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Road safety in Australia
Chris BrooksAustralian Transport Safety Bureau
Road safety in Australia
Chris BrooksAustralian Transport Safety Bureau
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5
10
15
20
25
30
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1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
1970: 30.4
2001: 9.1
Road deaths Per 100,000 PopulationRoad deaths Per 100,000 Population
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Road deaths per 100,000 population OECD and Australia
Road deaths per 100,000 population OECD and Australia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1975
198
0
198
5
199
0
1995
199
9
20
00
Ra
te
AustraliaOECD medianLowest OECD rate
Road fatalities per 100 000 population, Australia compared to the OECD, 1975 to 1999
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Road deaths per 100,000 population OECD nations 1998
Road deaths per 100,000 population OECD nations 1998
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
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Australia’s Challenges:Australia’s Challenges:
Large country, low population density Large cities, low population density
– Few taxpayers per kilometre of road– Cities separated by large distances– Difficult to achieve efficient public transport– High reliance on roads for goods transport– Large annual distances per person and per vehicle Perceived need for high speed limits
High rate of vehicle ownership Old vehicle fleet (average age > 10 years) High per-capita alcohol consumption.
Large country, low population density Large cities, low population density
– Few taxpayers per kilometre of road– Cities separated by large distances– Difficult to achieve efficient public transport– High reliance on roads for goods transport– Large annual distances per person and per vehicle Perceived need for high speed limits
High rate of vehicle ownership Old vehicle fleet (average age > 10 years) High per-capita alcohol consumption.
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Australia’s advantages:Australia’s advantages:
Only moderate growth in vehicle usage (compared to some APEC economies)
Strong public support for strict regulation to improve road safety– eg: 98% support for Random Breath Testing.
Strong road safety research capacity Not many motorcycles (compared to some APEC
economies)
– 2.7% of vehicles– 0.6% of vehicle kilometres– 12.4% of road deaths
Only moderate growth in vehicle usage (compared to some APEC economies)
Strong public support for strict regulation to improve road safety– eg: 98% support for Random Breath Testing.
Strong road safety research capacity Not many motorcycles (compared to some APEC
economies)
– 2.7% of vehicles– 0.6% of vehicle kilometres– 12.4% of road deaths
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Measures that have reduced road deaths:Measures that have reduced road deaths:
Seat belts – required in all new cars since 1969 (front seats;
front and rear since 1971)– compulsory use since 1972.
Random breath testing + publicity Speed cameras + publicity Helmets for cyclists and motorcyclists Road improvements -including “black spot”
programs (hazardous road locations) Safer vehicles: improved occupant protection
Seat belts – required in all new cars since 1969 (front seats;
front and rear since 1971)– compulsory use since 1972.
Random breath testing + publicity Speed cameras + publicity Helmets for cyclists and motorcyclists Road improvements -including “black spot”
programs (hazardous road locations) Safer vehicles: improved occupant protection
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Road safety in Australia’s Federal systemRoad safety in Australia’s Federal system
Federal Government
State Governments
Local Governments
Non-Government agencies
Federal Government
State Governments
Local Governments
Non-Government agencies
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Road safety in Australia’s Federal systemRoad safety in Australia’s Federal system
State Governments:
– Road funding
• (shared with Federal and local government)
– Road construction
– Road rules– Traffic police– Licensing drivers– Public education– Registration of vehicles – Research & statistics
State Governments:
– Road funding
• (shared with Federal and local government)
– Road construction
– Road rules– Traffic police– Licensing drivers– Public education– Registration of vehicles – Research & statistics
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Road safety in Australia’s Federal systemRoad safety in Australia’s Federal system
Federal Government:
– Road funding
• major national roads (mainly inter-city)
• “black spots”
– New-vehicle standards
– Research & statistics
– National coordination
Federal Government:
– Road funding
• major national roads (mainly inter-city)
• “black spots”
– New-vehicle standards
– Research & statistics
– National coordination
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Commonwealth-State CoordinationCommonwealth-State Coordination
Australian Transport Council (Ministers)
Austroads (roads and traffic agencies)
National Road Transport Commission
National Road Safety Strategy and Action Plans
Australian Transport Council (Ministers)
Austroads (roads and traffic agencies)
National Road Transport Commission
National Road Safety Strategy and Action Plans
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National Road Safety Strategy and Action PlansNational Road Safety Strategy and Action Plans
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National Road Safety Strategy 2001-2010National Road Safety Strategy 2001-2010
“The road toll should not be accepted as inevitable.”
