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ROBERT MUSIL AND NIETZSCHE The extent of Friedrich Nietzsche's significance for writers and intellectuals in the early part of this century is immeasurable. The article looks at just one example of Nietzsche-reception, that of the Austrian writer, Robert Musil (I880-42). Musil himself declared that it was Nietzsche 'von dem diese ganze Generation ausging'.1 My thanks are due to the Austrian National Library, Vienna, for access to the Musil-Nachlafithere, and to the Robert-Musil-Arbeitsstelle in the University of Klagenfurt for allowing me access to transcriptions of part of the Musil-Nachlafi. In an interesting note from I935,2 on the subject of Nachlasse, Musil classifies Nietzsche's Nachlafi as one of the 'lehrreichen' and modestly rates his own future NachlafJ among the 'iiberfluissigen'. The article gathers together and examines some of the extremely varied references Musil made to Nietzsche in his non-fictional writings. These include his extensive diaries, essays, speeches, reviews, and letters, and although a strong Nietzschean influence is evident in some of Musil's fictional writings, particularly Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, an attempt to deal with this aspect of Musil's Nietzsche-reception would overstep the limits of the article form. An indication of Nietzsche's significance for Musil is given by the fact that only Goethe's name occurs more often than Nietzsche's in Musil's collected works, where references to the philosopher span a period of more than forty years and the full name is often abbreviated to 'N', a habit which suggests familiarity. Musil declared it 'Schicksal: DaB ich Nietzsche gerade mit achtzehnJahren zum ersten Male in die Hand bekam. Gerade nach meinem Austritt vom Militar. Gerade im so und so vielten Entwicklungsjahr'.3 This oft-quoted declaration of Musil's makes more sense if we examine briefly the education which the young Musil received. He attended two military academies, one in Eisenstadt (I892-94) and afterwards in Mahrisch-WeiBkirchen (I894-97). The largely negative experiences he had here were to provide the stufffor the author's first book, Die Verwirrungen des Zbglings T6rlefl (1906). In these schools he was taught by military officerswho attempted to provide their proteges with the 'proper' patriotic and moral values, and art and literature were used as a means to this end. Classic German works, especially those which espoused loyalty to the 'Vaterland' were studied, and some of the teachers even wrote trivial plays and sketches, embodying 'appropriate'values, which the unfor- tunate pupils were forced to learn by heart. Judging by the experiences of T6rleB, the school libraries offered little mental stimulation, 'denn dort waren in der Biuchersammlung wohl die Klassiker erhalten, aber diese galten als langweilig, und sonst fanden sich nur sentimentale Novellen- bande und witzlose Militarhumoresken' (GW vi, I3). The boys were isolated in cultural respects, without access to theatre, museums, art galleries, or major bookshops. 1 NM vn/8/6. References to Musil's Nachlafi are made in the conventional manner; NachlaB-Mappe (NM) number, followed by leaf number. 2 Robert Musil, Gesammelte Werke, edited by AdolfFrise, 9 vols (Hamburg, I983), vii, 966 (henceforth cited as GW). 3 Robert Musil, Tagebicher I, edited by AdolfFrise, 2 vols (Hamburg, 1976), I, 19 (henceforth cited as TB).
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Page 1: ROBERT MUSIL AND NIETZSCHE · PDF file912 Robert Musil and Nietzsche This schooling left Musil at the age of seventeen with a painful awareness of the inadequacies of his education

ROBERT MUSIL AND NIETZSCHE

The extent of Friedrich Nietzsche's significance for writers and intellectuals in the early part of this century is immeasurable. The article looks at just one example of Nietzsche-reception, that of the Austrian writer, Robert Musil (I880-42). Musil himself declared that it was Nietzsche 'von dem diese ganze Generation ausging'.1 My thanks are due to the Austrian National Library, Vienna, for access to the Musil-Nachlafi there, and to the Robert-Musil-Arbeitsstelle in the University of Klagenfurt for allowing me access to transcriptions of part of the Musil-Nachlafi. In an interesting note from I935,2 on the subject of Nachlasse, Musil classifies Nietzsche's Nachlafi as one of the 'lehrreichen' and modestly rates his own future NachlafJ among the 'iiberfluissigen'.

The article gathers together and examines some of the extremely varied references Musil made to Nietzsche in his non-fictional writings. These include his extensive diaries, essays, speeches, reviews, and letters, and although a strong Nietzschean influence is evident in some of Musil's fictional writings, particularly Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, an attempt to deal with this aspect of Musil's Nietzsche-reception would overstep the limits of the article form.

An indication of Nietzsche's significance for Musil is given by the fact that only Goethe's name occurs more often than Nietzsche's in Musil's collected works, where references to the philosopher span a period of more than forty years and the full name is often abbreviated to 'N', a habit which suggests familiarity. Musil declared it 'Schicksal: DaB ich Nietzsche gerade mit achtzehnJahren zum ersten Male in die Hand bekam. Gerade nach meinem Austritt vom Militar. Gerade im so und so vielten Entwicklungsjahr'.3 This oft-quoted declaration of Musil's makes more sense if we examine briefly the education which the young Musil received.

He attended two military academies, one in Eisenstadt (I892-94) and afterwards in Mahrisch-WeiBkirchen (I894-97). The largely negative experiences he had here were to provide the stuff for the author's first book, Die Verwirrungen des Zbglings T6rlefl (1906). In these schools he was taught by military officers who attempted to provide their proteges with the 'proper' patriotic and moral values, and art and literature were used as a means to this end. Classic German works, especially those which espoused loyalty to the 'Vaterland' were studied, and some of the teachers even wrote trivial plays and sketches, embodying 'appropriate' values, which the unfor- tunate pupils were forced to learn by heart.

