Robert Greuter June 2020 The path of the hydrogen supply ......NaBH 4. The residual product called...

GraduationThesis

RobertGreuterJune2020

Thepathofthehydrogensupplychainforinlandshipsandseaships.

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RobertGreuter GraduationThesis

Thepathofthehydrogensupplychainforinlandshipsandseaships.

StudentRobertGreuter

[email protected]

UniversityofAppliedSciencesAmsterdam

LogisticsEngineeringFacultyoftechnologyYear4(2019–2020)

Supervisor:J.vanderMeulen(Msc)&C.vanderMeer(Msc)

PortofAmsterdamSupplyChain

Supervisor:Ir.J.Egbertsen

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PrefaceThisreportpresentsthegraduationthesisofthepathofthehydrogensupplychainforinlandshipsandseashipsperformedbyRobertGreuter.Inthisreporttheregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuesaretakenintoaccount.ThisgraduationthesisisexecutedatthestrategyandinnovationdepartmentofthePortofAmsterdam.DuringmybachelorLogisticsEngineeringIchosetodotheminorMaritimeandportmanagementattheSTCinRotterdam.SincethenIbecameinterestedinthemaritimeandportsector.EspeciallythedevelopmentsinthefieldoftheenergytransitioninthemaritimeandportareamotivatedmetodomygraduationthesisaboutthissubjectbythePortofAmsterdam.Iwouldliketothankthepeoplewhosupportedmeduringthisperiod.Ir.JanEgbertsenIwouldliketothankIr.JanEgbertsenfortheguidanceduringthisperiod.JanEgbertsenhelpedmetodevelopanmultipleinsightonthedevelopmentofthesupplychain.Alsotheknowledgehesharedwithmeandtheinvolvementofmeetingswascrucialforthequalityofthethesis.Iappreciateyoursupportandyourinvolvement.JettyvanderMeulen(Msc)IwouldliketothankJettyvanderMeulen.Jettyaddedvalueinthestructureofthethesisandkeepthefocusintheresearch.Iappreciatethetimeshemadetoreadthepartsofthethesisandgivefeedbackonthat.CarolinevanderMeer(Msc)IwouldliketothankCarolinevanderMeer.Carolinehasalwaysbeeninvolvedandshowedalwaysinterestintheproject.Furthermore,duringtheweeklymeetingsCarolineaskedvaluablequestionswhichbroughtmefurtherintheresearch.Dr.ThierryVerduijnIwouldliketothankThierryVerduijnforthecooperationbetweenthePortofAmsterdamandtheUniversityofappliedsciences.IamgratefulthatThierryfacilitatedthegraduationproject.RobertGreuter

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ManagementsummaryAccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)globalwarmingmustbelimitedby1.5°Cbytheendofthiscenturytoavoidirreversibleandcatastrophicimpacts.Thismeansthatcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsneedtodeclinebyabout45percentfrom2010,by2030andreachnetzeroin2050.ThePortofAmsterdamispreparingfornewenergycarriersintheshippingindustrylikehydrogen.

ThegoalinthisresearchistoindicatedifferentsupplychainscenariostobunkerinlandshipsandseashipswithgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Toreachthisgoal,thefollowingresearchquestionhasbeenformulated:‘Whichsupplychainscenarios,arethemostpromisingtobunkerinlandshipsandseashipswithhydrogen,takingintoaccountthegashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenandtherequiredapplicationsinthefieldofregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuesfrom2020till2030?’TogetanansweronthisquestioninterviewswithdifferentdepartmentsofthePortofAmsterdamandwithdifferentcompaniesaredone.Besidestheinterviews,literatureiscollectedandused.Thefourmostimportantconclusionsarethefollowing:

• AsuitablepilotlocationintheAmsterdamportareaiscrucialtodevelopthehydrogensupplychainfrompilotstothemostpromisingsupplychainscenarios.ApilotlocationisinthiscaseaquaywhereexperienceinthefieldofbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenisstartedatasmallscale.Basedonthispilotlocationlessonscanbelearnedandgrowtomoredevelopedsupplychainscenarios.

• Rulesandregulationsforbunkeringarenotsetupyet.TheregulatorydevelopmentforbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenoccursonfourdifferentlevels:International(worldwide),European,nationalandregional.Ateachleveldifferentorganisationsparticipatesintheregulatorydevelopment.Level OrganisationInternational(worldwide)

InternationalMaritimeOrganisation(IMO)

European CentralCommissionfortheNavigationoftheRhine(CCNR)andtheEuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA)

National MinistryofInfrastructureandWatermanagement,MinistryofSocialAffairsandEmployment,MinistryofFinance.

Regional EnvironmentalAgency,MunicipalitiesandthePortauthority• Afterthesupplychainscenariosare

comparedwitheachotherandweightedwithdifferentscores,thescoresareplottedintwodifferentcharts.OneforgashydrogenandoneforNaBH4hydrogen.ThechartinblueindicatesthesupplychainscenariosofgashydrogenandtheyellowchartindicatesthesupplychainscenariosofNaBH4hydrogen.BecauseitisunknownifabunkershiporaproductionplantintheAmsterdamportareawillcomefirst,theorangearrowindicatestheunknown.Mostimportanttoindicateisthepeakofthescorebyscenario1bygashydrogen.Thismeansgashydrogenhas

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asupplychainscorelimitbybunkeringinlandshipsfromthequaywithaproductionplantlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Afterscenario1thesupplychainscoresdecreases.

• MostinterestingwillbewhenalocalgasorNaBH4productionplantwillbesetup.SpeciallyforNaBH4.TheresidualproductcalledNaBO2whichisdischargedoftheshipcanbetransportedbacktothelocalproductionintheAmsterdamportareatomakeNaBH4again.Furthermore,TheNaBH4supplychainscenariosdoesnothaveanylimitinthesupplychainscores.AsfurtherintimeandagrowingdemandthesupplychainscoresofNaBH4continuoustorise.

Onthisbasis,thefollowingisrecommended:• Tokeepthe‘Groenekade’asapilotlocationtodevelopthehydrogensupplychainorifthe

‘Groenekade’willbeleasedtoacompany,todevelopanewpilotlocationintheAmsterdamportArea.Itisimportanttoshareexperienceandknowledgeinthefieldofbunkering.Pilotlocationslikethe‘Groenekade’arecrucialtoshareexperienceandknowledge.

• TominimizetheriskthatbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenwillbelimitedbecauseofsafetylimitationsitisrecommendedtomakereservationsinthespatialplanningforbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.OneofthefirststepstotakeistocoverandimplementthisdevelopmentinthevisionofthePortofAmsterdam.

• Totaketheregulatoryrelatedorganisationsatinternational,-European,-national,-andregionallevelintoaccountbythedevelopmentofthehydrogensupplychain.Mostimportantlyistostartatnationalandregionallevel.Cooperateonthebasisofwebinars,aroundthetableconversationsandworkshops.Tocreateamultiperspectiveontheregulatorydevelopmentitisrecommendedtoinvitealsobunkercompanies,transportationcompaniesandshippingcompaniestocreateamultiperspectiveontheregulatorydevelopment.TheportofAmsterdamcanfacilitateinthisdevelopment.

• TodeveloptowardsagashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenproductionlocationintheportareaofAmsterdam.Basedonthesupplychainscoresthemostefficientsupplychainshavealocalproduction.

• Toattractcommercialcompaniesthatparticipatesinthelinksofthesupplychain.

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TableofContentPreface............................................................................................................................................3

Managementsummary................................................................Fout!Bladwijzernietgedefinieerd.

TableofContent..............................................................................................................................6

Figureslist.......................................................................................................................................7

ListofAbbreviations........................................................................................................................8

Glossary..........................................................................................................................................8

1.0Introduction..............................................................................................................................9

2.0Researchframework................................................................................................................10

2.1Background..................................................................................................................................10

2.2Problem.......................................................................................................................................11

2.3Mainandsubquestion................................................................................................................12

2.4Explanationofthemethods........................................................................................................13

2.5Goals............................................................................................................................................14

3.0Literatureresearch..................................................................................................................15

4.0Researchresults......................................................................................................................16

4.1ThesupplychainofLNG..............................................................................................................16

4.1.1ThelessonslearnedofLNG..................................................................................................17

4.2Thestrengths,weaknessesopportunitiesandthreats...............................................................19

4.3Therequiredapplications............................................................................................................21

4.3.1Regionalsafety.....................................................................................................................21

4.3.2Regulatoryissues..................................................................................................................24

4.3.3Thetechnicalissues..............................................................................................................27

4.4Thesupplychainscenarios..........................................................................................................29

4.5Differencesofthesupplychainscenarios...................................................................................38

5.0Conclusion...............................................................................................................................41

6.0Recommendations...................................................................................................................42

7.0Discussionandreflection.........................................................................................................43

Bibliography..................................................................................................................................44

Appendix.......................................................................................................................................47

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FigureslistFigure1- TheHippomobilefromEtienneLenoir…………………………………………………………………..10Figure2- TheZeppelinHindenburg………………………………………………………………………………………10Figure3- Thefirsthydrogentrain…………………………………………………………………………………………10Figure4- Thefirsthydrogeninlandship……………………………………………………………………………….10Figure5- Flexfueller001fromTitanLNG……………………………………………………………………………….15Figure6- SupplychainofLNGtrucktoshipscenario…………………………………………………………….17Figure7- SupplychainofLNGshiptoshipscenario………………………………………………………………17Figure8- Perspectivesoforganisationslessonspart…………………………………………………………….17Figure9- SWOTanalysegashydrogen………………………………………………………………………………….19Figure10- SWOTanalyseNaBH4hydrogen…………………………………………………………………………….19Figure11- SWOTanalyseGreenmethanol……………………………………………………………………………..20Figure12- Perspectivesofregionalsafetyorganisations………………………………………………………..21Figure13- Developmentofthesupplychainofbunkeringhydrogen……………………………………..23Figure14- Perspectivesoftheregulatorypart……………………………………………………………………….24Figure15- Regulatorylevels…………………………………………………………………………………………………..25Figure16- Perspectivesoftechnicalpart……………………………………………………………………………….27Figure17- Primitiveformscenario1……………………………………………………………………………………..30Figure18- Primitiveformscenario2……………………………………………………………………………………..31Figure19- Primitiveformscenario3……………………………………………………………………………………..32Figure20- Primitiveformscenario4……………………………………………………………………………………..33Figure21- Primitiveformscenario5……………………………………………………………………………………..34Figure22- Primitiveformscenario6……………………………………………………………………………………..35Figure23- Primitiveformscenario7……………………………………………………………………………………..36Figure24- Primitiveformscenario8……………………………………………………………………………………..37Figure25- Matrixofexplanationcriteria……………………………………………………………………………….38Figure26- Scorematrixsupplychainscenarios……………………………………………………………………..39Figure27- Chartofgashydrogenscenariostill2030……………………………………………………………..39Figure28- ChartofNaBH4hydrogenscenariostill2030…………………………………………………………40

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ListofAbbreviationsAbbreviation MeaningDHM TheHarbourMaster’sDivisionI&WM MinistryofInfrastructureandWatermanagementKVNR RoyalAssociationofNetherlandsShipownersLNG LiquifiedNaturalgasSZ&W

MinistryofSocialAffairsandEmployment

NaBH4 Sodiumborohydride

GlossaryWord MeaningSupplychain Asupplychainisthenetworkoforganizationsthatareinvolved,through

up-streamanddownstreamlinkages,inthedifferentprocessesandactivitiesthatproducevalueintheformofproductsandservicesinthehandsoftheultimateconsumer(Christopher,2011).

