts with sodium hydro6ide.

/lumin/luminium o6ide gives aluminium chloride alongwith water when reacts with hydrochloric acid.

lass ten Science )SE

!etals and Non%metals!etals&% hemical 0roperties& 0art%$$



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*eaction of metals with dilute acid&%

!etals form respective salts when react with dilute acid.

E6ample&235 *eaction of sodium metal with dilute acid&Sodiummetal gives sodium chloride and hydrogen gas when react

with dilute hydrochloric acid.

295 *eaction of potassium with dilute sulphuric acid&%0otassium sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed whenpotassium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.

2:5 *eaction of magnesium metal with dilute hydrochloricacid&%!agnesium chloride and hydrogen gas are formedwhen magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

2;5 *eaction of aluminium with dilute hydrochloric acid&%/luminium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed.

25 *eaction of Iinc with dilute sulphuric acid&%Qincsulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when Iinc reactswith dilute sulphuric acid. This method is used in

laboratory to produce hydrogen gas.

opperopper, gold and silver are #nown as noble metals.These do not react with water or dilute acids.!etal O6ides 8 hemical 0roperties&%!etal o6ides are basic in nature. /"ueous solution ofmetal o6ides turns red litmus blue.

*eaction of metal o6ides with water&!ost of the metal o6ides are insoluble in water. /l#alimetal o6ides are soluble in water. /l#ali metal o6ides givestrong base when dissolved in water.E6ample&235 *eaction of sodium o6ide with water&%Sodium o6ide

gives sodium hydro6ide when reacts with water.

Sodium hydro6ide is a strong base.295 *eaction of magnesium o6ide with water&%!agnesiumo6ide gives magnesium hydro6ide with water.

2:5 *eaction of potassium o6ide with water&0otassiumo6ide gives potassium hydro6ide when reacts with water.

2;5 *eaction of Iinc o6ide and aluminium o6ide&

/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are insoluble in water./luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are amphoteric in nature.

/n amphoteric substance shows both acidic and basic

character. $t reacts with base li#e acid and reacts with acidli#e a base.When Iinc o6ide reacts with sodium hydro6ide, it behavesli#e an acid. $n this reaction, sodium Iicate and water areformed.

Qinc o6ide behaves li#e a base when reacts with acid. Qinco6ide gives Iinc chloride and water on reaction withhydrochloric acid.

$n similar way aluminium o6ide behaves li#e a base whenreacts with an acid and behaves li#e an acid when reacts

with a base./luminium o6ide gives sodium aluminate along withwater when reacts with sodium hydro6ide.

/lumin/luminium o6ide gives aluminium chloride alongwith water when reacts with hydrochloric acid.

!etals and Non%metalsNon%!etals& 0hysical and hemical 0roperties0hysical properties of non%metals


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2:5 Sulphur gives sulphur dio6ide when react with o6ygen.

Sulphur caught fire when e6posed to air.

2:5 When hydrogen reacts with o6ygen it gives water.

Non%metal o6ide&%Non%metal o6ides are acidic in nature. Solution of non%

metal o6ides turns blue litmus red.arbon dio6ide gives carbonic acid when dissolved inwater.

Sulphur dio6ide gives sulphurous acid when dissolved inwater.

Sulphur dio6ide gives sulphur trio6ide when reacts with

o6ygen.

Sulphur trio6ide gives sulphuric acid when dissolved inwater.

*eaction of non%metal with chlorine&Non metals give respective chloride when react with

chlorine gas.

JE6ample&


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Number of electrons in outermost orbit H 3

alence electrons H Electrons in outermost orbit H 3/tomic number of chlorine H 3BElectronic configuration of chlorine& 9, C, BElectrons in outermost orbit H BTherefore, valence electrons H B

Sodium has one valence electron and chlorine has sevenvalence electrons. Sodium re"uires to loose one electron toobtain stable configuration and chlorine re"uires to gainone electron in order to obtain stable electronicconfiguration. Thus, in order to obtain stable configuration

sodium transfers one electron to chlorine./fter loss of one electron sodium gets one positive charge25 and chlorine gets one negative charge after gain of oneelectron.Sodium chloride is formed because of transfer of electron.Thus, ionic bond is formed between sodium and chlorine.