Judging by the experiences of T6rleB, the school libraries offered little mental stimulation, 'denn dort waren in der Biuchersammlung wohl die Klassiker erhalten, aber diese galten als langweilig, und sonst fanden sich nur sentimentale Novellen- bande und witzlose Militarhumoresken' (GW vi, I3). The boys were isolated in cultural respects, without access to theatre, museums, art galleries, or major bookshops.

1 NM vn/8/6. References to Musil's Nachlafi are made in the conventional manner; NachlaB-Mappe (NM) number, followed by leaf number.

2 Robert Musil, Gesammelte Werke, edited by AdolfFrise, 9 vols (Hamburg, I983), vii, 966 (henceforth cited as GW).

3 Robert Musil, Tagebicher I, edited by AdolfFrise, 2 vols (Hamburg, 1976), I, 19 (henceforth cited as TB).

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912 Robert Musil and Nietzsche

This schooling left Musil at the age of seventeen with a painful awareness of the inadequacies of his education in the humanities. He felt himself 'als Halbbarbar' (TB I, I53) when he came to Briinn in 1897 to study engineering, and began for the first time to mix with his counterparts who had been educated in Gymnasia. Briinn marked an important period in his life. Here at last he was able to go to the theatre, to read books and periodicals that were not available to him before, and to discuss questions of art and literature with people of similar age and interests. He himself referred to this time as 'die Ubergangszeit vom "Barbaren" zur Kultur' (TB I, 949). It was at this decisive period of his life that he had his first 'fateful' encounter with Nietzsche's writings.

In the few later sources in which Musil speaks of the great influences on his intellectual development in this early period, Nietzsche's name is mentioned without fail. In a letter dated 1924 toJoser Nadler, he mentions Nietzsche along with Dostoevsky, Emerson, Novalis, and Maeterlinck as 'entscheidende geistige Ein- flisse'4 of this time, and in his interesting 'Stichworte zu den Aufzeichnungen eines Schriftstellers' (1940/41), he differentiates between the stronger 'Denkeinfluisse' coming from Nietzsche, Emerson, and Maeterlinck, and the poetic influence of Richard Schaukal, who lived in Briinn until 1900. Musil continues, 'man kann nicht sagen, daB das Dichterische zuriickblieb; aber es geriet unter ein schwacheres Potential' (GWVII, 923). In his reply to a survey of 1938 regarding literary influences in his youth, Nietzsche's name is once again listed alongside those of Maeterlinck, Emerson, Novalis, D'Annunzio, Jacobsen, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Altenberg, and Schnitzler (Briefe, p. 837). In an essay from 1926, 'Charakterologie und Dichtung', he generalizes from his own experiences, listing 'Nietzsche u Schule' among the new influences on writers of his era, who began writing around the turn of the century (GWVIII, 1403). Elsewhere he names Nietzsche along with Marx, Bergson, and Bismarck as the most influential personalities of the time (GW viii, 1355). He describes the fin-de-siecle period as a time when the most contradictory streams and trends existed side by side and Nietzsche was very much a part of the intellectual ferment of the time: 'Man befand sich damals unter der Einwirkung der Franzosen, der Skandinavier, der Russen, Nietzsches und der Stimmung einer Jahrhundertwende zugleich, man war skeptisch alt und zugleich amerikanischjung, morbid und revolutionar, intellektuell und antirationalistisch, lasterhaft und zugleich fanatisch wahr' (GW IX, I508). Musil makes his first explicit reference to Nietzsche in Heft 3 of his diary in I899. This well-known quotation expresses an early frustration with what he regards as Nietzsche's inability to commit himself to any one possibility: Etwas iiber Nietzsche. Man nennt ihn unphilosophisch. Seine Werke lesen sich wie geistreiche Spielereien. Mir kommt er vor wie jemand der hundert neue M6glichkeiten erschlossen hat und keine ausgefiihrt. Daher lieben ihn die Leute denen neue M6glichkeiten Bediirfnis sind, und nennen ihn jene unphilosophisch die das mathematisch berechnete Resultat nicht missen konnen. Nietzsche an sich hat keinen zu grof3en Wert. Nietzsche aber und zehn tiichtige geistige Arbeiter, die das thun, was er nur zeigte briichten uns einen Culturfortschritt von tausend Jahren. Nietzsche ist wie ein Park, der Benutzung des Publikums iibergeben - aber es geht niemand hinein!

~~~~~~~~~~~~hinein! ~(TB I, 50) 4 Robert Musil, Briefe 19o0-I942, edited by Adolf Frise, assisted by Murray Hall (Hamburg, 1981),

p. 368 (henceforth cited as Briefe).

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Critics, such as von Heydebrand,5 have recognized in this appraisal of Nietzsche the germ of Musil's later concept of 'M6glichkeitssinn'. Musil came to regard an openness to possibilities as something positive, and credited Nietzsche with having 'durch sein Beispiel ein Denken in M6glichkeiten dieser Generation gelehrt' (NM vii/I I/I 7).

In a diary entry dated 20 February 1902, Musil summarizes Nietzsche's attitude thus:

Es giebt Wahrheiten, aber keine Wahrheit. Ich kann ganz gut zwei einander v6llig ent- gegengesetzte Dinge behaupten und in beiden Fallen Recht haben. Man darf Einfalle nicht gegeneinander abwagen - jeder ist ein Leben fur sich. Siehe Nietzsche. Welches Fiasco sobald man in ihm ein System finden will, auBer dem der geistigen Willkiir des Weisen.

(TBI, I2)

It is possible that he is here referring to the following remark which Nietzsche made in this respect: 'Es gibt vielerlei Augen. Auch die Sphinx hat Augen -: und folglich gibt es vielerlei "Wahrheiten" und folglich gibt es keine Wahrheit.'6 Musil appears to go along with Nietzsche's Perspectivism. He does not look for clearcut truths and ordered systems and in this vein remarks: 'siehe Christus, Buddha, Githe, Nietzsche. Man sucht nicht Wahrheit, sondern es schlieBt sich etwas immer wieder zu einem ganzen Zustand zusammen' (TB II, 849).