Bunkering Refuelingaship.

Regionalsafety Bunkeroperationsbringsregionalsafetyprincipleswithit.

Regulatoryissues Regulatoryissuesareallabouttherulesandregulationswhichcomewithitinthefieldofbunkering

Technicalissues HydrogenisadifferentenergycarrierthanoilorLNG.Technicalrequirementslikebunkerinstallations,howmuchwillbestoredatwhatpressureandhowmuchwillbedemandedetc...

LiquifiedNatrualgas LNGisamixofmethane(eventuallyrestgasses),nitrogen,propaneandethane.LNGisaenergycarrierforintheshippingindustry.

Greenmethanol Greenmethanolisaliquidenergycarrier.

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1.0IntroductionTheportofAmsterdamisoneofthemostimportantEuropeanLogisticshubs.Withagoodstranshipmentof100milliontonperyear,thePortofAmsterdambelongstothetopfiveseaportsofEurope.DestrategicandcentralpositioninEuropemakesthePortanaccessiblemaritimeconnection.InrelationtothisthePortofAmsterdamiswellconnectedtothehinterlandwhichconnectstheporttootherEuropeanmarkets.ThePortofAmsterdamhastwomainfunctions.First,thePortofAmsterdamisaLandlordPort.TheconceptoftheLandlordportinvolvesapublicauthorityowningandmaintainingthelandandinfrastructure(asportshavethecharacteristicsofapublicgood,withtheresponsibilitytoremaininthepublicinterest).Thepublicauthoritythenleasesthelandandinfrastructuretoprivateoperatorsasaconcession,withequipmentandoperations(fullyorpartially)inthehandsofprivatecompanies(Talley,2018).Second,thePortofAmsterdamisaCo-maker1betweenthefacilitiestheycanofferintheportandtheirconsumers.Nowadays,theenergytransitionisamuch-discussedtopicbythePortofAmsterdam.ThePortofAmsterdamispreparingfornewandcleanenergycarrierswhichshallappearinthefollowing10yearsintheshippingindustry.Thegoalistousealternativeenergycarrierslikehydrogen.TheSupplyChainofhydrogenisnotdevelopedyet.TomakeitpossibleforshipstobunkerhydrogenintheportareaofAmsterdamitiscrucialtohaveanindicationofhowthissupplychainwilldevelop.ThequestionofthePortofAmsterdamis:‘Whichsupplychainscenarios,arethemostpromisingtobunkerinlandshipsandseashipswithhydrogen,takingintoaccountthegashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenandtherequiredapplicationsinthefieldofregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuesfrom2020till2030?’ItisrelevanttodoresearchatthissubjectbecausebasedonthereportoftheintergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)itdemonstratesthatglobalwarmingmustbelimitedby1.5°Cbytheendofthiscenturytoavoidirreversibleandcatastrophicimpacts.Thismeansthatcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsneedtodeclinebyabout45percentfrom2010,by2030andreachnetzeroin2050.WhiletheIPCCsaysthatthisgoaliswithinreachitwouldrequireurgenttransformation(Masson-Delmotte,2019).ThePortofAmsterdamandthepartnersinthemarketarepreparinghowtoofferhydrogeninthefollowingtenyearsintheportregion.Duringthestartphase,pilotsaboutbunkeringhydrogenwillbedoneandthegoalistogofullscalebetween2025and2030.

1ACo-makerbuildsalong-termrelationshipwithotherorganizationstoachieveacommongoal.Itconcernsafar-reachingformofintensivecooperationandmutualtrustineachotherorganization.

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2.0ResearchframeworkTheresearchframeworkindicatesthebackground,theproblem,themainandsubquestions,theexplanationofthemethodsandthegoalsofthisresearch.

2.1BackgroundThisparagraphisusedtocreateabroaderunderstandingofhydrogen.Tobeabletocreateabettercontextofthedevelopmentofhydrogenaretrospectisindicated.Accordingtothebigbangtheory,theuniverseoriginated13,8billionyearsago.Thisstartedwithahugehotpointwithanalmostinfinitelylargedensity.Thishappenedwiththesupplyofhydrogenandhelium.Abigstepforward,in1520thefirstscienceinthefieldofhydrogenwasdone.TheGermanPhilippusAureolusvanHohenheim,describedascendgas,whichwasprobablyhydrogen.Philippusdidnotgivethisphenomenonanameanddiscoveredalsonothingaboutthesubstancesofhydrogen.Afterthefindingsofotherresearcherstheapplicationsofhydrogeninthehistorybecameslowlyreality.AnexampleistheHippomobilefromEtienneLenoir.TheHippomobilereachedaspeedof8km/h.Thehydrogenwasgeneratedfromelectrolysis.AfteracenturyafterthefirstcombustionengineRudolfErrenplacedthecombustionenginesinbusses,lorriessubmarinesandZeppelins(Gasunie,2018).

Inthe1930stheZeppelinHindenburgmadetensuccessfulflightsfromGermanytotheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Butin1937,itwentwrong.TheinflatedhydrogenballooncrashedbythelandinginLakehurst,NewJersey.Theexactcauseoftheincidentisstillunknown(Gasunie,2018).

Atthe28thofFebruary2020thefirsthydrogentrainmadeitsjourneyfromLeeuwardentoGroningen.Thehydrogentrainhasaradiusofactionof1000kilometreswithamaximumspeedof140km/h.Sotheuseofhydrogenisbecomesmoreandmoreapplicable(Opwegmetwaterstof,2019).TheMaritimesectordoesnotstandstillinthedevelopmentofhydrogen.SinceFebruary2020thecompanyFutureProofShippinghasthefirstinlandship(MSCMaas)whichrunsonhydrogen(Dijk,2012).Basedonthis,thedevelopmentofusinghydrogenasanenergycarrierhasafutureperspective.

Figure2–TheZeppelinHindenburg.

Figure3–Thefirsthydrogentrain.

Figure4–Thefirsthydrogeninlandship

Figure1–TheHippomobilefromEtienneLenoir.

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2.2ProblemTounderstandthemotivationofthePortofAmsterdamtodoresearchabouttheenergytransitionaSTEPanalyseisdone(Appendix1).TheSTEPanalyseisabusinessanalysetoindicatethesocial,technological,economicandpoliticalfactorsonmacroenvironmentallevel.BasedontheSTEPtheimpactofmacroenvironmentallevelsontheportareaofAmsterdamandmorespecifictheshippingindustryaremadeclear.ThePortofAmsterdamiscurrentlyinthemiddleofthissituation.Anenergycarrierwhichhaspotentialtoachieveacleanerwayofshippingistheuseofhydrogen.TheportofAmsterdamiscurrentlyworkingonhowtofacilitatehydrogenfortheshippingindustry.Bythefacilitationofhydrogenmanyorganizationshaveadifferentvisiononwhattotakeintoaccountwhilebunkeringinlandshipsandseashipswithhydrogen.Regionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuesarenotdefinedyet.Soalotisstillunknown.AtthismomentitisclearthatsomethinghastochangetofacilitatetheintroductionofhydrogenintheportareaofAmsterdam.Whattotakeintoaccounttomakebunkeringhydrogenpossiblebyinlandshipsandseashipsarenotclearyet.Aresearchneedtoprovideaninsightintherequiredapplicationstofacilitatethebunkeringofhydrogenintheportarea.Tobunkerinasuitablewayanoperationalsupplychainforthebunkeringofhydrogenmustbeindicatedonthebasisofdifferentsupplychainscenarios.Atthismomentthistypeofresearchisnotdoneyet.Thisproblemisnotanationalproblem.Itisaproblemwhichcanonlybesolvedwheninternationalcollaborationisapplied.AgoodexampletounderstandtheinternationalcontextistorefertotheintergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2(IPCC).BasedontheintergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeglobalwarmingmustbelimitedby1.5°Cbytheendofthiscenturytoavoidirreversibleandcatastrophicimpacts.Thismeansthatcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsneedtodeclinebyabout45percent,from2010,by2030andreachnetzeroin2050.WhiletheIPCCsaysthatthisgoaliswithinreachitwouldrequireurgenttransformation(Masson-Delmotte,2019).Hydrogenisapromisinginnovationtointroducecleanshipping.ButifhydrogenwantstosucceedintheshippingindustryitiscrucialtobeabletobunkerhydrogeninthePortareaofAmsterdamandotherports.Aresearchhowanoperationalsupplychainwilllooklike,takingintoaccountregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuestobunkerhydrogenisnotdoneyet.

2IPCCistheUnitedNationsbodyforassessingthesciencerelatedtoclimatechange.

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2.3MainandsubquestionThemainquestionissupportedwithsubquestions.Thecoreoftheresearchwillbestructuredbasedonthosequestions.InthisresearchgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenisinvestigated.ForGreenmethanolaSWOTanalyseismadebutnotfurtherinvestigatedbecausegreenmethanolisaliquid.LiquidsarealreadymoreknownhowtobunkercomparedtogashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Importanttonoteisthatgreenmethanolispromisingforinthemaritimesector.Themainquestion:‘Whichsupplychainscenarios,arethemostpromisingtobunkerinlandshipsandseashipswithhydrogen,takingintoaccountthegashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenandtherequiredapplicationsinthefieldofregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuesfrom2020till2030?’Subquestions:

1. HowdoesthecurrentsupplychainofbunkeringinlandshipsandseashipswhichsailonLNGlooklike?(Chapter4.1)1.1 WhatarethelessonslearnedfromthesupplychaindevelopmentofLNGbunkeringin

theportareaAmsterdam?(Chapter4.1.1)2. Whatarethestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsofgashydrogen,NaBH4

hydrogenandgreenmethanol?(Chapter4.2)3. Whichrequiredapplicationsinthefieldofregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissues

musttakeintoaccounttomakethebunkeringofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenpossiblebyinlandshipsandseashipsinthefollowingtenyears?(Chapter4.3)3.1 Whichregionalsafetyissuesmustbetakenintoaccounttomakethebunkeringofgas

hydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenpossibleinthefollowingtenyears?(Chapter4.3.1)3.2 WhichregulatoryissuesmustbetakenintoaccounttomakethebunkeringofNaBH4and

gashydrogenpossibleinthefollowingtenyears?(Chapter4.3.2)3.3 WhichtechnicalissuesmustbetakeintoaccounttomakethebunkeringofNaBH4and

gashydrogenpossibleinthefollowingtenyears?(Chapter4.3.3)4. Whatarethepossiblesupplychainscenarios,takingintoaccounttheregionalsafety,-

regulatoryandtechnicalissuestobunkerinlandandseashipswithgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenintheportareaofAmsterdam?(Chapter4.4)

5. InwhichwaydoesthesupplychainofgashydrogendifferfromthesupplychainofNaBH4hydrogen?(Chapter4.5)

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2.4Explanationofthemethods.Tofindanansweronthequestionsdifferentmethodsareused.Thegoalsandthedefinitionsofthedifferentmethodsareexplainedinthetable.

Methodexplanationmatrix.Subquestion Method Goal DefinitionSubquestion1:

Primitiveform. ToindicatehowtheflowofgoodsandstoragelocationwilloperatetoandfromlinksinthechainofLNG.

Representationofthephysicalflowofgoods.

Subquestion1.1:

InterviewswithRoyalAssociationofNetherlandsshipowners,TitanLNGandthePortofRotterdam.

ThegoalistofindoutwhatthelessonslearnedarefromthedevelopmentoftheLNGsupplychain.

Definitionofaninterviewspeaksforitself.

Subquestion2:

SWOTanalyseandliterature Toindicatethestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.

SWOTisaframeworkusedtoevaluateinthiscasethestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.

