ROB SUKUMAR, BIOL 402

Yellow Fever

Overview

Acute disease caused by virusVirus is within the class of flavivirusesMosquito vectorTwo potential stages of the virusEffective vaccine exists

Vector (Aedes Aegypti)

Yellow Fever has Three Transmission Cycles

Initial symptoms are not severe

3-6 day incubationAcute, febrile phaseAches, nausea, shiversAverage fever lasts 3.3 days

Toxic Phase can follow after remission

Acute phase goes into 24-hour remission15% of patients advance to toxic phaseHepatorenal diseaseExcessive bleeding

Liver Damage Jaundice

Yellowing of skin, eyesCaused by increased levels of bilirubinBilirubin product of liver

Virus is single-stranded, positive-sense

10 proteins (3 structural, 7 NS proteins)NS proteins responsible for replication in

cells

Infects Kupffer cells, hepatocytes

Initial Diagnosis is Difficult

Toxic phase far more obvious

No Antiviral Treatment

Treat symptoms

Effective Vaccine Exists!

Yellow fever 17D vaccineRequired for certain travel

There are ways to limit the risk of yellow fever

Increase vaccine distributionMosquito control

Yellow Fever is a reemerging disease

One of six reemerging diseases (CDC)Asia extremely vulnerableYellow Fever Initiative (WHO,UNICEF)

Sources

Images http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/Hardin/md/pictures22/cdc/PHIL_2176_lores.jpg http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/yellowfever/images/YellowFeverWorld.jpg http://tropisme.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/aedes_aegypti_during_blood_meal.jpg http://www.mdconsult.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/das/article/body/195197795-2/jorg=journ

al&source=&sp=12238347&sid=0/N/311485/f01000160003.gif

http://www.mdconsult.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/das/article/body/195197795-4/jorg=journal&source=&sp=12238347&sid=0/N/311485/f01000160005.gif

http://www.well-women.com/images/liver3.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Jaundice_eye.jpg http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/slides/Liver/8-Kupffer%20Cells%20-C.jpg http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=hcv&part=ch1 http://www.skinsight.com/images/dx/webAtlas/yellowFever_26180_lg.jpg http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/94.3/images/mr06_fig01b.jpg http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/02/15/yellow460.jpg http://www.tarrantcounty.com/ehealth/lib/ehealth/mosquito-breeding1.jpg

Sources (continued)

Information Monath, Thomas. “Yellow Fever: an update.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1.1. August

2001. CM Rice, EM Lenches, Eddy SR, SJ Shin, RL Sheets, JH Strauss. “Nucleotide Sequence

of Yellow fever virus.” Science 229.4715 (August 1985). Robertson SE, Hull BP. “Yellow Fever: A Decade of Reemergence.” Journal of the

American Medical Association 276.14. (October 9, 1996) “Yellow Fever Fact Sheet.” Weekly Epidemiological Record 85.5. (January 2009) World Health Organization. “Yellow Fever.” December, 2009.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/ Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Yellow Fever.” November, 2007.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/yellowfever/ Monath TP, Barrett AD. “Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Yellow Fever.”

Department of Microbiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 2003. Nichols EM, Gleyzer A. “Yellow Fever.” October 22, 2009.

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/787964-overview