In May I902, he records in his diary that he has borrowed two volumes of Nietzsche's works and wonders how they will affect him this time. In any case, Nietzsche signifies for him 'Sammlung, Selbstpriifung und Alles M6gliche Gute' (TB i, 19). A few days later Musil summarizes his impressions thus: 'Das Charakter- istische liegt darin, daB er sagt: dies k6nnte so sein undjenes so. Und daraufkonnte man dies und daraufjenes bauen.' He adds, somewhat dismissively, 'kurz: er spricht von lauter M6glichkeiten, lauter Combinationen, ohne eine einzige uns wirklich ausgefiuhrt zu zeigen .... Er zeigt uns alle Wege auf denen unser Gehirn arbeiten kann, aber er betritt keinen'. In a more humble vein he admits that this positive attitude to new possibilities was perhaps 'ein sehr groBes Verdienst und erscheint mir bios heute nicht mehr als solches, weil es mir gemein u. alltaglich vorkommt und ich vergessen habe wem ich diesen Reichthum eigentlich verdanke' (TB I, 9). An addition he made at the side of this page over twenty years later illustrates an increased respect towards Nietzsche's ideas: 'Wie drollig man alsjunger Mensch ist! Nietzsche gerade gut genug um einem Lausbuben als Stufe zu dienen ... Wie fern der Gedanke liegt, auf den Totalgedanken Nietzsche einzugehen' (TB i, I9).

Musil's first literary efforts are recalled by Gustav Donath, a close friend in Briinn (and model for Walter in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften), who writes 'uns alle (zogen) die literarischen Ereignisse, die "moderne Literatur" machtig an und bewogen ihn [Musil] zu eigener schriftstellerischer Tatigkeit' (TB n, Io).

In Musil's early prose fragments (I899-I900) written by 'monsieur le vivi- secteur', a familiarity with Nietzschean images and ideas is clearly evident. The very concept of 'monsieur le vivisecteur', who describes his life as 'die Abenteuer und Irrfahrten eines seelischen Vivisectors zu Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts'

5 R. von Heydebrand, Die Reflexionen Ulrichs in Robert Musils Roman 'Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften' (Miinster, I966), p. 42.

6 Nietzsche, Der Wille zur Macht, edited by Peter Gast (Leipzig, I959), p. 369.

31

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Robert Musil and Nietzsche

(TB I, 2), recalls, as E. Albertsen has pointed out,7 phrases from Nietzsche's Jenseits von Gut und Bbse such as 'Vivisektion des Glaubens' and 'Vivisektion am guten Menschen'.8

Monsieur le vivisecteur, an inhabitant of the 'Polargegend' (TB i, i), has further been compared by Albertsen to the 'vereinsamter Nordpolfahrer', described in Nietzsche's Zur Genealogie der Moral (iv, 895) in the same sort of bleak and lonely surroundings in which 'm.l.v" finds himself. The vivisector's wish 'mein eigener Historiker sein zu k6nnen, oder der Gelehrte zu sein der seinen eigenen Organismus unter das Mikroskop setzt und sich freut sobald er etwas neues findet' (TB1, 3) carries strong echoes of Nietzsche's 'Mikroskopiker der Seele' (Zur Genealogie der Moral, IV, 772).

S. Mulot9 does not share Albertsen's opinion that this early prose piece is 'f6rmlich durchtrankt' by Nietzsche's philosophy and, pointing out that the meta- phor of vivisection was quite common around the turn of the century, goes on to draw parallels with d'Annunzio's 'Lust' and Baudelaire's prose poems. She asserts that 'fur den Interpreten ist der vivisekteur ein Dokument - oder mehr noch eine positive Bilanz von Musils erster intensiver Begegnung mit der dekadent/ asthetizistischen Moderne'. In my opinion, a direct influence from Nietzsche is clear in these short sketches. The images and vocabulary which Musil uses are so close to Nietzsche's expressions that they must have their origin in the philosopher's works. In his 'Stichworte zu den Aufzeichnungen eines Schriftstellers', Musil, while acknowledging a general atmosphere, specifically mentions the philosopher by name in connexion with this early work: 'Dieser Spaltungsvorgang, die Selbst- beobachtung, wird etwas spater besonders lebendig. Mr. le vivisecteur. Bei mir kam es iiberdies auch von der Zeitmode. A la Nietzsche: ein Psychologe. In summa kommt da etwas von auBen. Die "Moderne" kam' (GW vII, 923).

In other cases the origin of his ideas in Nietzsche is obvious. In one of the fragments, titled 'Variete', upon being asked to reveal his identity, monsieur le vivisecteur answers cryptically 'soll ich Ihnen sagen ein Narr?- ein Dichter - nein ich will bei der Wahrheit bleiben .... Ich bin der Madchenm6rder, den man gestern gehingt hat' (TB I, 7). The phrase 'nur Narr, nur Dichter', which occurs both in Nietzsche's Also sprach Zarathustra and in the 'Dionysus Dithyramben', is clearly the source of the indirect quotation in monsieur le vivisecteur's answer. This expression stuck in Musil's memory, and in I94I he wrote to Albert Einstein 'denn ich binja, mit Nietzsche zu sprechen, "nur Narr, nur Dichter"' (Briefe, p. 1356).

Musil's diary Heft 4 (I902) provides the first evidence of an intensive reception of Nietzsche's works. Pages 21-25 contain scattered references to Diefrohliche Wissen- schaft, Jenseits von Gut und Bose, and Zur Genealogie der Moral, and on pages 27-35 there are longer excerpts from Der Fall Wagner and Gotzendammerung, particulary with regard to the problem of 'decadence'. The problems that fascinate Musil at this early age continue to do so throughout his lifetime, and quotations which he copies

7 E. Albertsen, 'Jugendsiinden? Die literarischen Anfange Musils', in Robert Musil. Studien zu seinem Werk, edited by K. Dinklage, E. Albertsen, and K. Corino (Hamburg, I970), pp. 9-25. 8 Jenseits von Gut und Bise, edited by Karl Schlechta, 6 vols (Munich and Vienna, 1980), iv, 644, 683. With the exception of Der Wille zur Macht, all references to Nietzsche's works are to this Schlechta edition, and where possible will be referred to in the text by the relevant volume and page number.