Subquestion3.0,3.1,3.2and3.3.

FortheregionalsafetyparttheRoyalAssociationofNetherlandsShipowners(KVNR),thePortofRotterdamandthedepartmentofInfrastructureandEnvironmentofthePortofAmsterdamaredone.FortheregulatoryparttheJuridicaldepartmentofthePortofAmsterdam,theHarbourMaster'sdivisionofthePortofAmsterdamandtheEnvironmentalagencyareinterviewed.ForthetechnicalpartFutureProofShipping,H2CIFandVattenfallareinterviewed.

Thegoalistocreateanunderstandingofwhattotakeintoaccounttodevelopthehydrogensupplychaintoanoperationallevel.

Definitionofaninterviewspeaksforitself.

Subquestion4

Primitiveform. ToindicatehowtheflowofgoodsandstoragelocationwilloperatetoandfromlinksinthechainofLNG.

Representationofthephysicalflowofgoods.

Subquestion5:

Theweighteddecisionmatrix. Thegoalistocreateaninsightofthedifferencesofthesupplychainscenarios.

Theweighteddecisionmatrixisapowerfulquantitativetechnique.Itevaluatesasetofchoices(inthisresearchscenarios)againstasetofcriteria.

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2.5GoalsTomakesuretheresearchhasaclearfocusonwhatwillbeachievedthegoalsaresetupbelow.

• MapoutthedownstreamsupplychainofLNG.• UnderstandingthelessonslearnedofthedevelopmentoftheLNGsupplychaininthe

Amsterdamportarea.• Understandingofthestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsbygashydrogen,

NaBH4hydrogenandgreenmethanol(liquid).• Understandingtherequiredapplicationstotakeintoaccountinthefieldofregionalsafety,-

regulatory,-andtechnicalissuestomakebunkeringofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenpossibleinthefollowing10years.

• SetupthesupplychainscenariosofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.• Creatinganinsightofthedifferencesofthesupplychainscenarios.

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3.0LiteratureresearchOn25September2015morethan150worldleadersadoptedthenew2030agendaforsustainabledevelopments,includingthesustainabledevelopmentgoals.Fromthismoment,itwasclearthatcountriesneedtotakeactiontobemoresustainable.ThePortofAmsterdamisholdinghereyeswideopenforsustainableinnovations.Oneofthemisthedevelopmentofhydrogen.IntheprojectH2SHIPSthePortofAmsterdamdoesresearchwithotherpartnerstothetechnicalandeconomicfeasibilityofbunkeringhydrogen.Inthisresearch,NaBH4hydrogenandgashydrogenarecomparedtoeachother.NaBH4isawhitetograyishcrystallinepowder.Itisdecomposedbywatertoformsodiumhydroxide,acorrosivematerial,andhydrogen,aflammablegas(Nationallibraryofmedicine,2020).Gashydrogenisanon-metallicelementthatisthesimplestandlightestoftheelementsandthatisnormallyacolourlessodourlesshighlyflammablediatomicgas(MerriamWebster,2020).OneoftheexpertsinthefieldofhydrogentechnologyisIr.KlaasVisser,SeniorlecturerinshipbuildingandshipdesignattheTUDelft.Hequalifiesthehydrogentechnologyas‘almosttogoodtobetrue’.HeclaimsthathecouldgiveeverydayaworkshopinEuropeabouttheuseofhydrogen.Thatisbecausethetechnologyispromisingtoreduceharmfulemissionslikegreenhousegasses,sulfur,soot,NOxandfineparticles(Huizen,2018).TomakeitpossibletobunkerhydrogeninthePortofAmsterdamitisnecessarytosetupsupplychainscenariosofbunkeringhydrogeninthePortofAmsterdam.AfewscenarioswillbebasedonNaBH4andtheotherswillbebasedongashydrogen.CEDelft,NuonandGasuniedidalreadyaresearchtobluehydrogenandgreenhydrogen3(theupstreamsupplychain).Theydesignedageneralsupplychainofblueandgreenhydrogen.ItisimportanttoindicatethatCEDelft,NuonandGasunieshowsapossiblewaytodesignasupplychain.ThisdoesnotmeanthatthesupplychainofNaBH4hydrogenorgashydrogenareexactlythesame.Butthissourceshowsthepossibilitiesofmakingasupplychainandthepossibleresults(SebastiaanHers,2018).Seeappendix2and3forthesupplychaindesignsofCEDelft.

Inadditiontothis,TheMaritimeImpactgivesanoverviewofthemainoptionsforproduction,transportandstorageofhydrogen.Theoverviewgivesanideaofthedifferentsources,productiontypes,transportationoptions,statesoftransport&storageandstorageoptionsofhydrogen(Seeappendix4fortheoverviewofDNVGL).AccordingtoGerdPetraHaugom,PrincipalConsultantatDNVGL,sheindicatesthatmoreworkisneededtoensureasustainablesupplyinfrastructure(Haugom,2019).Butrelatedtothehydrogensupplychain,regulatoryissuesarerelatedtotherealizationofbunkeringhydrogeninthePortareaofAmsterdaminthefollowing10years.AccordingtoIr.KlaasVissertorunshipsonhydrogenistechnicallypossible.However,therulesandregulationsabouttheuseofhydrogenintheshippingindustryisnowadaysanissue.ItisactuallythesameproblemwhichiscomparablewiththeintroductionperiodofLNG(Huizen,2018).Basedonthis,importanttonoteistherelationbetweenthedevelopmentofthehydrogensupplychainandtheregulatoryissues.Butalso,thathydrogencanbeproducedinasustainableandunsustainableway.

3Bluehydrogenisgeneratedfromnaturalgasresources.TheCO2isstoredorre-used.Greenhydrogenisgeneratedfromsustainableenergyresources.

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4.0ResearchresultsTheresultsarestructuredpersubquestion.Togetanansweroneachquestionthemethodshavebeenapplied.Datatoanalysethesupplychainofhydrogenisunknownbuttechnicalindicationscanbemade.Thetoolstodevelopanansweronthesubquestionsare:thestrength,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsanalyse(SWOT),theprimitiveformandthescorematrix.

4.1ThesupplychainofLNG.ThesupplychainofLNGisimportanttomapoutbecauseitgivesanindicationofhowbunkeringiscurrentlydone.ThiscouldbeusedasareferenceforbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Probablytheregulatoryissues,regionalsafetyissuesandtechnicalissueswilldifferbutstillitcanbeusedasanindicationforthesupplychainofhydrogen.Further,TitanLNGistheleadingLNGbunkercompanyinthePortareaofAmsterdamandisusedasanexampleinthispart.First,thereisadifferencebetweentrucktoshipbunkeringandshiptoshipbunkering.TrucktoshipbunkeringwasapplicableinthebeginningofthedevelopmentofbunkeringLNG.Anindicationcanbemadebyanaverageinlandship.AninlandshipneedsapproximatelyonetothreetruckstogetafulltankofLNG.WhenthedemandforLNGincreased,bunkeringfromtrucktoshipwasnotthemostoptimalwaytobunkeranymore.When,despitetheincreasingdemandforLNG,stillthetrucktoshipscenariowasused,negativeconsequenceslikeanincreasingbunkeroperationtimeandrelatedwiththis,longerwaitingtimeswerecaused.Furthertheriskoftrafficcongestionintheportareathenincreased.Moreover,itishighlyquestionableifLNGtruckingcompanieshadthecapacitytodelivertheLNGontimeintheportareaofAmsterdam.Asaconsequence,shiptoshipbunkeringdiditsappearance.Withthis,bunkeringseashipsbecamepossible.Seashipsaresimplytoobigtomooratthequayinaharbourbasinsoabunkershipwasandisrequiredforbunkeringseaships.ThebunkershipofTitanLNG,theFlexfueler001hasamaximumcapacityofapproximately700ton(1500m3)(Mackor,2018).WhentheFlexfueller001isbunkeredwithtrucks,approximately,27trucksarerequiredtofillthetankofthebunkership.Thisisnotoptimalbecauseofthelongoperationtime,waitingtimeandthetrafficcongestionintheportarea(Fortheoperationtimecalculation,seeappendix5and6).SotheFlexfueller001(seefigure5(TitanLNG,2019))isbunkeredbyanLNGimportterminal. ItisimportanttonotethatShipyardKooimanwillbuildasecondbunkership,theFlexfueler002.TitanLNGwillexploittheFlexfueler002andisidenticaltotheFlexfueler001.TheFlexfueler002willbeoperationalinmid-2020(MaritiemNederland,2019).Furthermore,thisisnottheonlyproject.IncooperationwithFearnleysAS,aNorwegianshipbroker,thethirdbargeoperatornamedtheTitanHyperianisindevelopment.Thisshipwillontopofexecutinglargerbunkeroperation,alsoserveasthemothershiptofilltheFlexfueller001andtheFlexfueller002,therebyenablinghigherutilizationofallTitanLNG’sassets(TitanLNG,2019).Basedonthis,thedevelopmentfromtrucktoshiptoshiptoshipcanbeindicatedintwosupplychains.Onefromtrucktoshipandonefromshiptoship.Infigure6&7thesupplychainsareillustrated.ThesupplychainsarebasedonthecompanyTitanLNG(TitanLNG,2020).

Figure5-Flexfueller001fromTitanLNG.

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Startatnaturalgasproductionandliquefaction

TransportLNGwithLNGtruckstoquay.

BunkeringanaverageinlandshipwithLNGfromtrucktoan

inlandship.

TransportemptyLNGtrucktoLNGimportterminaltorefuel.

Endbunkeringanaverageinlandship

(Customer)

LNG TransportLNGwithLNGcarrier.SourcingLNGfromLNG

importterminalsLNGimportterminal

LNG LNG LNG

EmptyLNGtruck

LNG

Figure6-SupplyChainofLNGtrucktoshipscenario.

Endbunkeringanaverageseaship(Customer)

Startatnaturalgasproductionandliquefaction

TransportLNGwithLNGcarrier. LNGimport

terminal

SourcingLNGfromLNGimportterminals

TransportLNGwithLNGbunkership

BunkeringseveralseashipwithLNGfrom

bunkershiptoseaship.

TransportemptyLNGbunkershiptoLNG

importterminaltorefuelthebunkership.

LNG LNG LNG

EmptyLNGbunkership

Figure7-SupplyChainofLNGshiptoshipscenario.

4.1.1ThelessonslearnedofLNGTosetupsupplychainsasoptimalaspossiblethelessonslearnedduringthedevelopmentofthesupplychainofLNGmustbetakenintoaccount.Thelessonslearnedarebasedontheinterviews(interviewscript,appendix17)withthefollowingorganisationsindicatedinfigure8.