Since, sodium chloride is formed because of ionic bond,thus it is called ionic compound.

$n similar way potassium chloride 2Pl5 is formed.295 1ormation of !agnesium hloride 2!gl95&%The atomic number of magnesium is 39Electronic configuration of magnesium& 9, C, 9

Number of electrons in outermost orbit H 9alence electron H 9/tomic number of chlorine H 3BElectronic configuration of chlorine& 9, C, BElectrons in outermost orbit H BTherefore, valence electrons H B

!agnesium loses two electrons in order to obtain stableelectronic configuration. Each of the two chlorine atomsgains one electron lost by magnesium to obtain stableelectronic configuration.The bonds so formed between magnesium and chlorine are

ionic bonds and compound 2magnesium chloride5 is anionic compound.2:5 1ormation of calcium chloride& 2al95&

/tomic number of calcium is 9.

Electronic configuration of calcium& 9, C, C, 9Number of electrons in outermost orbit H 9alence electron H 9alence electrons of chlorine H Balcium loses two electrons in order to achieve stable

electronic configuration. Each of the two chlorine atomson the other hand gains one electron losing from calciumto get stability. )y losing of two electrons calcium getstwo positive charges over it. Each of the chlorine atomsgets one positive charge over it.

The bonds formed in the calcium chloride are ionic bondsand compound 2calcium chloride5 is an ionic compound.$n similar way )arium chloride is formed.2;5 1ormation of alcium o6ide 2aO5&/tomic number of calcium is 9.

Electronic configuration of calcium& 9, C, C, 9Number of electrons in outermost orbit H 9alence electron H 9/tomic number of o6ygen is CElectronic configuration of o6ygen is& 9, ANumber of electrons in outermost orbit H A

alence electron H A

alcium loses two electrons and gets two positive chargesover it in order to get stability. O6ygen gains twoelectronsR lost by calcium and thus gets two negativecharges over it.)ond formed between calcium o6ide is ionic bond.alcium o6ide is an ionic compound.

$n similar way magnesium o6ide is formed.

0roperties of $onic compound&$onic compounds are solid. $onic bond has greater force ofattraction because of which ions attract each otherstrongly. This ma#es ionic compounds solid.$onic compounds are brittle.

$onic compounds have high melting and boiling pointsbecause force of attraction between ions of ioniccompounds is very strong.$onic compounds generally dissolve in water.$onic compounds are generally insoluble in organicsolventsR li#e #erosene, petrol, etc.

$onic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state.Solution of ionic compounds in water conducts electricity.

This happens because ions present in the solution of ionic



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compound facilitate the passage of electricity by moving

towards opposite electrodes.$onic compounds conduct electricity in its molten state.!etals and Non%metalsOccurance and E6traction of !etalsSource of metal&%!etals occur in earth7s crust and in sea

waterR in the form of ores. Earth7s crust is the ma'or sourceof metal. Sea water contains many saltsR such as sodiumchloride, magnesium chloride, etc.!ineral&%!inerals are naturally occurring substanceswhich have uniform composition.Ores&%The minerals from which a metal can be profitablye6tracted are called ores.

!etals found at the bottom of reactivity series are leastreactive and they are often found in nature in free%stateRsuch as gold, silver, copper, etc. opper and silver are alsofound in the form of sulphide and o6ide ores.!etals found in the middle of reactivity series, such as Qn,1e, 0b, etc. are usually found in the form of o6ides,

sulphides or carbonates.!etals found at the top of the reactivity series are neverfound in free%state as they are very reactive, e.g. P, Na,a, !g and /l, etc.!any metals are found in the form of o6ides becauseo6ygen is abundant in nature and is very reactive.