9 S. Mulot, Derjunge Musil. Seine Beziehungen zu Literatur und Kunst der Jahrhundertwende (Stuttgart, 1977), pp.8I, I26-27.

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into his diary at this stage crop up again in his later writings, a phenomenon which will be made clear by various examples.

In an entry from June 1902, he comments: 'N. sagt, daB es dahin kommen solle, daB man Kriege um einer Erkenntnis Willen fiihrt.' He is under the impression that this is not meant metaphorically; 'es ist im Gegentheil anzunehmen, daB die Tapferkeit u. Kriegslust, die bei N. immer wiederkehrt, dahin abzielt u. also wortlich zu nehmen ist' (TBI, 23). But by 1918, he has acquired a more mature understanding of Nietzsche's intentions, and quotes from Thomas Mann's Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen his 'Beweis daB Nietzsche mit dem Ubermenschen etwas Geistiges meinte: sein Internationalismus. Hatte er die militarischen Tugen- den w6rtlich gemeint, so hatte er nicht international sein k6nnen' (TB I, 478).

Nietzsche's works convinced Musil of the complex nature of moral values and inspired him to re-examine stagnant beliefs. He developed the view that good and bad are not direct opposites, and that actions and deeds cannot be judged by reference to a prewritten rule-book, but only by looking closely at each unique situation and each protagonist. In 1902 he decares himself'erschrocken, als ich bei Lecture von "Jenseits ..." auf eine Stelle stieB, wo N. obige Eigenschaften (Neid, Habsucht) propagierte - und ich mich dadurch abgestoBen fuhlte und erst der Uberlegung bedurfte, um N recht zu geben'. For 'wir sind an die allgemein giltigen Schatzungen gew6hnt'.10

Musil continued to call on Nietzsche as a moral oracle, and in a public lecture held 'Vor dem Internationalen SchriftstellerkongreB fur die Verteidigung der Kultur' in Paris I935, he asserts: Das Entscheidende liegt am Ganzen, wie man denn auch nach einzelnen Grundsatzen oder Handlungen von einem Menschen nicht sagen kann, ob er ein Narr oder ein Genie oder ein geborener Verbrecher ist.

Dariiber gibt es - in den Nachgelassenen Fragmenten - eine grauenvolle und weit voraus blickende Bemerkung Nietzsches (ich fiuhre diesen grofen Analytiker nun zum zweitenmal an, weil er auch ein groBer Prophet gewesen ist), und diese Bemerkung lautet: 'Der Sieg eines moralischen Ideals wird durch dieselben unmoralischen Mittel errungen wie jeder Sieg: Gewalt, Liige, Verleumdung, Ungerechtigkeit'. (GW vIII, 1263)

Impressed by Nietzsche's equation of what helps him to be creative with what is

good, Musil quotes in his diary 'alles Gute macht mich fruchtbar... ich habe keinen andern Beweis dafiur, was gut ist'.11 In a I913 essay, whose title 'Moralische Fruchtbarkeit' is surely inspired by Nietzsche, he expresses the idea that 'auch das Bose ist nicht der Gegensatz des Guten oder seine Abwesenheit, sondern sie sind parallele Erscheinungen .... Die diametrale Gegeneinandersetzung entspricht einem friiheren Denkzustand, der von der Dichotomie alles erhoffte und ist wenig wissenschaftlich'. He pleads instead for 'moralische Kontemplation und Phantasie' (GW viII, I002-03).

In a short prose piece from 1925, entitled 'BriefSusannens', he reiterates the same

phrase from Nietzsche in an unexpected context and gives it an ironic twist: 'Erinnerst Du Dich, bei Nietzsche gelesen zu haben: "Alles Gute macht mich 10 TB I, 24. Regarding this comment in Musil's diary, Frise quotes Karl Schlechta, who, unable to find

the relevant part inJenseits von Gut und Bise, suggests that sinceJenseits von Gut und Bose and Zur Genealogie der Moral were frequently published together in one volume, Musil may have been mistakenly referring to a passage in the latter work (TB II, 2 I, Anmerkung I20). It seems, however, more likely that he was in fact commenting on the passage 'gesetzt aber, jemand nimmt gar die Affekte HaB, Neid, Habsucht, Herrschsucht als lebenbedingende Affekte' (Jenseits von Gut und Bise, Iv, 587). 11 TB I, 30. From Der Fall Wagner, iv, 906.

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fruchtbar, das ist die einzige Form der Dankbarkeit, die ich kenne"? Das ist ein wunderbarer Satz fur Frauen, die keine Kinder haben wollen' (GW vII, 637).

After a critical reading of Zur Genealogie der Moral in I902, Musil feels 'das Bediirfnis nach einer andern Anordnung des Stoffes, nach einer Gruppirung um diejenigen Fragen die mir am Herzen liegen', indicating that he would like to adapt Nietzsche for his own purposes. Alternatively, he comments, one can read Nietzsche 'daB man aus seiner Stoffgruppirung auf sein Herz schlieBt, will sagen auf sein Personliches, - daB man ihn kennen zu lernen trachtet, nicht blos seine Philoso- phie' (TBI, 25). Musil, though interested in the main in Nietzsche's ideas, here shows an interest in the personality behind the writings, the figure who so fascinated hisfin-de-siecle readers.