BasedontheinterviewswiththePortofRotterdam,RoyalAssociationofNetherlandsshipowners(KVNR),andTitanLNGthemostimportantlessonisthattheslowdevelopmentofrulesandregulationshasslowdownthedevelopmentoftheLNGsupplychain.Whenrulesandregulationsarenotclear,companiesarenotwillingtoinvestinanewenergycarrier.Thesecondlesson,basedontheinterviewswiththePortofRotterdam,RoyalAssociationofNetherlandsshipowners(KVNR)andTitanLNG,thetrainingofemployeeswasnotdirectlyrelatedtothedevelopmentofLNG.ThedevelopmentofthetrainingforbunkeringLNGandthedevelopment

PortofRotterdam

RoyalAssociationofNetherlands

shipowners(KVNR)

TitanLNG

Lessonslearneddevelopment

supplychainofLNG

Figure8-Perspectivesoforganisationslessonspart

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ofthedemandofLNGwentasynchronously.Thedemandwasalreadytherebeforeasuitabletrainingwasdeveloped.ThethirdlessonisthatopinionsaboutthesustainabilityofLNGaredivided.TheRoyalAssociationofNetherlandsShipowners(KVNR)indicatedthatLNGisnotassustainableasexpectedbecauseofthemethaneslip.However,othercompaniesweremorenuancedinthis.TheiropinioniswhenLNGisusedcorrectly,LNGissustainable.Thisdiscussionhaseverythingtodowiththemethaneslip.Methaneslipmeanswhengasleaksunburntfromtheengine.Methanehasa20-yearglobalwarmingpotential((GWP(20))whichis86xhigherthanCO2.Takingintoaccountthesustainability,hydrogencanbeproducedindifferentways.Threeproductionwaysofhydrogenareapplicablenowadays:Green,greyandblue.Theproductionofgreenhydrogenisdonebyclimateneutralsourceslikesolarpanelsorwindmills.Greenhydrogenisthegoal,thisissustainable.Theoppositeofgreenhydrogenisgreyhydrogen.Thegreyhydrogenproductiontakesplacebyachemicalconvertingfromfossilfuels.Thisisnotzeroemission.Bluehydrogenisproducedinthesamewayasgreyhydrogen,however,theCo2iscapturedandstoredinemptygasfields.So,itisimportanttobeawareoftheriskofanotsustainableproductionprocessofhydrogen.Thefourthlessonisthatrestrictionsinthefieldofregionalsafetymustbetakenintoaccount.BasedontheinterviewwiththeRoyalAssociationofNetherlandsShipownersthegasrestrictionsareunderestimated.Forexample,whenashipgetsbunkeredwithLNG,ithastotakeintoaccounttheregionalsafetyguidelines.Howregionalsafetyguidelineswilllooklikeforbunkeringhydrogenisnotclearbutthelessonlearnedisthatregionalsafetyguidelineshaveimpactonthedevelopmentofthesupplychainofhydrogen.Summarised,thefourlessonslearnedofthedevelopmentofthesupplychaindevelopmentofLNGare:

• Slowdevelopmentofrulesandregulations.• ThetrainingofbunkeringLNGandthedevelopmentofthedemandofLNGwent

asynchronously.• OpinionsaboutthesustainabilityofLNGaredivided.Butrelatedtotheproductionof

hydrogenitisimportanttotakeintoaccountthesustainability.• Regionalsafetyguidelinesareunderestimatedduringthedevelopmentofthesupplychainof

LNG.

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4.2Thestrengths,weaknessesopportunitiesandthreats.TheSWOT(strength,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreats)analyseisaframeworkusedtoevaluateacompetitivepositionofinthiscasegashydrogen,NaBH4hydrogenandGreenmethanol.Greenmethanolisapromisingenergycarrierfortheshippingindustrybutwillnotinvestigatedfurtherinthisresearchbecauseitisaliquid.Liquidsubstancesarealreadyknownhowtobunker.Infigure9,10&11theSWOTanalysesofgashydrogen,NaBH4hydrogenandgreenmethanolareindicated.Inappendix7theargumentationofthestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsarenoted.

Figure9-SWOTanalysegashydrogen

Figure10-SWOTanalyseNaBH4hydrogen

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Figure11-SWOTGreenMethanol

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4.3TherequiredapplicationsWhatarethepossiblelocationsintheportareaofAmsterdamforthefollowingtenyearstobunkerNaBH4andgashydrogenbyinlandshipsandseaships?Atthismomentasuitablelocationcannotbedesignated.Inthispartthedevelopmentofwhattotakeintoaccounttomakebunkeringhydrogenpossibleatacertainplaceisindicated.Threeconditionsaretakenintoaccount.Thefirstconditionisregionalsafetyissues.Thesecondconditionisregulatoryissuesandthethirdconditionistechnicalissues.Placeswhichareimportantinthedevelopmentofthesupplychainofhydrogenarediscussed.Thisdoesnotmeanthatitissurethatthoseplaceswillbeusedinthefutureforbunkeringhydrogen.Tomanyunansweredquestionsareapplicabletodesignateasuitablelocationforbunkeringhydrogenatthismoment.Thispartindicateswhattotakeintoaccounttorealizebunkeringhydrogenatasuitableplace.4.3.1RegionalsafetyRegionalsafetyprinciplesareinseparablefromthedevelopmentofthesupplychainofhydrogen.Inthisparagraphtheexplanationoftheregionalsafetyprinciplesareexplained.Thisisrelevanttoexplainbecausetheregionalsafetyprinciplesindicateswhereandhowmuchacertainkindofenergycarriercanbeproduced,storedandbunkered.Becauseitisunknownhowregionalsafetyprincipleswilllooklikeforhydrogenitisimportanttoindicatewhatkindofregionalsafetyprinciplesareimportanttotakeintoaccountwhenproducing,storingandbunkeringhydrogen.Tocreateanunderstandingofthoseregionalsafetyprinciplesandothersafetyrelatedissuesthreeinterviewshavebeendone,seefigure12.Fortheinterviewscriptseeappendix17.

BasedontheinterviewwiththePortofAmsterdamInfrastructureandEnvironmenttheregionalsafetyprinciplesareimportanttotakeintoaccount.Thebasicprinciplesexistsofzones,safetycontours,grouprisks,locationrisksandvulnerableobjects.Ofeachbasicprincipleanexplanationwillbegiven.ThePortareaofAmsterdamisdividedoverthreezones.ZoneI: Forthiszoneappliesthatthereisonlyspaceforprimarilyexistingriskcompanies,

calledbevi-companies.Thiszoneisnotsuitableforexpandingofexistingnotself-reliantfunctionsorfornewvulnerableobjects(RoyalHaskoning,2009).

ZoneII: Thiszonecontainsriskcompaniesandlabour-intensiveindustry.Thezoneservesto

remainavailableriskcompanies,butmustalsoaccommodatelabour-intensiveindustries,withpermissionoftheenvironmentalagency.ZoneIIhavefewerexpansionsandlocationoptionsincomparisonwithzoneI.Thiszoneisnotsuitableforexpandingofexistingnotself-reliantfunctions(RoyalHaskoning,2009).

ZoneIII: Thiszoneisconsideredlesssuitableforthearrivalofnewonesandtheexpandingof

existingriskdrivers.SomeriskcompaniesarelocatedinzoneIII,butthisislimited.Giventherelativelyshortdistancetothecity,largeofficesandrecreationalareasaremainlyusedforthislessriskyactivity(RoyalHaskoning,2009).

PortofAmsterdam–Infrastructure

andEnvironment

RoyalAssociationofNetherlandsShipowners(KVNR)

PortofRotterdam–

HarbourMasterPolicy

Department

Regionalsafetyperspectives

Figure12-Perspectiveofregionalsafetyorganisations

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Besidesthedifferentzonesthereareotherguidelinestotakeintoaccounttopointoutacorrectlocationforbunkeringhydrogen.ASafetycontourisadrawnareawheretheriskcontourshouldnotexceedthesafetycontour.Thefollowingbasicprincipleshavebeentakenintoaccountindeterminingtheexactlocationofthesafetycontour:TheWestpoortExternalsafetyareavision,thepresenceofhighriskestablishments,thepresenceofvulnerableobjectsandtheirfunctionalbondingandthedevelopmentsthatcanreasonablybeexpected.Inaddition,possiblecumulationofthelocationrelatedriskandtheoptionsforlimitinggroupriskasmuchaspossiblehavebeentakenintoaccount.Thegrouprisk.Thegroupriskisthecumulativeprobabilitythatapresentgroupof10,100or1000peopledieasadirectresultwhenanaccidentinvolvingdangeroussubstancesoccurs(RoyalHaskoning,2009).Thelocationrelatedriskreferstotheprobabilityperyearthatanimaginarypersondiesasadirectresultofanaccidentinvolvingdangeroussubstancesifthispersoniscontinuouslyandunprotectedinthevicinityofariskyestablishmentortransportaxis.InzoneIarenewtransportaxis,pipelines,LPG-stationsandberthswithdangerousgoodspossibleaslongastheprobabilityofthelocationrelatedriskislessthan10-6,novulnerableobjectsinthenearsurrounding.Themaximumpermittedlocation-relatedriskmustbeobserved,environmentallylicensedandfitintospatialplanning(RoyalHaskoning,2009).Vulnerableobjectsareforexamplewindmills.Vulnerableobjectsmustbetakenintoaccountwhenplacingstoragetankswithhydrogenforexample.Extraattentioninthefieldofregionalsafetywillbegiven.TheaboveexplainedregionalsafetyprinciplesfortheAfrikaandAmerikaport(ThisisintheAmsterdamportarea)aregraphicallyshowninappendix8.Therearemorepossiblelocationstobunkerhydrogeninthefuturebutfornowthreeimportantlocationswillbeindicated:TheOceanenweg(TheGroenekade),CapriwegandtheHemweg.AttheOceanenweg,the‘Groenekade’islocated.The‘Groenekade’isaquaywherepilotsinthefieldofalternativefuelscanbeexecuted.Also,forpilotstodevelopthebunkeringofhydrogen.Agoodexampleistousethe‘Groenekade’toorganiseapilotwithregionalsafetyorganisationsliketheEnvironmentalAgency,theFirebrigade,Labourinspectorate(MinistryofSocialAffairsandEmployment)andtheHumanEnvironmentandTransportInspectorate(ILT)andmore.The‘Groenekade’isanimportantplacetodevelopthesupplychaintoalevelwhereinlandshipsandseashipscanbebunkeredwithhydrogen.Buttodeveloptheskillsandunderstandingtothislevel,pilotplaceslikethe‘Groenekade’arekeylocations.Itisimportanttonotethattheplanistorentthe‘Groenekade’tointerestedcommercialcompanies.Asaconsequencethepilotphaseforbunkeringhydrogenwillbringmoredifficultieswithit.Theriskthatoccursifthe‘Groenekade’willberentedtocompaniesisthatasuitablepilotplaceisnotavailable.ThereareinterestsofthecommercialdepartmentandthedepartmentofStrategyandInnovationthatareplayingarole.Bothunderstandable.Howthedevelopmentofthe‘Groenekade’willlooklikemustbefurtherinvestigatedbutfactisthataplacelikethe‘Groenekade’iscrucialinthestartphaseforthedevelopmentofthesupplychainofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenbyinlandshipsandseaships.

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AnotherlocationistheCapriweg.WhenthedemandofLNGwasnotatanhighdevelopedstage,bunkeringLNGwasdonefromtrucktoshipatthisplace.LaterotherlocationswhereapplicableforbunkeringLNG.Thisplaceisusedasanexampleforwhattotakeintoaccountbeforebunkeringhydrogen.TheCapriwegislocatedinzoneII.Seeappendix9.WhenbunkeringgasorNaBH4hydrogentheregionalsafetyprincipleswillchangeforthislocation.ImportanttonoteisthattheCapriwegisusedasanexample.Therearemorepromisingbunkerlocations,thiswilllookdifferentinthefieldoftheaboveexplainedregionalsafetyprinciples,especiallyforgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.HowthoseprincipleswilllooklikeforgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenarenotinvestigatedyet.Butwhatcanbenoted,basedontheinterviewswiththeEnvironmentalAgencyandthedepartmentInfrastructureandenvironmentofthePortofAmsterdamisthatNaBH4hydrogenisnotpressurisedandprobablyhavenoexplosivesafetycontours.NaBH4couldhavetoxiccontours.Ifthisisreallythecaseshouldbefurtherinvestigatedbysafetyorganisations.Whenthedemandofhydrogenwillbeatahighdevelopedstage,theHemwegisamoresuitablebunkerlocation.Since23thofDecember2019thecoalpowerplantisclosed.SoVattenfall(organisationwhichislocatedattheHemweg)islookingfornewpossibilities,hydrogenisanoption.Vattenfallisinvestigatingaquaytoshipscenarioforbunkeringinlandships.Whenthedemanddevelopstoahighstageascenariotobunkerabunkershipfromafixedinstallationatthequaywillbepossible.Becauseofthebunkership,seashipscanbebunkeredfromshiptoship.Inchapter4.3.3moretechnicalinformationaboutVattenfallandtheoptionforbunkeringhydrogenisgiven.ThedevelopmentofbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenisindicatedInfigure13.