E6traction of !etals!etals can be categoriIed into three parts on the basis oftheir reactivity& most reactive, medium reactive and leastreactive.Steps of E6traction of !etals

oncentration of ores&%*emoval of impurities, such as

soil, sand, stone, silicates, etc. from mined ore is #nown asoncentration of Ores.Ores which are mined often contain many impurities.These impurities are called gangue. 1irst of all,concentration is done to remove impurities from ores.

oncentration of ores is also #nown as enrichment of ores.0rocess of concentration depends upon physical andchemical properties of ores. =ravity separation,electromagnetic separation, froth flotation process, etc. aresome e6amples of the processes which are applied forconcentration of ores.onversion of metals ores into o6ides&

$t is easy to obtain metals from their o6ides. So, oresfound in the form of sulphide and carbonates are firstconverted to their o6ides by the process of roasting andcalcination. O6ides of metals so obtained are convertedinto metals by the process of reduction.*oasting&%


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E6traction of !etals of middle reactivity&%$ron, Iinc, lead, etc. are found in the form of carbonate orsulphide ores. arbonate or sulphide ores of metals arefirst converted into respective o6ides and then o6ides arereduced to respective metals.

E6traction of Iinc&Qinc blende 2QnS& Iinc sulphide5 andsmithsonite or Iinc spar or calamine 2QnO:& Iinccarbonate5 are ores of Iinc. Qinc blende is roasted to beconverted into Iinc o6ide. Qinc spar is put undercalcination to be converted into Iinc o6ide.

Qinc o6ide so obtained is reduced to Iinc metal by heating

with carbon 2a reducing agent5.E6traction of iron from


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pure metal from anode move towards cathode and is

deposited over it. $mpuritiesR present in metal are settlednear the bottom of anode in the solution. Settled impuritiesin the solution are called anode mud.

orrosion&!ost of the metals #eep on reacting with the atmosphericair. This leads to formation of a layer over the metal. $n thelong run, the underlying layers of the metal #eep ongetting lost due to conversion into o6ides or sulphides orcarbonate, etc. /s a result, the metal gets eaten up. This

process is called corrosion.*usting of $ron&*usting of iron is the most common formof corrosion. When iron articlesR li#e gate, grill, fencing,etc. come in contact with moisture present in air, the upperlayer of iron turns into iron o6ide. $ron o6ide is brown%redin color and is #nown as rust. This phenomenon is called

rusting of iron.$f rusting is not prevented in time, the whole iron articlewould turn into iron o6ide. This is also #nown ascorrosion of iron. *usting of iron gives huge loss everyyear.

0revention of *usting&1or rusting, iron must come in contact with o6ygen andwater. *usting is prevented by preventing the reaction

between atmospheric moisture and the iron article. Thiscan be done by painting, greasing, galvaniIation,electroplating, etc.

NE*T $n Te6t Solutions(uestion 8 3% =ive an e6ample of a metal which2i5 is a li"uid at room temperature./nswer& !ercury2ii5 can be easily cut with a #nife./nswer& Sodium

2iii5 is the best conductor of heat./nswer& Silver2iv5 is a poor conductor of heat./nswer& +ead

(uestion 8 9% E6plain the meanings of malleable andductile.

/nswer& !alleable& !etals can be beaten into thin sheetsand hence they are called malleable.-uctile& !etals can be drawn into thin wires and hencethey are called ductile./ malleable metal is also ductile and these properties arepresent in almost all the metals.

(uestion 8 :% Why is sodium #ept immersed in #eroseneoil?/nswer& Sodium is a highly reactive metal and it reactsvigorously with water even at room temperature. Sodiumis so reactive that it can even react with the atmospheric

moisture. This reaction is highly e6othermic whichproduces fire as well. Sodium is #ept immersed in

#erosene oil to prevent its reaction with water and to

prevent accidental fire.(uestion 8 ; % Write e"uations for the reactions of2i5 iron with steam/nswer&

2ii5 calcium and potassium with water/nswer&

(uestion 8 % Samples of four metals /, ), and - wereta#en and added to the following solution one by one. Theresults obtained have been tabulated as follows.

se the Table above to answer the following "uestionsabout metals /, ), and -.2i5 Which is the most reactive metal?/nswer& ) is the most reactive metal

2ii5 What would you observe if ) is added to a solution ofopper2$$5 sulphate?/nswer& When ) is added to copper 2$$5 sulphate solution,it displaces copper.2iii5 /rrange the metals /, ), and - in the order ofdecreasing reactivity.

