Rob WolfBruce NebenRyan Melton

http://www.iepa.org.au

Dropping Schizophrenia subtypes Includes shared psychotic disorder Adds catatonia specifier

Adding Psychosis Risk Syndromes Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms

Syndrome Moving away from “prodrome”.

http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx

Aims Rule out past and current psychosis

POPS (presence of psychotic symptoms at 6 on SOPS-scale of psychosis risk syndromes.

Rule in one or more of 3 types of At risk syndromes BIPS (Brief Intermittent Psychotic State) Attenuated Positive Symptom State (APSS) Genetic Risk & Deterioration (GRD)

Rate severity of current at risk syndromes. Major changes

Rule out criteria emphasized Emphasis on more objective GAF.

1 year RCT of 10 sites with 1268 individuals (China).

Tx group received meds, family psychoeducation (not mfg), skills training, CBT.

Outcomes: Tx group lower drop out Tx group greater improvement in insight,

social function, ADL’s, quality of life, employment & education.

Clinical trial of 106 individuals in their families to determine if integrity to model predicted outcome.

Results indicated those who received high integrity to model had lower rates of psychiatric symptoms when compared to those who received lower/moderate integrity.

No difference in caregiver distress. (Did not measure common mfg outcomes of EE and communication).

2 year RCT of 53 early course schizophrenia individuals.

Tx group received intensive CET in addition to medications and supportive therapy.

Outcomes: Tx group had greater preservation of gray

matter in left hippocampus, parahippocampul gyrus, and fusiform gyrus.

Tx group had significantly greater gray matter increase in amygdala.

The largest longitudinal study on psychosis

Study of 2 ½ years after initial assessment

A consortium of longitudinal studies from 10 major universities

All NIMH funded All studies contribute to a common

database

Affective psychosis may share a prodrome with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Conversions to affective psychosis were in the minority- 10%

DSM IV diagnosis is unstable in first episode and is not a good predictor of future diagnoses

Prodrome- social and role functioning are impaired

Role functioning is malleable and can be impacted

Social impairment is stable and is difficult to impact

Overall risk of conversion to psychosis is 35%

Decelerating trend of conversion Rate of conversion is highest in the first 6

months- 13% 7 to 12 months 9%

Then 5% 25 to 30 months- 2.7%

Most important prodromal factors predicting conversion to frank psychosis

Genetic risk with functional decline Unusual thought content Suspicion/paranoia Social functioning Substance abuse

The most widely used illicit drug in the world, youngest age of initiation, potency and use has increased since 1970’s

In first-episode psychosis, rates of cannabis abuse range from 15% to 65%

Most common reasons for use: reduce boredom, something to do with friends, to improve sleep

Use can result in transient psychosis, mania, panic, depression, and cognitive impairment Cognitive deficits from heavy usage can take 28

days to several months to resolve

yes

D’Souza (2005) 0, 2.5 mg, 5 mg of THC to clinically stable SCZ and controls 80% SCZ group had a brief, modest increase in

their typical positive symptoms/ 35% of controls experiences psychosis

At 5 mg there was significant cognitive impairment in SCZ group and controls at 5 mg experienced cognitive impairment similar to baseline cognitive impairment of the SCZ group

maybe Andreasson’s famous Swedes study (1969-1970/ 45K

conscripts) 2.4 X higher than nonusers 6 X higher if used >50 X

Arseneault and Dunedin study (1972-73/ 1,037/ 26 years) 3X between 15-18 lead to increased risk If age 15, 10% SCZ dx vs. 3% controls

Van Os (2002/ 4,104/ 3 years) Compared nonpsychotic vs psychotic disorders using

THC and found psychotic sxs. Increased in a dose dependent nature (13% vs. 50%)

Despite the significant increase in THC usage and the lower age of exposure, the incidence of SCZ has not changed

There is striking uniformity in the incidence of SCZ in different cultures though the rates of THC use vary widely

Most people with SCZ do not use THC (25%) Most people who use THC do not develop SCZ (7%) SCZ is believed to be a neurodevelopmental disorder that

begins in childhood, well before THC use begins The self-medication hypothesis has been repeatedly

disproven THC use is linked to depression, cognitive impairments, negative

symptoms, anxiety Most studies show that THC usage precedes the onset of psychosis Most studies show reasons for THC usage are not associated with

symptoms of SCZ

Endocannabinoids play an important role in neurodevelopment which is occurring into mid 20’s, exogenous cannabinoids interfere with that system

THC increases dopamine release in the frontal lobe via binding to a CB1 receptor

Individuals with SCZ have a greater density of CB1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex.

Elevated levels of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist, is found in the CSF of people with SCZ

Cannabis can induce a transient SCZ-like state with positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms

These symptoms may be greater in magnitude and duration for people with SCZ

Early and heavy exposure may result in a psychotic disorder

Yet, the increase in use, the use of more potent forms, and the earlier age of exposure has not resulted in an increase in the rates of SCZ

Most people who use cannabis do not develop SCZ, most people with SCZ do not use cannabis.

FA reduce free radicals, improve antioxidant defense, reduce cell injury and stabilize the cell membrane

Stabilize the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems Reduced levels of FA in individuals with SCZ Four controlled trials of FA supplementation that has

shown beneficial effects in patients with SCZ Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 1.2 g of w-3

FA for 12 weeks 4.9% of treated group transitioned to psychosis vs.

27.5 % of the placebo group PUFA significantly reduced positive and negative

symptoms and improved functioning Results were sustained after one year

DSM III (1980) “a complete return to premorbid levels of

functioning in individuals with schizophrenia is so rare as to cast doubt upon the accuracy of the diagnosis.”

DSM IV (2000) Complete remission… is not common in this

disorder.

Vanderbilt University Oxford University Yale Law School USC Law Professor and Associate Dean

Vanderbilt University Oxford University Yale Law School USC Law Professor and Associate Dean

Person with schizophrenia

Shirley Glynn Ellen Saks Etc

What Coping Strategies do high functioning people with schizophrenia use?

Take medicine as prescribed Staying healthy

Exercise, regular sleep, eating healthy foods Spiritual activities Having pets or not living alone Controlling the amount of stimulation in

the environment An attitude of perseverance- Hope

Taking care to avoid:

Drugs and Alcohol Traveling Crowded social situations Isolation

The clinicians illusion Only 1/3 of people with schizophrenia

come to treatment

About 50% of people with schizophrenia have good outcomes

Recovery:

“People are are able to live, work, learn and participate fully in their community. For some the ability to live a fulfilling and productive life despite a disability….”

The President’s New Freedom Commission

on Mental Health

Generally better outcomes in the developing world, especially Nigeria and India

A greater percentage of people with schizophrenia in the developing world work and marry.

In India 67% marry Results attributed to increased family and

community support and lack of financial disincentives

Recovery from schizophrenia is not only possible, but probably common

Family and community support is critical Self-care is critical While some people will not have positive

outcomes, many can What have we learned today that can help

us improve outcomes and support recovery?