Itisimportanttopreparethedevelopment,asindicatedinfigure13.ThefollowingmustbetakenintoaccounttobeabletodevelopasupplychainofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen:

• Asuitablepilotlocationisimportantforthedevelopmentofthesupplychain.ThecommercialdepartmentandstrategyandinnovationdepartmentofthePortofAmsterdammustco-operatetoasituationwherebothinterestsaretakenintoaccount.Factisthatasuitablepilotlocationiscrucialforthedevelopmentofthehydrogensupplychain.

• ThesameappliesbetweentheInfrastructureandenvironmentdepartmentandthestrategyandinnovationdepartmentofthePortofAmsterdam.Thecooperationbetweenthetwodepartmentsareimportanttofacilitateasuitablebunkerlocationtobunkerhydrogen.Theriskthatisapplicablewhenthiswillnotbefacilitatedisthatasuitablelocationtobunker

Figure13–Developmentofthesupplychainofbunkeringhydrogen.

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hydrogencannotbedevelopedbecauseofsafetylimitations.Thiswillshutdownthewholehydrogensupplychain.

• Further,whenbunkeringhydrogenwillgofromthepilotphasetothephasewereapermitisrequireditisimportanttorealizethispermitfast.Acommercialcompanyisnotgoingtowaitmonthsbeforegettingapermit.Theopportunitiesinthetransitionfrompilotphasetostructural(permitrequired)areimportanttoachieveanoperationalsupplychainintheportareaofAmsterdamforhydrogen.

• Withthosedevelopmentsitisimportanttotakeintoaccountthatthedevelopmentofasuitabletrainingforbunkeringgashydrogenand/orNaBH4hydrogenrunsynchronizedwiththedemandofhydrogen.ThispointisalsonotedbythelessonslearnedofLNG.

4.3.2RegulatoryissuesRegulatoryissuesareinseparablefromthedevelopmentofthesupplychainofhydrogen.AtthismomenttherulesandregulationshavenotyetbeensetupforbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Thegoalinthisparagraphistogiveanindicationwhichregulatoryissuesmustbetakenintoaccounttorealizethebunkeringofhydrogen.Tounderstandthecontextoftheregulatoryissuesthreeinterviewshavebeendone.Fortheinterviewscriptseeappendix17.Theinterviewscreateddifferentperspectivesontheregulatoryissues.Infigure14standsthedifferentperspectivesofthispart.Bunkeringcanbedoneinvariousways.Mostofthetimebunkeringisdonefromtrucktoshiporshiptoship.Regulatoryissuesdifferwhenbunkeringaninlandshipfromtrucktoshipandaseashipfromshiptoship.Whenbunkeringfromtrucktoshiptheenvironmentallawisapplicable.Theenvironmentalagencygrantspermitstocompaniesthatarewillingtobunkerinthisway.Whenbunkeringfromshiptoshiptheportbylawisapplicable.AtthismomentgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenisnotdesignatedyetintheenvironmentallawandtheportbylaw.Asaconsequence,theenvironmentalagencyisnotabletograntpermitstocommercialcompanies.Thecommercialcompaniescannotrelyonthatasuitablepermithasalreadybeendevelopedforbunkeringhydrogenfromtrucktoshiporshiptoship.Whenthisisnotclearcommercialcompaniesareholdingbacktheirinvestmentsinbunkeringhydrogen.Todevelopthesupplychaintoanoperationallevel,thecommercialcompanieslikeproduction,-bunker,-andtransportcompaniesneedaclearregulatoryframetocreateafutureperspectiveoftheirinvestments.Notonlyregulatoryissueswhilebunkeringareimportanttotakeintoaccount.Relatedtothesupplychainabroaderperspectiveonthedevelopmentofregulatoryissuesisnecessary.Itcanbenotedthatregulatoryissuesareapplicableonfourdifferentlevels.

Juridicaldepartment–

PortofAmsterdam

Environmentalagency.

HarbourMaster’sdivision-Portof

Amsterdam

Regulatoryperspectives-

bunkeringhydrogen

Figure14-Perspectivesoftheregulatorypart

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Level OrganisationInternational(worldwide)

InternationalMaritimeOrganisation(IMO)

European CentralCommissionfortheNavigationoftheRhine(CCNR)andtheEuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA)

National MinistryofInfrastructureandWatermanagement,MinistryofSocialAffairsandEmployment,MinistryofFinance.

Regional EnvironmentalAgency,MunicipalitiesandthePortauthority

Therelatedorganisationsandtheirroleinthedevelopmentofrulesandregulationsareindicatedbelow.Perorganizationtheroletheyhaveandtherelatedorganisationswillbeexplained.WiththisanunderstandingofhowtodevelopthecorrectregulatoryframecanbeindicatedandwhattheroleofthePortofAmsterdamisinthisdevelopment.ThedevelopmentofrulesandregulationsareimportanttotakethesupplychainofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogentoanoperationallevel.Commercialcompaniesneedaregulatoryframetomakeprofitableandreliableinvestments.Sowithoutacorrectregulatoryframetherisktoinvestinassetstomakethehydrogensupplychainoperationalaretobig.InternationalMaritimeOrganisation(IMO)TheInternationalMaritimeOrganisationsetupguidelinesfortheconstructionofshipsandtheirenergysystems.AnexampleistheCodeofsafetyforshipsusinggassesorotherlow-flashpointfuels(IGF-code).ThebasicphilosophyoftheIGF-codeistoprovidemandatorycriteriaforthearrangementandinstallationofmachinery,equipmentandsystemsforvesselsoperatingwithgasorlow-flashpointgasses.TheNetherlandsisamemberoftheIMOandbasedonthecodesoftheIMO,theMinistryofInfrastructureandWatermanagementoftheNetherlandstranslatesthistoDutchregulations.TomakesureseashipsaresailingaccordingtothecodesoftheIMO,theHumanEnvironmentandTransportInspectorate(ILT)conductsinspectionsatships.SotheministryofInfrastructureandWatermanagementtranslatesthecodesoftheIMOtoDutchregulationsandbasedonthistheILTsupervises.ThecertificationofthoseshipswillbedoneviacertificationagencieslikeVeritasorLloyd’sregister.CentralCommissionfortheNavigationoftheRhine.(CentralCommissionFortheNavigationoftheRhine(CCRN),2015).TheCentralCommissionfortheNavigationoftheRhine(CCNR)hasacentralroleinthedevelopmentofrulesandregulations,onlyforinlandships.TheNetherlandsisamemberoftheCCNR.AccordingtothewebsiteoftheCCNR,theroletheyhaveistoinvestigateanyissueinvolvingthepromotionofnavigationontheRhine.Thisattributionisexercisedeitherformallyintheformofdeliberationsadoptedbyitsplenarymeetinganditscommittees,ormoreinformallywithintheframeworkofconferences,round-tablediscussionsandotherworkingmeetings.Suchworkmayresultinvariousformsofactionlikerecommendation,declaration,memorandumofunderstanding,etc.Withinthisframework,theCommissionalsocarriesoutstudies,draftsdocumentsandpublishesinformationofvariouskinds,suchasstatisticsanddocumentsonmarketobservation.WhentheCCNRdevelopsstudies,draftdocumentsorotherinformationinthefieldofthedevelopmentofregulatoryissues,thiscanbeusedasinformationsourceforthedevelopmentofrulesandregulationsforbunkeringwithnewenergycarrierslikehydrogen.

Figure15–Regulatorylevels

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EMSA–EuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA)–GuidanceonLNGBunkering(EuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency,2018)EMSA’sgoalistoserveEUmaritimeinterestsforasafe,secure,greenandcompetitivemaritimesectorandactasareliablepointofreferenceinthemaritimesectorinEuropeandworldwide.Inchapter4aregulatoryframeworkforLNGbunkering(shoretoshiporshiptoshipinterface),issetupandexplained.Inthisframeworktheroleoftheorganisationsoftheregulatoryissuesareexplained.ThisregulatoryframeisexplainedbasedonbunkeringLNGbutcanbeusedascomparisonforbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogen.Seethelinkforthereportwiththeregulatoryframe(chapter4)http://www.emsa.europa.eu/emsa-homepage/2-news-a-press-centre/news/3207-guidance-on-lng-bunkering-to-port-authorities-and-administrations.htmlMinistryofInfrastructureandwatermanagementForthisroleseetheexplanationoftheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation(IMO).MinistryofSocialAffairsandEmploymentTheinspectorateofemploymentbelongstotheMinistryofSocialAffairsandEmployment.Itisimportanttotakeintoaccountthatbunkeringanewenergycarrierlikehydrogenisnotknownbytheinspectorateofemployment.Itisimportantthattheinspectorateofemploymentunderstandswhenbunkeringhydrogenisdoneinasafeway.Thecorrecttrainingtobunkerhydrogeniscrucialtoletemployeesworkinasafeenvironment.Toknowwhenatrainingiscorrectaccordingtoabunkercompanyacooperationwiththeinspectorateofemploymentisuseful.Withthiscooperationanunderstandingofacorrecttrainingcanbedeveloped.MinistryofFinanceThecustomsispartoftheMinistryofFinance.Theroleofthecustomsistoknowhowtocollecttaxeswhileimportingnewenergycarrierslikehydrogen.Beforebunkeringthecustomsmustbeinformedabouttaxrelatedissues.Atthismomentitisunknownhowcustomsneedstocollecttaxwhileimportinghydrogen.EnvironmentalagencyWhenbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenfromtrucktoshiptheenvironmentalagencyistheorganisationtograntbunkerpermits.ImportanttonoteisthattheenvironmentalagencyisnotadepartmentofthecityofAmsterdam.Theenvironmentalagencyhasdifferentdepartmentsandworksfordifferentprovincesandmunicipalities.IntheNorthSeacanaltherearetwoenvironmentalagency,oneforareaAmsterdamandZaanstadandoneforareaIjmond.In2021thenewenvironmentallawwillbepublished.Theroleoftheenvironmentalagencyistograntpermitswhicharelandorientatedforbunkering.Themostwell-knownlandorientatedbunkertypeistrucktoshipbutcanalsobeafixedinstallationatthequaytoship.MunicipalitiesThemostknownwaterorientatedbunkertypeisshiptoship.Whenbunkeringfromshiptoshiptheportbylawisapplicable.TheportbylawisapplicableinthemunicipalitiesofVelsen/Ijmuiden,Beverwijk,ZaanstadandAmsterdam.Thosemunicipalities,theHarbourMaster’sDivisionofthePortofAmsterdamandthejuridicaldepartmentplayanimportantroleinthedesignationofbunkeringhydrogenintheportbylaw.Besidesthedesignationofbunkeringhydrogenintheportbylaw,portauthoritiesmakeitmandatoryintheportbylawtobunkeraccordingtheInternationalAssociationofPortsandHarbors(IAPH)checklists.Thosechecklistsgiveanoverviewonastep-by-stepbasishowtobunkerinasafeandcorrectway.TomakethebunkeringofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenpossibleinthe

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following10yearsitisdesirabletosetuptheIAPHchecklistalsoforbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.ThechecklistshavebeenpublishedontheWorldPortsSustainabilityProgram(WPSP,2018).Thechecklistscanbefoundbythefollowinglink:https://sustainableworldports.org/clean-marine-fuels/lng-bunkering/bunker-checklists/PortauthoritiesTakingintoaccountthedifferentorganisationsandtheirroleoneachlevel,theroleoftheportofAmsterdamistofacilitatethecooperationbetweentheorganisationstodeveloparegulatoryunderstandingbythecompaniesthathaveinterestsinbunkeringhydrogen.Withthis,companiescanreactfasterandmorecorrectlyontheregulatorypartofthedevelopmentofhydrogenandasaconsequence,aremorewillingtoinvestinthedevelopmentofthehydrogensupplychain.4.3.3ThetechnicalissuesInthisparagraphthetechnicalissuesareindicated.Thetechnicalissuesareindicatedintwoparts.Onepartaboutasupplyanddemandcaseforgashydrogen.AsupplyanddemandcaseforbunkeringNaBH4hydrogenbyinlandshipsandseashipsisunknownyet.Theotherpartisaboutthetechnicalinstallations,whicharerequiredtobunkergashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Infigure16anoverviewofthedifferentperspectivestodevelopatechnicalunderstanding.CaseVattenfall(supply)andFutureproofshipping(demand)Since23thofDecember2019thecoalpowerplantofVattenfallisclosed.AsaconsequenceVattenfallislookingforopportunitiestosupplyenergy.Oneofthemistosupplyhydrogenfortheshippingindustry.ThesupplyanddemandcaseforNaBH4isnotexecutedbecausetherearenoinlandshipsorseashipsyettoquantifythis.Basedonthesupplyanddemandinformationanindicationbetweenthedemandsideandthesupplysidecanbemade.Thesupplyanddemandquantificationscanbecomparedwitheachothertohaveanunderstandingofwhatcanbesuppliedandhowmuchwillbeasked.Forthequantificationofthesupplysideseeappendix10.Forthequantificationsofthedemandsideseeappendix11.ThehydrogeninlandshipofFutureproofshippingcanbebunkeredapproximately5timeswiththeofferedintermediatestorageof8,6tongashydrogen(Seeappendix11forthequantificationofthedemandside).Basedonthereport‘Feasibilityofhydrogenbunkering’ofInterreg,twooptionsarepossibletobunkergashydrogen.Pressurebalancingandcompressingthegasintotheship.SoifVattenfallwillstorehydrogenat700barinsteadof200bar,pressurebalancingispossible.Thereasonofthisisbecausetheinlandshiprequiresaloweramountofbars(300)thanisstoredatthequay.Asaconsequencethehydrogenwillflowintotheshipunderitsownpressure.Thismethoddoesnotrequirecompressorstomovethegas.Theotheroptionistouseahighthroughputcompressortomovethehydrogenfromalowpressurestoreatthequaytotheinlandship.Whenbunkeringaseashipabunkershipisrequired.Asaconsequence,tofulfilthedemandofaseashiptheintermediatestorageattheHemwegmustincrease.Howmuchtheintermediatestorage,

Figure16-Perspectivesoftechnicalpart.

VattenfallFutureProofShipping

H2Cif

Perspectivesofthetechnicalpart

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theamountofproductionperdayandthenumberoftimesbybunkeringaseashipmustbefurtherinvestigated.Whentransferringtotheshiptoshipscenariomorehydrogenmustbestoredatthequay.Importanttotakeintoaccountwhenthisphasewillappeararetherelatedregionalsafetyprinciples,butalsoifthecurrentpermitcoversthisnewscenario.Besidesthis,takeintoaccountthatwhentransferringtotheshiptoshipscenario,everylinkinthechainmustanticipateonthecurrentcapacitytheycandeliver.TomakemorehydrogenproductionandstoragepossibleattheHemwegitisimportantthatthewholesupplychainisabletoadaptwiththisupscaling.Thinkaboutelectricitysuppliers,transportcompaniesandmoreemployeeswiththecorrecttraining.So,evenifitistechnicalpossibletodevelopmorehydrogenstoragemakesureitfitsintheregionalsafetyprinciples,inthecurrentpermitandthatthewholesupplychainisabletoadaptwiththisupscaling.RequiredtechnicalinstallationsAtthismomentitisnotclearhowtobunkergashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogen.Withoutasuitablebunkerinstallation,nosupplychain.Forbunkeringinlandshipsandseashipswithgashydrogenanindicationcanbemadebasedonthe‘Publicatiereeksgevaarlijkestiffen’(PGS35).ThePGS35declareshowhydrogenbunkerinstallationsforautomobileslooklike(PGS35,2015).ThePGS35canbeusedasafundamentalfordevelopingbunkerinstallationsofinlandshipsandseaships.BunkeringgashydrogenbyinlandshipsandseashipsaredifferentcomparedtorefuellinganautomobilebutthePGS35canbeusedasanindication.Therequiredtechnicalissuesforapipeline,localproductionortruckareindicatedinappendix12,13,14and15.TheNaBH4bunkerinstallationforinlandshipsandseashipsmustbefurtherinvestigated.AsanindicationfordevelopingaNaBH4bunkerinstallationforinlandshipsandseashipstheprojectPortAuthorityVesselcanbeused.TherearedocumentsofhowbunkeringNaBH4canlooklike.Thoseareconfidential,sothisisnotaddedintheappendix.ImportanttonoteisthatNaBH4hydrogenrequiresareturnlogisticschannel.WhenhydrogenisremovedfromtheNaBH4,theNaBH4ischangedtoNaBO2.ThisiscalledSpentFuel.ThisSpentFuelwillbestoredatthequayandrequiresareturnlogisticschannelbacktotheregenerationfactory,tomakeNaBH4again.Theresultsofwhichtechnicalissuesmustbetakenintoaccounttodevelopthesupplychainofhydrogenarenoted.Belowtheresultsinconcretedots.

• Bunkermethodsarealreadyknownbygaseoushydrogen.NaBH4hydrogenisdevelopingthosemethodsaswellbasedontheprojectPortAuthorityVessel.

• Howmuchtheintermediatestorage,theamountofproductionperdayandthenumberoftimesbybunkeringaseaship,mustbefurtherinvestigated.

• Importanttonoterelatedinthedevelopmentofthesupplychainisthatwhentheproductionofhydrogenincreases,therequiredenergytomakethis,mustfitinthecapacityofthelinksfurtherinthechain.

• UsethePGS35asanindicationfordevelopingthebunkerinstallationsofgashydrogenbyinlandshipsandseashipsandrelatethistothesupplychainscenarios.

• UsetheprojectPortAuthorityVesselasanindicationfordevelopingthebunkerinstallationsofNaBH4hydrogenbyinlandshipsandseashipsandrelatethistothesupplychainscenarios.

• TakeintoaccountthereturnlogisticschanneloftheNaBO2whilebunkeringNaBH4andrelatethistothesupplychainscenarios.

29|P a g e


4.4ThesupplychainscenariosTakingintoaccounttheregulatoryissues,regionalsafetyissuesandthetechnicalissues,eightsupplychainscenariosareindicated.Threefactorsareconcernedineveryscenario.First,howdoesthesupplychainlooklikewhenbunkeringgashydrogenisapplicableandhowdoesitlooklikewhenbunkeringNaBH4hydrogenisapplicable?Second,howdoesthesupplychainlooklikewhenbunkeringaninlandshipandhowdoesitlooklikewhenbunkeringaseaship?Third,howdoesthesupplychainlooklikewhenaproductionplantwillbeplacedoutsideorinsidetheAmsterdamportarea?Undereachscenarioanexplanationwillbegiven.Beforethesupplychainscenarioswillbeindicatedthedifferentsymbolsoftheprimitiveformmustbeexplained.Thepurplecircleindicatesthestartortheendofthesupplychain.Theyellowtriangleindicatesastorageplace.Thebluerectangleindicatesaprocess/activity.Theorangearrowsindicatesthetransportdirectionofthegoods.Thethinnerorangearrowwhichislinkedtothepurpleendsymbolisnotatransportdirectionanymorebutindicatesthatthesupplychainendsthere.

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Scenario1:BunkeringgashydrogenfromthequaytoaninlandshipwhentheproductionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Whenaninlandshipwillbebunkeredfromafixedinstallationatthequaytoanaverageinlandship,apipelinefromtheproductionplantintheAmsterdamportareaissuitablewhenthedemandofgashydrogenisdevelopedtoahighstage.Thereasonofthisisbecausetheproductionplantandthefixedinstallationatthequayisplacedinthesamearea.Thismakesthetransportfromtheproductionplanttothefixedinstallationatthequaywithtrucksinefficient.Theadvantageofthepipelineisthattheintermediatestorageisindependentlyfromroadrelatedinefficienciesliketrafficjams.Asaconsequence,thetransportationofgashydrogenbetweenthehydrogenproductionplantandtheintermediatestorageatthequayaremoreconstantlycoordinated.Thepipelinedoesnothavethedisadvantageoftrafficjamsandstandardvolumesoftrucks.Asaconsequencethecoordinationbetweenproductionandtheintermediatestorageatthequayisabletoadaptfasterwhenupsorlowsinthedemandofhydrogenoccurs.Besidesthis,notonlyinlandshipscanbebunkeredfromthequay.Alsobunkershipscanbebunkeredfromthefixedinstallationatthequaytobunkerseaships.Becauseahighdevelopeddemandofhydrogenisrequiredforthebunkership,inscenario3and4thisisfurtherexplained.Infigure17theprimitiveformisindicatedandthereferenceismadewiththeregulatory,-regionalsafety,-andtechnicalissues.

Startatgashydrogenproductionplantin

Amsterdamportarea.

Averageinlandshipmoorsatthequayor

jettyandstartbunkeringfromafixedinstallationatthequaytoanaverage

inlandship.


(Customer)

Technicalissues:-PGS35:Hydrogen:Installationsfordeliveryofhydrogentoroadvehicles(Thisisforroadvehiclesbutcanbeusedasanindicationforbunkeringinlandshipsandseaships.

Intermediatestoragegas

hydrogenatthequayinAmsterdam

portarea.

Regulatory:European:CCNR,EMSANational:MinisteryofI&WM,MinistryofSZ&WandMinistryofFinance.Regional:Environmentalagency,MunicipalitiesandthePortauthority.

Regionalsafety:-ZoneI,IIandIII-Safetycontour-Grouprisk-Locationrelatedrisks-Vulnerableobjects

Figure17–Primitiveformscenario1.

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Scenario2:BunkeringgashydrogenfromtrucktoaninlandshipwhentheproductionplantisnotlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Whenthedemandofhydrogenisatabeginphase,bunkeringfromtrucktoshipissuitable.ItisimportanttotakeintoaccountthatinthebeginningofbunkeringgashydrogenaproductionplantintheAmsterdamportareacannotbetakenforgranted.ItisrealisticthatthreetofouryearsaproductionplantofgashydrogenisforexampleinZeelandandnotintheAmsterdamportarea.Asaconsequence,thehydrogenmustbetransportedfromZeelandtoAmsterdam.ProbablywithatruckbecauseapipelinefromtheproductionplantinZeelandtoAmsterdamrequiresahighinvestmentandahighdevelopedstageofthedemandofgashydrogen.TransportationfromZeelandtoAmsterdamcanalsobedonewithabunkership.Thiswillbeexplainedinscenario3.Sowhenthedemandofhydrogenisatabeginphase,bunkeringfromtrucktoshipissuitable.Infigure18anoverviewofthesupplychainofthisscenario.