Spurred on by reading Der Fall Wagner and Gitzendimmerung, he begins to reflect in detail on Nietzsche's concept of 'decadence', of which the earlier monsieur le vivisecteur sketches were a literary expression. He transcribes whole passages from Nietzsche relating to this theme. He quotes from Nietzsche's definition of literary decadence where 'das Leben nicht mehr im Ganzen wohnt. Das Wort wird souverain und springt aus dem Satz hinaus, der Satz greift iiber und verdunkelt den Sinn der Seite, die Seite gewinnt Leben aufUnkosten des Ganzen... Das Ganze lebt iiberhaupt nicht mehr: es ist zusammengesetzt, gerechnet, kiinstlich, ein Artefakt'.12 Nietzsche, drawing heavily from Bourget's definition of literary deca- dence (Bourget singled out Baudelaire as its main protagonist), defined decadence as an over-emphasizing of single elements and insignificant detail, resulting in the loss of a sense of whole. For Nietzsche, from the time of Der Fall Wagner, Wagner's music was the prime example of decadent art. Nietzsche moved his argument from the sphere of art and literature to the political and moral arena, and again Musil cites: 'Aber das ist das Gleichnis fur jeden Stil der decadence: jedes Mal Anarchie der Atome, Disgregration des Willens, "Freiheit des Individuums", moralisch geredet, -zu einer politischen Theorie erweitert "gleiche Rechte ftir Alle".'13

Musil describes good and evil as a 'Spielart des Problems der decad' (TBI, 27), and goes on to quote a passage from Der Fall Wagner which stresses the contradictory nature of contemporary values: Der moderne Mensch stellt, biologisch, einen Widerspruch der Werthe dar, er sitzt zwischen zwei Stiihlen, er sagt in einem Athem Ja und Nein .... Aber wir Alle haben wider Wissen, wider Willen, Werthe, Worte, Formeln, Moralen entgegengesetzter Abkunft im Leibe, - wir sind physiologisch betrachtet falsch ... Eine Diagnostik der modernen Seele - womit begonne sie? Mit einem resoluten Einschnitt in diese Instinkt Widerspriichlichkeit, mit der Herauslosung ihrer Gegensatz-Werthe, mit der Vivisektion vollzogen an ihrem lehrreichsten Fall.14

Nietzsche also defined as decadent a need for salvation ('Erl6sung') as exemplified by Christian morality, the denial of one's instincts and the development of compassion. Citing an idea of Nietzsche's ('die Instinkte bekimpfen miissen - das ist die Formel fur decadence: so lange das Leben aufsteigt, ist Gliick gleich Instinkt'),15 Musil comments, 'trotzdem wird man oft die Instinkte corrigiren missen ... Man wird es vielleicht so fassen: Sobald man mit seinen Instinkten in Widerspruch gerath, ist die

12 TB i, 28-29. From Der Fall Wagner, Iv, 917. 13 TB I, 28-29. From Der Fall Wagner, iv, 917. 14 TB I, 29-30. From Der Fall Wagner, Iv, 938. s1 TB I, 32. From Gitzendammerung, iv, 956.

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Situation zur gr6Bten Vorsicht mahnend, - mehr ist jedoch damit noch nicht gesagt' (TB , 32).

Musil's moral criticisms are not quite as radical as Nietzsche's, and although he quotes some of Nietzsche's criticisms of Christianity (for example GW vnI, 90 ; TB i, 742), he does not adopt the philosopher's bitter polemical stance against Christian values. A Nachlafl note headed 'Der Schutz der Schwachen' (dated in Castex's NachlafJ Catalogue around 1922), which I believe has not been published before, is critical of Nietzsche's frequent rejection of Christian sympathy, which Musil finds somewhat unjustified and potentially dangerous: Nietzsche sieht nicht die Gegengabe des Schwachen. Diese Lossprechung von der Riieksicht und Liebe bringt uns am schnellsten unter die BotmaiBigkeit unseres niederen Selbst, das nur darauf lauert, die Grenze fuir seine Leidenschaften und Launen niedergerissen zu sehen ... Nietzsche wollte gewif nichts Gemeines, aber in Wirklichkeit gibt es keine Seele, die seine Weisungen befolgen k6nnte ohne verloren zu gehen / Und das ist wohl das Charakteristische aller modernen Reformer ... sie wollen alles iibertreffen, was bisher an menschlicher SeelengroBe erreicht wurde - aber ihre Philosophie stammt nicht aus gesunder Selbster- kenntnis und schlichtem Wirklichkeitssinn, sondern aus Abstraktionen. (NM vII/7/42)

Musil believes Nietzsche's intentions to be good, but feels anyone following his ideas must necessarily go astray, and criticizes him for working with abstractions rather than from real-life experience.

Still on the subject of decadence, Musil includes in his diary Nietzsche's prophecy in Der Fall Wagner that 'in Niedergangs-Culturen, daB iiberall wo den Massen die Entscheidung in die Hande fallt, die Echtheit iiberfliissig, nachtheilig, zuriick- setzend wird. Nur der Schauspieler weckt noch die groBe Begeisterung. Damit kommt fur den Schauspieler das goldene Zeitalter herauf'.16 Nietzsche found this phenomenon symptomatic of a decadent time. A society in which the actor exerts power is dangerous, because an actor is inauthentic and has no moral principles. Musil refers in a number of political speeches and essays from the I930s to this passage, adding in one case: 'Diese Voraussage muB nicht wahr sein, aber sie ist gefahrlich. Er meinte den Expressioniarjener Gefiihle, die nicht eigne Gefiihle sind, sondern die der Viter, Urvater oder aller Welt' (GW VIII, I I I I ). In an entry towards the end of Heft 34 (1930-38) of his diary, he attempts to explain Nietzsche's 'eingetroffene' prophecy of the era of the actor: 'Zum Verstandnis: Das Charakteri- stische an der Hypertrophie des Schauspielers ist die Momentanwirkung, das Nichtverarbeiten und Nichtverarbeitbare dieser Wirkung, zusammenhangend mit allem das Sch6ne ist GenuB Erlebnis udgl. m.a.W. Fehlen und Disfunktion des Ideensystems' (TB I, 905). He agrees with Nietzsche that the rise of such a figure in a society is a negative reflection of that society, for the actor's effect is immediate and defies reflective criticism and analysis. In a note in the Nachlafi Musil once more regrets the emergence of this pseudo-type, describing as 'peinlich' the idea that 'das Zeitalter der (groBen, verantwortlichen, geistigen) Individualitaten geht wirklich zu Ende' and that 'es beginnt wohl ein noch nicht ausgegliederter Kollektivismus. Einstweilen treten an Stelle der wirklichen Pers6nlichkeiten, die reizbaren, rheto- rischen, der Schauspieler nach Nietzsche. Viel subjektivere Pers6nlichkeiten' (NM vn/ 6/2 i).