/nswer& ) V / V V -NE*T $n Te6t Solutions 20art % 95(uestion 8 A % Which gas is produced when dilutehydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write thechemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute


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2i5 Write the electron%dot structures for sodium, o6ygen

and magnesium.2ii5 Show the formation of Na9O and !gO by the transferof electrons.2iii5 What are the ions present in these compounds?/nswer&

Electronic dot structure of Na 2335&

Electronic dot structure of O 2C5&

Electronic dot structure of !g 2395&

(uestion 8 D % Why do ionic compounds have highmelting points?

/nswer& The force of attraction in ionic bonds is very

strong and it is difficult to overcome that force. ou are given a hammer, a battery, abulb, wires and a switch.

2a5


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NE*T E6ercise Solution 20art 95

(uestion %A. What are amphoteric o6ides? =ive twoe6amples of amphoteric o6ides./nswer& Some o6ides show both acidic and basiccharacters. Such o6ides are called amphoteric o6ides./mphoteric o6ide reacts with acid as well as with base to

form salt.E6ample 8/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are e6amples ofamphoteric o6ide.When aluminium o6ide reacts with a base, it gives salt andwater.

When aluminium o6ide reacts with an acid it gives saltand water.

(uestion %B. Name two metals which will displace

hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which willnot./nswer& Sodium and Iinc can displace hydrogen fromdilute acids. On the other hand, copper and silver do notdisplace hydrogen from dilute acids.(uestion %C. $n the electrolytic refining of a metal !, what

would you ta#e as the anode, the cathode and theelectrolyte?/nswer& / rod of impure metal ! would be used as anodeand a thin strip of pure metal ! would be used as cathode./ water soluble salt of metal ! would be used aselectrolyte.

(uestion %D. 0ratyush too# sulphur powder on a spatulaand heated it.


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the detective to find out the nature of the solution he had

used?/nswer& We #now that goldsmiths use a"ua%regia to cleangold ornaments. While cleaning a gold ornament witha"ua%regiaR some of the gold gets dissolved in it. Thisresults in some weight loss of the gold ornament. That is

what happened in the given case.(uestion %3A. =ive reasons why copper is used to ma#ehot water tan#s and not steel 2an alloy of iron5./nswer& $ron reacts with hot water but copper does not.!oreover, copper is a very good conductor of heat. -ue tothese reasonsR copper 2rather than steel5 is used to ma#ehot water tan#s.

Solution of NE*T E6emplar 0roblemsE6emplar 0roblems % !ultiple hoice (uestions 20art 35(uestion& 3 % Which of the following property is generallynot shown by metals?Electrical conductionSonorous in nature

-ullness-uctility/nswer& 2c5 -ullness(uestion& 9 % The ability of metals to be drawn into thinwire is #nown as-uctility

!alleabilitySonorousityonductivity/nswer& 2a5 -uctility(uestion& : % /luminium is used for ma#ing coo#ingutensils. Which of the following properties of aluminium

are responsible for the same?

=ood thermal conductivity=ood electrical conductivity-uctility


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P

2i5 and 2ii52i5 and 2iii52ii5 and 2iii52iii5 and 2iv5/nswer& 2d5 2iii5 and 2iv5

(uestion& 3: % Silver articles become blac# on prolongede6posure to air. This is due to the formation of/g:N/g9O/g9S/g9S and /g:N/nswer& 2c5 /g9S

(uestion& 3; % =alvanisation is a method of protectingiron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of=allium/luminiumQincSilver