Startatgashydrogenproductionplant

outsidetheAmsterdamportarea.


jettyandstartbunkeringfromatrucktoan

inlandship.

Intermediatestoragegashydrogenat

productionplantoutsidethe

Amsterdamportarea.

Endbunkeringaninlandship(Customer)

TransportgashydrogenwithtruckstoquayorjettyinAmsterdamport

area..

Whentrucksareempty.ThetrucksgobacktotheintermediatestorageoftheplantoutsidetheAmsterdamportarea.





32|P a g e


Scenario3:BunkeringgashydrogenfrombunkershiptoseashipwhentheproductionplantisnotlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Whenthisscenarioisapplicable,thedemandofgashydrogenisatahighdevelopedstage.Aseashipissimplytobigtomooratthequayinaharbourbasinandbecauseofthatabunkershipisrequiredtobunkerseaships.WhenaproductionplantisplacedoutsidetheportareaofAmsterdam,acomparablescenariofrombunkeringLNGfromshiptoshipisapplicable(figure7).InthisscenarioabunkershipsourceshydrogenfromahydrogenterminalandsailstotheportareaofAmsterdamtobunkerseashipsalongside.AlsonotedbythesupplychainofLNGisthatasecondbunkershipandamothershipisindevelopmentforTitanLNG.Relatedtothisscenario,bunkeringhydrogencouldbedevelopedinthesameway.

Startatgashydrogenproductionplant

outsideAmsterdamportarea.

Intermediatestoragegashydrogenat

importterminaloutside

Amsterdamportarea.

Endbunkeringaseaship(Customer)


Regulatory:International:InternationalMaritimeOrganisation(IMO)European:CCNR,EMSANational:MinisteryofI&WM,MinistryofSZ&WandMinistryofFinance.Regional:MunicipalitiesandthePortauthority.

Sourcinggashydrogenfromhydrogenterminal

TransportthebunkershiptotheAmsterdam

portarea.

Bunkeringseashipswithgashydrogenfrom

bunkershiptoaseashipintheAmsterdamport

area.

Whenbunkershipisempty.Thebunkership

goesbacktothehydrogenterminal

outsidetheportareaofAmsterdam

Emptybunkership Gashydrogen

Bunkeringthebunkershipwithgashydrogenatterminaloutsidetheport

areaofAmsterdam



33|P a g e


Scenario4:BunkeringgashydrogenfrombunkershiptoseashipwhentheproductionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Thisscenarioisthesameastheshiptoshipscenarioexplainedinscenario3.TheonlydifferenceisthatinthisscenariotheproductionplantislocatedintheportareaofAmsterdaminsteadofoutside.Theadvantageinthisscenarioisthatwhenthetransportbetweentheproductionplantandtheintermediatestorageatthequayisshort.Asnotedinscenario1,whenaproductionplantislocatedintheportareaofAmsterdamandthedemandofgashydrogenisdevelopedtoanhighstagethepipelineissuitable.Thedifferencecomparedwithscenario1isthatinthisscenarioseashipsareapplicable.Seashipsrequiresomuchmorehydrogencomparedwithinland.Soitisimportanttoseparatethosescenarios.Importanttorealizebythisscenarioisthatseashipsrequiresomuchvolumegashydrogenthatitisdoubtableifgashydrogenwillevenbeusedbyseaships.

Startatproductionplantgashydrogenintheportareaof

Amsterdam

Intermediatestoragegas

hydrogenatthequayinthe

Amsterdamportarea.

Bunkeringaseashipwithgashydrogen

frombunkershiptoseaship.

Endbunkeringanaverageseaship

(Customer)

Whenthebunkershipisempty.The

bunkershipgoesbacktothehydrogen

intermediatestorageatthequay.

Bunkeringabunkershipwithgashydrogenfromthe

quay.

Gashydrogen





34|P a g e


Scenario5:BunkeringNaBH4hydrogenfromthequaytoaninlandshipwhentheproductionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Thisscenarioiscomparablewithscenario1.ThedifferenceinthisscenarioisthatNaBH4hydrogenisused.NaBH4hydrogenisawhitepowderandcannotbetransportedwithapipeline.Maybeinthefuturetherearepossibilitiestotransportthistypeofsubstancethroughapipelinebutthismustbefurtherinvestigated.Fornowitcannotbeassumedthatthiswillbepossible.Therefore,NaBH4hydrogenismoredependentontransportoverroad.ImportanttonoteisthatNaBH4hydrogenrequiresaretourlogisticschannel,thespentfuel(NaBO2)mustbedischargedoftheshipandtransportedbacktotheproductionplanttomakeNaBH4again.ItshouldbefurtherinvestigatediftrucksandbunkershipscanbunkerNaBH4andstoringNaBO2inthesametank.IfthiswillnotbepossibleanintermediatestorageatthequayforNaBH4andNaBO2isrequired(seefigure21).Scenario6,7and8willbeaboutwhenbunkeringNaBH4andstoringNaBO2directlyfromtruckorshipwillbepossible.

StartatNaBH4hydrogenproduction

plantinsidetheAmsterdamportarea.


jettyandstartbunkeringfromafixedinstallationatthequaytoanaverage

inlandship.

IntermediatestorageNaBH4hydrogenat

productionplantinsidethe

Amsterdamportarea.


(Customer)

Technicalissues:-PortAuthorityvessel.

IntermediatestorageNaBO2atproductionplant

insidetheAmsterdamport

area.

IntermediatestorageNaBO2at

thequayinAmsterdamport

area.

Spen

tFue

l(NaBO2)



TransportNaBH4hydrogenwithtruckstotheintermediatestorage

atthequayintheAmsterdamportarea.

TransportNaBO2withtruckstothe

intermediatestorageattheproductionplantintheAmsterdamport

area..

IntermediatestorageNaBH4hydrogenatthefixedinstallationatthequayintheAmsterdamport

area.

NaBH4


35|P a g e


Scenario6:BunkeringNaBH4hydrogenfromtrucktoaninlandshipwhentheproductionplantisnotlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.BunkeringNaBH4hydrogendirectlyfromtrucktoshipcouldbecomepossibleinthefuture.Itshouldbefurtherinvestigatedhowthistruckwilllooklike.Whenthistypeofbunkeringwillbeapplicabletwodotsareimportanttonote:

• WhenthetruckisonlyabletobunkerNaBH4toaship,asecondtruckisrequiredtodischargeandtransporttheNaBO2backtotheproductionplant.

• WhenthetruckisabletobunkerNaBH4toashipanddischargetheNaBO2,probablymoretrucksarerequiredbecausethestorageofNaBH4andNaBO2mustprobablybestoredseparatelyfromeachotherandthishasconsequencesforthecapacityoftheNaBH4tankandNaBO2tankatthetruck.

Theprimitiveform(figure22)isbasedonwhenbunkeringNaBH4canbedonedirectlyfromthetruckwithoutanintermediatestorageisrequired.

StartatNaBH4hydrogenproduction

plantoutsideofAmsterdamportarea.


productionplantoutsideAmsterdam

portarea

TransportNaBH4hydrogenwithtrucksto

quayorjetty.


jettyandstartbunkeringfromtrucktoaverage

inlandship.


(Customer)


Technicalissues:-CasePortAuthorityVessel.

IntermediatestorageNaBO2atproductionplant

outsideAmsterdamport

area.

TransportNaBO2hydrogenwithtruckstoNaBH4productionplantoutsideAmsterdamport

area.

NaBH4



36|P a g e


Scenario7:BunkeringNaBH4hydrogenfrombunkershiptoseashipwhentheproductionplantisnotlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.WhenbunkeringseashipswithNaBH4abunkershipisrequired.Thisbunkershipgetsbunkeredbyahydrogenterminal,thebunkershipcomesalongsidetheseashipandstartsbunkeringtheseaship.Whenthebunkershipisemptythebunkershipsailsbacktotheintermediatestoragebytheterminalandgetsbunkeredagain.ThedisadvantageofthisscenarioincomparisonwithaproductionplantintheAmsterdamportarea(seescenario8)isthatthetraveltimeofthebunkershiptotheintermediatestorageattheterminalislonger.

StartNaBH4productionplant

outsidetheAmsterdamportarea.


terminaloutsidetheAmsterdam

portarea

TransportNaBH4hydrogenwith

bunkershiptoaverageseaship.

BunkeringanaverageseashipwithNaBH4from

bunkershiptoanaverageseaship.


NaBH4


Technicalissues:-CasePortauthorityVessel.

Intermediatestoragespentfuel

(NaBO2)atproductionplantoutsidetheport

areaofAmsterdam.


Bunkeringabunkershipathydrogenterminal. NaBH4


37|P a g e


Scenario8:BunkeringNaBH4hydrogenfrombunkershiptoseashipwhentheproductionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Thisscenarioiscomparablewithscenario7.TheonlydifferenceisthattheproductionplantisintheAmsterdamportarea.ThismeansthatthetransportationbetweentheproductionplantandthehydrogenterminalisshortercomparedwhentheproductionplantisplacedoutsidetheportareaofAmsterdam(Scenario7).Asnoticedearlier,atthismomentitisnotpossibletotransportNaBH4throughapipeline.Gashydrogencanbetransportedthroughapipeline.

StartatNaBH4productionplantintheAmsterdamport

area.

IntermediatestorageNaBH4hydrogenattheterminalintheAmsterdamport

area.

BunkeringanaverageseashipwithNaBH4hydrogenfrom

bunkershiptoanaverageseaship.



Technicalissues:-CasePortAuthorityVessel.

Storagespentfuel(NaBO2)at

productionplantinsidethe

Amsterdamportarea.


Bunkeringabunkershipathydrogenterminal. NaBH4

TransportNaBH4hydrogenwith

bunkershiptoaverageseaship.


38|P a g e


4.5Differencesofthesupplychainscenarios.Toindicatethedifferencesofthesupplychainscenariosascorematrixisused.Thescorematrixgivesaninsighttowhatextentasupplychainscenarioisoptimal.Thecriteriaisdividedonscalability,technical,regulatoryandsafety.Basedonthecriteriathesub-criteriaissetupandwillbeweighted.Tobeabletogiveacorrectscoreeachcriteriamustbeexplained.Infigure25anexplanationofthedifferentcriteriaisgiven.

Matrix–Explanationofthedifferentcriteria.Criteria Sub-criteria Explanation

Scalability

Productionplant

ImpactonthesupplychainwhenaproductionplantisplacedinsideoroutsidetheAmsterdamportarea.Thereasontoweightthiscriteria15%isbecausethelocationoftheproductionplanthasconsequencesonthetransportefficiencytoandfromtheportareaofAmsterdam.

Transport1Towhatextentisthetypeoftransporteffectedbytrafficinefficiencies?Thiscriteriaweighted10%becauseitdifferstowhatextentatruck,bunkershiporpipelinehastodealwithtrafficinefficiencies.

Transport2

TowhatextentisthetransportationofgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenknown.Thiscriteriaisweighted5%becauseatonehand,thephaseofthedevelopmentisimportantinrelationtoachievethesustainabilitygoalsbefore2030.Itisimportanttoavoidtosimplyusethemostdevelopedoneinsteadofmoreefficientsubstanceofhydrogenwhichrequiremoreresearch.

Bunkering

TowhatextentisbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenknown.Whenbunkeringispossiblethewholesupplychainwillbestepbystepmoredeveloped.Sobunkeringisakeylinkinthechain.Soweighted15%.