In the diary excerpts in 1902 Musil gives the heading 'decad.'[ence] to the idea expressed in Gitzendimmerung that culture and politics or the state are incompatible: 16 TB i, 29. From Der Fall Wagner, IV, 925.

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'Die Cultur und der Staat - man betriige sich hieriber nicht - sind Antagonisten: "Cultur-Staat" ist bloB eine moderne Idee ... Das Eine lebt vom Andern, das Eine gedeiht auf Unkosten des Andern. Alle groBen Zeiten der Cultur sind politische Niedergangs-Zeiten: was groB ist im Sinne der Cultur, war unpolitisch, selbst antipolitisch.'17 Over thirty years later, in his 'Vorrede zu einer zeitgen6ssischen Asthetik' (I933-34), he quotes from Nietzsche again and expresses the wish to investigate 'wie sich Kultur und Politik gegenseitig hindern: So k6nnte heute die Vorrede zu einer Asthetik beginnen' (GWvII, 1437). He remarks on the same passage: 'merkwiirdigerweise hat Nietzsche bei der Erwahnung der gemeinsamen Vorrate, aus denen Politik wie Kultur sch6pfen, die Phantasie zu nennen vergessen, obwohl gerade sie es ist, was ein Abenteurer, ein Dichter, ein Politiker, ein Historiker, ein Philosoph und ein Soldat gemeinsam haben miissen' (GWviii, 1437). He finds it odd that Nietzsche, whom he equates with creativity, 'der erste Philosoph, der sich nicht schamte, Gedichte zu machen' (TBI, 742), should have neglected to mention the imagination in this context. Once again, in 1935 in a public lecture held in Paris 'Vor dem Internationalen Schriftsteller-KongreB fur die Verteidigung der Kultur', Musil is in agreement with 'eine Behauptung Nietzsches, daB politisch starke und kulturell bedeutende Zeiten nicht zusammenfallen k6nnen' (GW viii, 1262).

In 1902, still in relation to the question of decadence, he copies passages containing Nietzsche's attitude to science in his diary: Wir besitzen heute genau so weit Wissenschaft, als wir uns entschlossen haben; das Zeugnis der Sinne anzunehmen .... Der Rest ist MiBgeburt und Noch nicht Wissenschaft: will sagen Metaphysik, Theologie, Psychologie, Erkenntnistheorie. Oder Formal-Wissenschaft, Zei- chenlehre: wie die Logik und jene angewandte Logik, die Mathematik. In ihnen kommt die Wirklichkeit gar nicht vor, nicht einmal als Problem; ebensowenig als die Frage, welchen Werth iiberhaupt eine solche Zeichen-Convention, wie die Logik ist, hat.18

Musil agrees that science must draw from the senses or it does not deserve to be called science; it should not be wholly theoretical and removed from reality. The over-estimation of reason is decadent because it implies 'unterminirte Verhaltnisse, ... mangelndes Vertrauen zu den Instinkten. Ein Decadencesymptom' (TB I, 32). Nietzsche had a complex attitude towards the sciences. Although he admired the stringency of scientific inquiry and its comparative freedom from the prejudice and superstition of religious and philosophical convictions, he did not believe that science could deliver true knowledge of the way the world really is.

After these lengthy extracts in I902, Musil makes no mention of Nietzsche in his diary until he reads Ecce Homo in 19I . He copies excerpts from it into his diary, which he later uses to develop the story of Clarisse in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften. This late autobiographical work of Nietzsche's provided more literary than intellec- tual inspiration for Musil, and for this reason I shall not discuss Musil's reaction to it in this article.

A brief summary of the years up to the First World War must include Musil's study of psychology and philosophy in Berlin from I903 until I908, when he graduated with a doctoral thesis on Ernst Mach entitled 'Beitrag zur Beurteilung der Lehren Machs'. His first work, Die Verwirrungen des Zbglings T6rlefl, published in 1906j was a success, and he was encouraged to pursue a career in writing, a decision

17 TB I, 33-34. From Gotzendammerung, IV, 985. 18 TB i, 32-33. From Gotzendammerung, IV, 958.

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which was to mean for him a lifetime of financial instability. He spent most of the war years, a period he experienced as 'ftinfjahrige Sklaverei' (TBI, 527), in the South Tyrol, taking over in 1916 the post of editor of the Tiroler Soldaten-Zeitung. In March 91 8 he was called to Vienna to work in the War Press Headquarters.