/nswer& 2c5 Qinc(uestion& 3 % Stainless steel is very useful material forour life. $n stainless steel, iron is mi6ed withNi and ru and rNi and u

u and /u/nswer& 2a5 Ni and r(uestion& 3A % $f copper is #ept in open air, it slowly losesits shining brown surface and gains a green coating. $t isdue to the formation ofuSO;uO:

u2NO:59uO/nswer& 2d5 uO(uestion& 3B % =enerally, metals are solid in nature. Whichone of the following metals is found in li"uid state at room

temperature?Na1er


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(uestion& 9B % Which among the following statements is

incorrect for magnesium metal?$t burns in o6ygen with a daIIling white flame$t reacts with cold water to form magnesium o6ide andevolves hydrogen gas$t reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydro6ide and

evolves hydrogen gas$t reacts with steam to form magnesium hydro6ide andevolves hydrogen gas/nswer& 2b5 $t reacts with cold water to form magnesiumo6ide and evolves hydrogen gas(uestion& 9C% Which among the following alloys containmercury as one of its constituents?

Stainless steel/lnicoSolderQinc amalgam/nswer& 2d5 Qinc amalgam(uestion& 9D % *eaction between G and >, forms

compound Q. G loses electron and > gains electron. Whichof the following properties is not shown by Q? is a metal

Q is a non%metal

> is a non%metal and Q is a metal/nswer& 2d5 > is a non%metal and Q is a metal(uestion& :3% /lthough metals form basic o6ides, whichof the following metals form an amphoteric o6ide?Na

a/lu/nswer& 2c5 /l(uestion& :9% =enerally, non%metals are not conductors ofelectricity. Which of the following is a good conductor of

electricity?-iamond

=raphiteSulphur1ullerene/nswer& 2b5 =raphite

(uestion& :: % Electrical wires have a coating of aninsulting material. The material, generally used isSulphur=raphite0/ll can be used

/nswer& 2c5(uestion& :;% Which of the following non%metals is ali"uid?

arbon)romine

0hosphorus

Sulphur/nswer& 2b5 )romine(uestion& : % Which of the following can undergo achemical reaction?!gSO; 1e

QnSO; 1e!gSO; 0buSO; 1e/nswer& 2d5 uSO; 1e(uestion& :A % Which one of the following figurescorrectly describes the process of electrolytic refining?

/nswer& 2c(uestion& :B % $"bal treated a lustrous, divalent element !with sodium hydro6ide.


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/nswer& $n electrolytic refining, impure metal is always

used as anode and pure metal is used as cathode. !etalsare electropositive in nature and hence they are releasedfrom anode and get deposited on cathode.


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(uestion&3. =ive two e6amples each of the metals that

are good conductors and poor conductors of heatrespectively./nswer& =ood conductors& $ron and copper0oor conductors& +ead and mercury(uestion&9. Name one metal and one non%metal that e6ist

in li"uid state at room temperature. /lso name two metalshaving melting point less than :3 P 2:BZ5/nswer& !ercury 2metal5 and $odine 2non%metal5 e6ist inli"uid state at room temperature. =allium and caesium aremetals with melting points less than :3 P.(uestion&:. /n element / reacts with water to form acompound ) which is used in white washing. The

compound ) on heating forms an o6ide which ontreatment with water gives bac# ). $dentify /, ) and and give the reactions involved./nswer& / is calcium, ) is calcium hydro6ide and iscalcium o6ide.a 9


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highly reactive metals. with hot water and Q with steam only.

$dentify G, > and Q and also arrange them in order ofincreasing reactivity./nswer& G is sodium, > is magnesium and Q is iron.Order in reactivity series& Na V !g V 1e(uestion&A;. /n element / burns with golden flame in air.$t reacts with another element ), atomic number 3B to give

a product . /n a"ueous solution of product onelectrolysis gives a compound - and liberates hydrogen.$dentify /, ), and -. /lso write down the e"uations forthe reactions involved.

/nswer& / is sodium 2burns with golden flame5, ) is

chlorine 2atomic number B5, is sodium chloride and - issodium hydro6ide.When sodium reacts with chlorine, it gives sodiumchloride.Na l Y Nal

Electrolysis of sodium chloride gives sodium hydro6ide.9Nal 9

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R_notes on Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Metal and Non Metals

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