“The priority given to road safety should reflect the high value that the community as a whole places on the preservation of human life and the prevention of serious injury.”
“The road toll should not be accepted as inevitable.”
“The priority given to road safety should reflect the high value that the community as a whole places on the preservation of human life and the prevention of serious injury.”
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The target:The target:
40% reduction in population fatality rate by 2010
from 9.3 per 100,000 in 1999 to no more than 5.6 in 2010
(Endorsed by Federal, State and Territory Ministers at Australian Transport Council)
40% reduction in population fatality rate by 2010
from 9.3 per 100,000 in 1999 to no more than 5.6 in 2010
(Endorsed by Federal, State and Territory Ministers at Australian Transport Council)
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Estimated effects of possible measuresEstimated effects of possible measures
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Safer roads (19%)Safer roads (19%)
Building new, safer roads
Fixing hazardous locations– a small proportion of total road funding– but accounts for almost 1/3 of estimated safety
benefits
Building new, safer roads
Fixing hazardous locations– a small proportion of total road funding– but accounts for almost 1/3 of estimated safety
benefits
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Safer vehicles (10%)Safer vehicles (10%)
Most of the predicted savings up to 2010 from vehicle improvements are from measures already implemented or scheduled
– continued flow of benefits as newer, safer vehicles replace older ones.
Most of the predicted savings up to 2010 from vehicle improvements are from measures already implemented or scheduled
– continued flow of benefits as newer, safer vehicles replace older ones.
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Safer road user behaviour (9%)Safer road user behaviour (9%)
Enforcement and education programs targeting: – speeding– drink driving – seat belts.
Small additional reductions from improvements in driver licensing and training– focus on extensive on-road experience for learners.
Enforcement and education programs targeting: – speeding– drink driving – seat belts.
Small additional reductions from improvements in driver licensing and training– focus on extensive on-road experience for learners.
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Estimated effects of possible measuresEstimated effects of possible measures
Road deaths per 100,000 population
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7
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9
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12
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
9.39.1
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Possible problemsPossible problems
Vehicle use increasing faster than predicted.
Reduced enforcement impacts (drink driving, speed).
Increasing diversity of the vehicle fleet– more small cars, more big vehicles.
More motorcycle riders.
Economic factors.
Vehicle use increasing faster than predicted.
Reduced enforcement impacts (drink driving, speed).
Increasing diversity of the vehicle fleet– more small cars, more big vehicles.
More motorcycle riders.
Economic factors.
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Possible solutions: areas of focusPossible solutions: areas of focus
Speed management
Safer roads
Impaired driving– alcohol– drugs– fatigue
Vehicles (including new technology)
Speed management
Safer roads
Impaired driving– alcohol– drugs– fatigue
Vehicles (including new technology)
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Speed: research findingsSpeed: research findings Small changes in travel speed make a surprisingly
big difference to the risk of a serious crash – a speed increase of about 10% doubles the risk of a
casualty crash• 5 km/h in urban areas • 10 km/h in rural areas.
A uniform speed reduction of 5 km/h across the road network would cut casualty crashes by about one quarter (27%).
“Moderate” speeding (up to 10 km/h over limit) adds up to a big safety problem.