The Expressionist movement held little attraction for him and he was extremely critical of it. He felt it was mainly negative and produced no new ideas: 'Was er mit Vorliebe tut, ist eine Art "Ideen anbellen", denn in der Tat ist die - mit zwei Ausrufzeichen statt einem Fragezeichen versehene - Anrufung groBer Mensch- heitsideen, wie Leiden, Liebe, Ewigkeit, Gute, Dime, Blut, Chaos usw. nicht wertvoller als die lyrische Tatigkeit eines Hundes, der den Mond anbellt, wobei ihm das Gefiihl in der Runde antwortet' (GWvIII, I097). He agreed with Thomas Mann's criticism of Expressionism in his Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen (1918), and quotes in his diary 'der Expressionist verzichtet auf Analyse ... Deshalb neigt er zur Dogmatik' (TBi, 477). He also cites the passage from Nietzsche's Menschliches, Allzumenschliches which Mann used to support his criticism:

jeder der in dem Glauben hangen bleibt, in dessen Netz er sich zuerst verfing, ist verdichtig. Er begreift nicht, daB es andere Meinungen geben miisse. Diese Geister nennt N. 'unwissen- schaftlich'. Sobald sie fur eine Sache die erste Hypothese finden, so legen sie sich darauffest. Eine Meinung haben, heiBt bei ihnen schon: dafiir sich fanatisieren u sie als Uberzeugung fuirderhin sich ans Herz legen. (TB I, 477)

Yet Musil shared with the Expressionists (who regarded Nietzsche as an oracle of wisdom) an admiration for Nietzsche. The fact that he was often criticized and rejected by the older generation made him attractive to the young people so frequently in conflict with the values and beliefs of their parents. From Nietzsche, the Expressionists adopted vitalist and irrational components, often developing them to extremes. With him, they affirmed the value of this world and rejected all metaphysical speculation. It is symptomatic that the most popular works in this period were Die Geburt der Tragbdie, Also sprach Zarathustra, Ecce Homo, and Der Wille zur Macht, the more critical works of Nietzsche's middle period being largely ignored. The Expressionists regarded him as someone who encouraged revolution - 'Aufbruch'; as Hillebrand writes, 'man beruft sich auf Nietzsche mit einem fehlverstandenen Irrationalismus, mit einem ins Leere zielenden Aktivismus'.19

Nietzsche is also important as a paradigm for certain streams in Expressionist writing. Many writers attempted to imitate his style, to achieve that intensity of expression of which he was a master. Poets and playwrights also decribed charac- ters, images, and themes which have their obvious origin in his works. An admira- tion for him was common to almost all writers of this era, and this unanimity is remarkable in a group who differed so radically from each other in their opinions on other matters.

Musil was acquainted with the activists Kurt Hiller and Robert Muller, who both attested to Nietzsche's influence and quoted his ideas in their writings. He also contributed to such periodicals as Blei's Der Lose Vogel, Die Aktion, and Die weiJfen Blatter. He was scornful of the high regard in which Franz Werfel (a favourite target of Musil's on whom he modelled the poet Feuermaul in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften) was held, and in a review of 1922 he criticizes Werfel's wordiness, drawing an unfavourable comparison with Nietzsche's mastery of language (GW ix, I558). In

19 B. Hillebrand, Nietzsche und die deutsche Literatur, 2 vols (Tiibingen, 1978), I, 37.

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his 192I essay 'Die Nation als Ideal und als Wirklichkeit', he once again praises Nietzsche at the expense of an Expressionist writer, this time Anton Wildgans, implying that the two writers have about as much in common as a correctional institution and a university (GW vIII, Io69).

As Musil experienced the work of writers who themselves stood under the influence of Nietzsche, he was forced to reflect more generally on the nature of 'influence'. In a note he pondered 'wie N. auf mich und anders auf Th. Mann gewirkt hat u. anders K. Hiller. Die besten Schiiler sind Feinde' (GWVII, 899). Hiller's reception of Nietzsche was not typically Expressionist, as he was not primarily concerned with the irrational components in Nietzsche's philosophy, rating highly the phenomenon of'Geist' and striving towards a 'Logokratie'. In his autobiography, Hiller testified to the extent of Nietzsche's importance for him: 'Nietzsche ist fur mich (seit mehr als sechzig Jahren, ohne Schwanken je) kraft seines geschriebenen Werks der groBte Mensch aus den beiden letzten Jahrtausenden.'20

Musil did not share Thomas Mann's interest in Nietzsche's northern German Protestant origins, and scorned what he regarded as Mann's particular blend of Nietzsche and Kant: 'handle so, daB dein Handeln Rezept ffr alle sein kann, diese Kant'sche ist die deutsche Moral, ist Inbegriff der Gewissenhaftigkeit. Th. Manns Erfolg beruht darauf, daB er die asozialen Regungen, die er als Nietzsche- schuiler kennt, so lange verwalkt, bis sie eine gewisse Indikation fir alle erreichen' (GW vII, 898). He felt that Mann gained popular approval by diluting Nietzsche's teachings with liberal doses of Kant's Categorical Imperative. Though Musil often expressed bitterness about popular writers who enjoyed fame and success, while he had to struggle to make ends meet, he never doubted his own literary worth, as this note suggests: 'Th. M u. ahnliche schreiben fur die Menschen, die da sind; ich schreibe fir Menschen, die nicht da sind' (TB I, 88o). This idea is reminiscent of Nietzsche's prophecy in Ecce Homo that he would be 'posthum geboren' (Ecce Homo, IV, I099), and indeed it is the case that both were widely appreciated only after their deaths.

With regard to his Nietzsche-reception, Musil also comments: 'In der Philosophie kann man sagen: Je bedeutender ein Schiiler, desto unahnlicher dem Meister' (GW vIII, I409). He prided himself on having further developed the ideas he got from Nietzsche and having heeded Zarathustra's warning: 'man vergilt einem Lehrer schlecht, wenn man immer nur der Schiiler bleibt' (Also sprach Zarathustra, III, 339). He was critical of certain popular and simplistic interpretations of Nietzsche and in 1920 he finds the fact that 'die Rassenideologie, der Aristokratis- mus, Anti-Demokratismus werden wegen Nietzsche geduldet' (TB I, 395) a some- what simplistic interpretation of the philosopher. In a negative review of Brust's Die Wolfe (I924), he criticizes the play's simplistic portrayal of women and at the same time the shallow popular reception of Nietzsche: 'Was das Stuck an Philosophie enthilt... ist banal wie die Philosophie eines Eisenbahngesprichs, Raucherabteil, zwischen zwei Textilstadten fiber das Thema: Nietzsche sagt, wenn du zu Frauen gehst, vergiB die Peitsche nicht' (GW Ix, I652).

