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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education
Organizational Organizational BehaviorBehavior
15th Global 15th Global EditionEdition
Diversity in OrganizationsDiversity in Organizations
2-1
Robbins and JudgeChapter2
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education
Chapter 2 Learning ObjectivesChapter 2 Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter you should be able to:After studying this chapter you should be able to:
Describe the two major forms of workforce diversityDescribe the two major forms of workforce diversity
Identify the key biographical characteristics and describe how they are Identify the key biographical characteristics and describe how they are relevant to OBrelevant to OB
Recognize stereotypes and understand how they function in organizational Recognize stereotypes and understand how they function in organizational settingssettings
Define Define intellectual ability intellectual ability and demonstrate its relevance to OBand demonstrate its relevance to OB
Contrast intellectual from physical abilityContrast intellectual from physical ability
Describe how organizations manage diversity effectivelyDescribe how organizations manage diversity effectively
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Describe the Two Major Forms Describe the Two Major Forms of Workforce Diversityof Workforce Diversity
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LO 1LO 1
Surface-Level Diversity
Deep-Level Diversity
Diversity Management
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Describe the Two Major Forms Describe the Two Major Forms of Workforce Diversityof Workforce Diversity
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LO 1LO 1
Insert Exhibit 2.1
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Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics and How Are They Relevant to OBand How Are They Relevant to OB
AgeAge Belief is widespread that job Belief is widespread that job
performance declines with performance declines with increasing age.increasing age.
The workforce is aging. The workforce is aging. U.S. legislation that, for all intents U.S. legislation that, for all intents
and purposes, outlaws mandatory and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. retirement.
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LO 2LO 2
Those readily available in a personnel file
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Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics and How Are They Relevant to OBand How Are They Relevant to OB
SexSex Few issues initiate more debates, misconceptions, and Few issues initiate more debates, misconceptions, and
unsupported opinions than whether women perform as unsupported opinions than whether women perform as well on jobs as men do.well on jobs as men do.
Few, if any, important differences between men and Few, if any, important differences between men and women affect job performance. women affect job performance.
Psychological studies have found women are more Psychological studies have found women are more agreeable and willing to conform to authority, whereas agreeable and willing to conform to authority, whereas men are more aggressive and more likely to have men are more aggressive and more likely to have expectations of success, but those differences are minor. expectations of success, but those differences are minor.
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LO 2LO 2
Those readily available in a personnel file
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Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics and How Are They Relevant to OBand How Are They Relevant to OB
Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity Employees tend to favor colleagues for their own race in Employees tend to favor colleagues for their own race in
performance evaluations, promotion decisions, pay raises.performance evaluations, promotion decisions, pay raises. Different attitudes on affirmative action with African-Different attitudes on affirmative action with African-
Americans preferring such programs than do whites.Americans preferring such programs than do whites. African-Americans generally do worse than whites in African-Americans generally do worse than whites in
employment decisions.employment decisions. No statistical difference between Whites and African-No statistical difference between Whites and African-
Americans in observed absence rates, applied social skills at Americans in observed absence rates, applied social skills at work, or accident rates.work, or accident rates.
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LO 2LO 2
Those readily available in a personnel file
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Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics and How Are They Relevant to OBand How Are They Relevant to OB
DisabilityDisability A person is disabled who has any physical or mental A person is disabled who has any physical or mental
impairment that substantially limits one or more major life impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.activities.
The “reasonable accommodation” is problematic for The “reasonable accommodation” is problematic for employers.employers.
Strong biases exist against those with mental Strong biases exist against those with mental impairment. impairment.
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Those readily available in a personnel file
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Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics and How Are They Relevant to OBand How Are They Relevant to OB
TenureTenure The issue of the impact of job seniority on job The issue of the impact of job seniority on job
performance has been subject to performance has been subject to misconceptions and speculations. misconceptions and speculations.