Responsiveness

Towhatextentistheresponsivenessonthepeaksandlowsinthedemandofhydrogenfastorslow.Thisisweighted10%.Inthebeginphaseofbunkeringhydrogenpeaksandlowsarenotthebiggestissue.Butwhenthedemandwillincreasethisisimportanttotakeintoaccountbecausethetypeoftransportwilladaptwhenthisincreases.

Technical

Maturity

Thetechnicalmaturityofproducing,transporting,storingandbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogen.Thiscriteriaisweighted5%Thematurityisimportantinrelationtothesustainabilitygoalsof2030.Howmorematurehowsoonerthesustainabilitygoalscanbeachieved.

Energydensity

Theimpactonthesupplychainwhentheenergydensityishigherorlower.Thisisweighted15%becauseitisimportanttotakeintoaccounttomaximizetheoperationaltimeofaship.Thisisthetimetheshipmakesmoney.Whenalowenergydensityisapplicable,morespaceattheshipandintermediatestorageisapplicableandhastobunkermoreoften.

Regulatory Maturity BecausetheregulatorypartisaclearlessonslearnedfromthedevelopmentofLNG,thisisweighted10%.

Safety Suitability

Thedegreeofsuitabilityisimportanttotakeintoaccountbecausethesuitabilityofsafetydesignatesaproperbunkerlocations.Earliermentionedthatbunkeringisanimportantlinkinthechain,soweighted15%.

Figure25-Matrixofexplanationcriteria.

39|P a g e


Afterthecriteriaisexplained,thescorematrixcanbesetup.Thescorematrixwiththecritereaandsub-critereaareindicatedinappendix16.Infigure26theendscoresofeachscenarioisnoted.Relatedtofigure26whatdoesthescoresmean?Togiveamoremeaningfulanswertothedevelopmentandwiththatthedifferencesofthesupplychaininfigure27andfigure28thesupplychainscenariosareplacedinachart.Inthischartthetimesinyearsandthedemandofhydrogenareindicated.

Itcanbeassumedthatthefirstinlandshipswillbebunkeredfromtrucktoship.Whenthedemandofhydrogenisnotatahighstage,bunkeringinlandshipscanbedoneinasuitablewayfromtrucktoship(Scenario2).Thereafter,scenario3and1areindicatedbasedonbunkeringaninlandshiporaseashipwhenaproductionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportareaornotlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.ItisunknownifthebunkershipwillcomefirstorthelocalproductionplantwillcomefirstintheAmsterdamportarea.Thatiswhytheorangearrowsareplaced.Basedonthischartitcanbeindicatedthatthescoreswilldecreaseafterscenario1.Thishaseverythingtodowithmovingtotheshiptoship(scenario3and4).Itseemsthattheefficiencyofbunkeringgashydrogenislimitedbyinlandships.Bunkeringseashipsrequiressomuchvolumeofgashydrogenthattheriskoftrafficinefficienciesinthesupplychainishigh.

Figure26-Scorematrixsupplychainscenarios

Figure27–Chartofgashydrogenscenariostill2030.

Score1,901,351,251,751,701,301,501,80

Scenario4Scenario5Scenario6Scenario7Scenario8

Scenario3

Scenario

Scenario2Scenario1

40|P a g e


ForNaBH4hydrogenasimilarchartcanbesetup.Seefigure28.TheorangearrowsareplacedbecauseitisunknownifabunkershipwillappearfirstoraproductionplantinsidetheAmsterdamportareawillappearfirst.Justasbygashydrogen,bunkeringNaBH4hydrogenwillstartfromtrucktoship.Whenthedemandincreasesabunkershiporalocalproductionplantwilldoitsappearance.ItisinterestingtonoticethatNaBH4hydrogenhasagrowingscoreasfurtherintime.Thismeansthatincomparisonwithgashydrogen,theNaBH4hydrogenismoresuitabletogrowtillthescenariobunkeringseaships(Scenario8).

Figure28–ChartofNaBH4hydrogenscenariostill2030.

41|P a g e


5.0ConclusionInthisresearchananswertothequestion:‘Whichsupplychainscenarios,arethemostpromisingtobunkerinlandshipsandseashipswithhydrogen,takingintoaccountthegashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenandtherequiredapplicationsinthefieldofregionalsafety,-regulatory,-andtechnicalissuesfrom2020till2030?’TheresultsoftheregulatorypartshowedthatatthismomenttherearenorulesandregulationsyetforbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Whatcanbenotedisthatthedevelopmentofregulatoryissuesoccuratfourdifferentlevels:International(worldwide),European,nationalandregional.Ateachlevel,differentorganizationshavearoletoplayindevelopingregulations.TheroleofthePortofAmsterdamistofacilitateandharmonizeinthecooperationbetweenthoseorganizationsonthebasisofaround-the-tableconversations,workshops,webinarsandpilots.Theresultsoftheregionalsafetypartshowedthatitisimportanttotakeintoaccountthedifferentzones,safetycontours,locationrisks,grouprisksandvulnerableobjects.AtthismomentitisunknownhowregionalsafetyprincipleswilllooklikeforgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.Itiscrucialtorelatetheregionalsafetyprinciplestoabunkerlocation.Thepreparationinthespatialplanningisimportanttopreventregionalsafetyprincipleslimitations.TheriskifthiswillnotbetakenintoaccountisthatgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenisnotabletodeveloptoitstruepotential.Pilotstobringtheregionalsafetyorganizationstogetherandshareexperienceandknowledgearecrucial.TheresultsofthetechnicalpartshowedthatthePGS35canbeusedasindicationforasuitablebunkerinstallationforgashydrogen.ThePortAuthorityVesselcanbeusedasindicationforasuitablebunkerinstallationforNaBH4hydrogen.Further,atechnicalchallengeishowtotransportNaBH4andNaBO2inthesametruck.IfNaBH4andNaBO2mustbetransportedseparately,capacityissueswilloccurinthetruckandthisisrelatedtothesupplychain.Theresultsofthesupplychainshowedthefollowing:

• InthebeginphaseofbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenthetrucktoshipscenariosaresuitabledespitethelowerscorescomparedtootherscenarios.

• Whenthedemandisincreasingthetrucktoshipscenarioisnotoptimalanymore.Bunkeringfrombunkershiptoshipwilldoitsappearance.

• WhentheproductionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportareaandthedemandishigh,gashydrogencanbetransportedbestviaapipeline.Seealsothefirststrengthofgashydrogeninappendix7.TransportationviaapipelineforNaBH4isachallenge.

• MostinterestingiswhentheNaBH4productionplantislocatedintheAmsterdamportarea,wheretheNaBH4willbeproducedfromthedischargedNaBO2frominlandshipsandseashipsintheAmsterdamportarea.

• Basedonthechartofgashydrogen(figure27)thesupplychaindevelopmentislimitedbyanoptimalperformancebythescenariobunkeringfromthequaytoaninlandship.NaBH4hydrogendoesnothavethisgrowinglimit.TheoptimalscenariobyNaBH4hydrogeniswhenbunkeringisdonefromshiptoshipwithaproductionplantlocatedintheAmsterdamportarea.Butthisscenariowillnotoccuratfirst.Inthebeginning,whenthedemandofhydrogenislow,thetrucktoshipscenarioissuitable.Thetruckdoesnothavethehighestscorebutisasuitablewaytostartthesupplychaindevelopment.Itisaboutworkingstepbysteptothemostefficientsupplychainscenario.

• Todevelopthehydrogensupplychaintherelationbetweenthecommercialcompaniesinthehydrogenchainarecrucialtoinvolveinthepilotphase.Fromtherethesupplychaincandevelopfurtherintheprivatesector.

42|P a g e


6.0RecommendationsTodevelopthehydrogensupplychaininamostoptimalway,itisimportanttotakeregulatory,-regionalsafety,-andtechnicalissuesintoaccount.Thefollowingisrecommended:Todevelopregulatoryissues,itisrecommendedtotaketheregulatoryrelatedorganisationsatinternational,-European,-national,-andregionallevelintoaccount.Mostimportantlyistostartatnationalandregionallevel.Cooperateonthebasisofwebinars,aroundthetableconversationsandworkshops.Tocreateamultiperspectiveontheregulatorydevelopmentitisrecommendedtoinvitealsobunkercompanies,transportationcompaniesandshippingcompaniestocreateamultiperspectiveontheregulatorydevelopment.TheportofAmsterdamcanfacilitateinthisdevelopment.Inthefieldofregionalsafetyitisimportanttotakethedifferentregionalsafetyprinciplesintoaccount.TominimizetheriskthatbunkeringgashydrogenorNaBH4hydrogenwillbelimitedbecauseofsafetylimitationsitisrecommendedtomakereservationsinthespatialplanningforbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.OneofthefirststepstotakeistocoverandimplementthisdevelopmentinthevisionofthePortofAmsterdam.Furthermore,todevelopthesupplychainofgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogenasuitablepilotlocationiscrucial.Itisrecommendedtokeepthe‘Groenekade’aspilotlocationorifthe‘Groenekade’willbeleasedtoacompany,todevelopanewpilotlocationintheAmsterdamportArea.InthefieldoftechnicalissuesitisrecommendedtousethePGS35asindicationtodevelopabunkerinstallationforgashydrogen.ForNaBH4itisrecommendedtousethePortAuthorityVesselasindicationtodevelopabunkerinstallationforNABH4hydrogen.Furthermore,itisrecommendedtoconnecttheknowledgefromresearchorganisations,platformsanduniversitiestopossiblebunker,-transport,-andshippingcompanies.Relatedtothehydrogensupplychaindevelopment,itisrecommended:

• TofacilitateasuitablepilotlocationtodeveloptheexperienceofbunkeringgashydrogenandNaBH4hydrogen.

• ToimposeonaproductionlocationintheportareaofAmsterdam.• Tosharewithbunkercompaniesthatthesupplychainofgashydrogenislimitedby

bunkeringfromafixedinstallationfromthequaytoinlandships.• Tofocusonthedevelopmentoftheexplainedscenario’snotontheonewithsimplythe

highestscore.• Toattractcommercialcompaniesthatparticipatesinthelinksofthesupplychain.

43|P a g e


7.0DiscussionandreflectionForthisresearch,differentmethodslikeinterviewsandliteraturehavebeenappliedtoindicatethehydrogensupplychain.DifferentdepartmentsofthePortofAmsterdamareinterviewed.AlsocompaniesoutsidethePortofAmsterdamareinterviewed.Withthisamultiperspectiveisgivenonthedevelopmentofthehydrogensupplychain.Besidestheinterviews,literatureisalsoappliedtogetanunderstandingofwhatisalreadyinvestigated.TocheckifIhaveinterpretedtheinterviewsandliteraturecorrectlyIcheckedthisbytheinterviewedpersonsandbyemployeesofthePortofAmsterdam.Basedonthis,itcanbenotedthatifthisstudywasrepeated,theresultswouldbethesameandthereforearevalid.Theresultsshowedthatnotsimplyonescenariocanbeindicatedasmostpromising.Thisresultisnotinlinewiththeexpectationthatthereisonemostpromisingscenario.Apossibleexplanationforthisresultisgiveninchapter4.1and4.1.1.ThesupplychainofLNGisstillindevelopmentandnotonefixedsupplychainisapplicabletofulfillthedemand.Itisaboutthewayofdevelopmentascenariowillbemostoptimal.Thesameappliestothedevelopmentofthehydrogensupplychainandofcourseinrelationwithregulatory,-regionalsafetyandtechnicalissues.Itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatthisresearchfocusedexclusivelyontheregulatory,-regionalsafetyandtechnicalissues

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Robert Greuter June 2020 The path of the hydrogen supply ......NaBH 4. The residual product called...

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