Relative Risk ofCrash Involvementfor Alcohol (RARU , 1980)
0.250.200.150.100.050.000
10
20
30
40
BAC (g/100mL)
(case-control study)
(RARU , 1980)
(RARU, 1997)
Relative Risk ofCrash Involvementfor Alcohol and Speed
(60 km/h zones)
0.250.200.150.100.050.000
10
20
30
40
BAC (g/100mL)
858075706560SPEED (km/h)
(case-control studies)
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Comparing risks:alcohol and speed
60
7065
7580
85.00
.05.10 .15
.20
BAC
(in 60 km/h zones)
Speed (km/h)
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Speed managementSpeed management
Speed limits Enforcement
– intensity– tolerances– penalties
Education / persuasion Traffic calming New technology (eg, Intelligent speed adaptation)
Speed limits Enforcement
– intensity– tolerances– penalties
Education / persuasion Traffic calming New technology (eg, Intelligent speed adaptation)
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Speed cardSpeed card
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Travel speed and impact speedTravel speed and impact speed
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Speed messagesSpeed messages
“Every 10 km/h makes a difference”
“Wipe off five”
“Safe speeding: there is no such thing”
Advantages of lower limits on local streets
“Every 10 km/h makes a difference”
“Wipe off five”
“Safe speeding: there is no such thing”
Advantages of lower limits on local streets
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Changing community attitudes to speedChanging community attitudes to speed
1995 2002
I (sometimes / always) drive 10 km/h over the limit 41% 29%
Police should tolerate 70 km/h in a 60 zone 26% 11%
An extra 10 km/h does not increase crash involvement
45% 32%
A crash is not much more severe at 70 than 60 20% 9%
National surveys:
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Safer roadsSafer roads
Black Spot programs and “mass action” Treatments with a high safety benefit:
– fixing roadside hazards: • remove hazards or use barriers or replace rigid poles with
poles that bend or break
– shoulder sealing, audible edge lining, night-time delineation
– replace intersections by roundabouts
– traffic lights, including controlled right turns
– separation of road users - centre barriers, pedestrian precincts, bike tracks etc
Black Spot programs and “mass action” Treatments with a high safety benefit:
– fixing roadside hazards: • remove hazards or use barriers or replace rigid poles with
poles that bend or break
– shoulder sealing, audible edge lining, night-time delineation
– replace intersections by roundabouts
– traffic lights, including controlled right turns
– separation of road users - centre barriers, pedestrian precincts, bike tracks etc
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Impaired drivingImpaired driving
Alcohol– random breath testing + publicity
– introducing vehicle interlock programs
– rehabilitation programs
Other drugs– alcohol test impairment assessment drug test
Fatigue– Truck drivers: legislation, training, “chain of
responsibility”
– Other drivers: education, safer roads, safer cars
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VehiclesVehicles
On the agenda:
Alcohol interlocks
Seat belt warning devices
Promoting awareness of safety ratings
Encouraging voluntary uptake of Intelligent Speed Adaptation (eg fleet vehicles)
Truck under-run protection
Automatic crash notification systems
On the agenda:
Alcohol interlocks
Seat belt warning devices
Promoting awareness of safety ratings
Encouraging voluntary uptake of Intelligent Speed Adaptation (eg fleet vehicles)
Truck under-run protection
Automatic crash notification systems
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APEC (RSEG) 12 major road safety problemsAPEC (RSEG) 12 major road safety problems
Accident data– 1. Best way to collect and share accident data.
Highway and traffic engineering– 2. Improve road network and traffic safety facilities– 3. Roadside cut slope management– 11. Accident black-spot approach to reduce accidents
Behaviour– 4. Speeding – 5. Impaired driving– 6. Vehicle overloading – 7. Seat belts and motorcycle helmets
Accident data– 1. Best way to collect and share accident data.
Highway and traffic engineering– 2. Improve road network and traffic safety facilities– 3. Roadside cut slope management– 11. Accident black-spot approach to reduce accidents
Behaviour– 4. Speeding – 5. Impaired driving– 6. Vehicle overloading – 7. Seat belts and motorcycle helmets
Australia:
Improving injury data
+ mass action
+ speed limits (including road improvements to reduce
fatigue risks) (looking at seatbelt reminder systems)
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APEC (RSEG) 12 major road safety problems APEC (RSEG) 12 major road safety problems
Vulnerable groups– 8. Pedestrian safety– 9. Elderly people safety
Others– 10. Community approach– 12. Social awareness
Vulnerable groups– 8. Pedestrian safety– 9. Elderly people safety
Others– 10. Community approach– 12. Social awareness
Speed management, road environment are key areas
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