ReligionReligion Although employees are protected by U.S. Although employees are protected by U.S.
federal law regarding their religion, it is still an federal law regarding their religion, it is still an issue in the workplace.issue in the workplace.
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Those readily available in a personnel file
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Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics and How Are They Relevant to OBand How Are They Relevant to OB
Sexual orientationSexual orientation Federal law does not protect employees against Federal law does not protect employees against
discrimination based on sexual orientation.discrimination based on sexual orientation.
Gender identityGender identity Often referred to as transgender employees, this topic Often referred to as transgender employees, this topic
encompasses those individuals who change genders.encompasses those individuals who change genders.
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LO 2LO 2
Those not readily available in a personnel file…
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Stereotypes and How They Stereotypes and How They Function in Organizational SettingsFunction in Organizational Settings
““Discrimination” is to note a difference between Discrimination” is to note a difference between things.things.
Unfair discrimination is assuming stereotypes about Unfair discrimination is assuming stereotypes about groups and refusing to recognize differences.groups and refusing to recognize differences.
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LO 3LO 3
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Define Define Intellectual AbilityIntellectual Abilityand and Demonstrate Its Relevance to OBDemonstrate Its Relevance to OB
Two typesTwo types Intellectual abilitiesIntellectual abilities Physical abilitiesPhysical abilities
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Ability is an individual’s current capacity to perform various tasks in a job
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Define Define Intellectual AbilityIntellectual Abilityand and Demonstrate Its Relevance to OBDemonstrate Its Relevance to OB
Intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform Intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform mental activities—thinking, reasoning, and problem mental activities—thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. solving.
Most societies place a high value on intelligence, Most societies place a high value on intelligence, and for good reason. and for good reason.
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LO 4LO 4
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Define Define Intellectual AbilityIntellectual Abilityand and Demonstrate Its Relevance to OBDemonstrate Its Relevance to OB
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Intellectual
Ability
Number
Aptitude Verbal
Comprehension
Perceptual
Speed
Inductive
Reasoning
Deductive
Reasoning
Spatial Visualiza
tion
Memory
Exhibit 2.2
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Contrast Intellectual Contrast Intellectual from Physical Abilityfrom Physical Ability
Physical AbilitiesPhysical Abilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina,
dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
The three main categories of physical ability The three main categories of physical ability are…are… StrengthStrength FlexibilityFlexibility And Other characteristicsAnd Other characteristics
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Contrast Intellectual Contrast Intellectual from Physical Abilityfrom Physical Ability
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Insert Exhibit 2.3
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Contrast Intellectual Contrast Intellectual from Physical Abilityfrom Physical Ability
Importance of ability at work increases difficulty in Importance of ability at work increases difficulty in formulating workplace policies that recognize formulating workplace policies that recognize disabilities.disabilities.
Recognizing that individuals have different abilities Recognizing that individuals have different abilities that can be taken into account when making hiring that can be taken into account when making hiring decisions is not problematic.decisions is not problematic.
It is also possible to make accommodations for It is also possible to make accommodations for disabilities.disabilities.
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LO 5LO 5
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Describe How OrganizationsDescribe How Organizations Manage Diversity Effectively Manage Diversity Effectively
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LO 6LO 6
Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and
Retaining Diverse Employees
Diversity in Groups
Effective Diversity Programs
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Describe How OrganizationsDescribe How Organizations Manage Diversity Effectively Manage Diversity Effectively
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LO 6LO 6
Effective Diversity Programs
Teach Legal Framework
Teach the Market
Advantages Foster the Skills and
Abilities of All Workers
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Managerial Implications and SummaryManagerial Implications and Summary
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This chapter looked at diversity from many perspectives paying particular attention to three variables— biographical characteristics, ability, and diversity programs.
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Managerial Implications and SummaryManagerial Implications and Summary
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Diversity programsSelection
An effective selection process will improve the fit between employees and job requirements.
Diversity ManagementDiversity management must be an
ongoing commitment that crosses all levels of the organization.
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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