Nietzsche came to exemplify for Musil 'lebendiges Denken', a dynamism of mind which had nothing to do with truth or falsity, and in an essay of 1918 he writes 'Geist

20 K. Hiller, Leben gegen die Zeit (Hamburg, I969), pp. 8-9.

920

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hat ein Element in sich, das Verstand ist und an der Entwicklung teilnimmt, und ein anderes Element, das unberechenbar ist, entwicklungslos, widerspruchsvoll ... Kant kann wahr oder falsch sein, Epikur oder Nietzsche sind nicht wahr oder falsch, sondern lebendig oder tot' (GW vII, IO23). In another essay from 192I, he writes that on reading Emerson, Maeterlinck, Novalis, or Nietzsche one experiences 'stirkste geistige Bewegung' (GW vII, 1049). He rejects the extreme individualism represented by Zarathustra and in 1935 writes to Karl Baedeker 'daB IhnenJaspers von Nietzsche als Ganzem abgeraten hat, finde ich sehr verniinftig, daB Sie den Zarathustrakommentar ablehnen, ebenfalls; was Ihnen wesentlich sein kann, wer- den Sie durch die Untersuchung der Mitteilungsform hervorholen' (Briefe, p. 652). These remarks indicate that Musil was impressed by Nietzsche's experimental methods, by his arresting style, and by his discrete ideas, but did not accept wholesale everything the philosopher wrote. In 1938 he describes Nietzsche as 'der Willkiirliche, Extreme, einaugig Scharfiugige' (TB , 747), and gives a possible reason why Nietzsche's writings should be taken with a grain of salt: 'Nietzsche schrieb dramatisch. Auf der Szene. Ist das eins der Geheimnisse seiner Wirkung?' (TB I, 743).

The Search for a New Morality Musil strove throughout his lifetime for new concepts in morality, and Nietzsche influenced him greatly in this area. Musil's diary, Heft 25 (1921-23), is devoted to this question and bears the title 'Versuche einen andren Menschen zu finden' (TB i, 643-6i). Regarding the title, he notes that it 'konnte eigentlich fiber meinem Gesamtwerk stehen' (TB i, 667). In this part of the diary, he distinguishes between 'Ethics' and 'Morality': Der Moralist bringt eine vorgefundene und ubernommene Existenz sittlicher Sitze in logische Ordnung. Er fiigt den Werten keinen Wert, sondern ein System hinzu .... Sein leitender Trieb ist der logische .... Der groBere Teil der Philosophen gehort dazu .... Typisch, namlich als Typus verschieden davon sind die Ethiker. Namen: Kung-fu-tse, Lao-tse, Christus u Christentum, Nietzsche, die Mystiker, die Essayisten .... Sie sind verwandt mit dem Dichter .... Ihr Beitrag zur Ethik betrifft nicht die Form, sondern das Material. (TB I, 645)

He counts Nietzsche among the 'Ethiker', who are not concerned with systems and rules but develop their own creative moralities. This group is contrasted favourably with the 'Moralisten', who adopt ready-made values and force them into a con- strictive moral framework.

In this chapter, Musil makes a point so often stressed by Nietzsche, that different

people will judge the same person or action in different ways, that there is no universally applicable concept of 'good'. His plea for 'Richtung statt Ordnung' (TB I, 653) in morality is a development of Nietzsche's criticism of rigid value- norms, and is further developed in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften into 'die Moral des nachsten Schritts'. Musil searches for a 'mathematical' morality, emphasizing his attempt to combine creativity and exactness, which he elsewhere describes as 'das Erbe Nietzsches' (GWvn, 899). In another diary entry (I920), he finds that 'Sozialismus u. aktive Moral. /Nietzsche Mystik usw.' are at odds in everything except their 'Verlangen nach einem aktiven Ethos anstelle der Statik' (TBI, 522-23). He calls evil 'Motor u. Ordnungsprinzip' (TBI, 660), reiterating a common theme of Nietzsche's, that bad/evil is not undesirable, but is rather a

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922 Robert Musil and Nietzsche

necessary corollary of good and that the interaction between these two poles provides the dynamic impetus in morality.

The concept of'Essayism' which Musil sketches out in his diary is a central theme in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften. 'Essayism' attempts to synthesize the best of both artistic and scientific worlds. The concept is used in a sense close to the original French word 'essai' - 'attempt'. He counts Nietzsche among the great 'Essayists', writing in I9I4 'Wir Deutschen haben - auBer dem einen groBen Versuch Nietzsches - keine Biicher fiber den Menschen; keine Systematiker und Organi- satoren des Lebens. Kfinstlerisches und wissenschaftliches Denken berfihren sich bei uns noch nicht. Die Fragen einer Mittelzone zwischen beiden bleiben ungel6st' (GW viii, I 0 19).

In an unpublished draft of a part of Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, Ulrich muses that Nietzsche and Emerson were the source of this concept of 'Essayism' - 'er hatte nach ihnen seinen Begriffdes Essayismus gebildet' (NM II/ I 7/40).

It would be inappropriate to close this article without citing Musil's perhaps best-known utterances with regard to the whole problem of influence and Nietzsche's influence on him in particular. In the I920S he wrote 'Entwicklung nicht Fortschritt: I Es gibt Augenblicke groBer Wahrhaftigkeit, wo ich mir eingestehe, alles, was ich sage, hat viel besser schon Emerson oder Nietzsche gesagt. Ich werde nicht nur davon iiberwaltigt, wenn ich solche Stellen wiedersehe, sondern ich muB auch annehmen, daB ein tatsachlicher EinfluB im Spiel ist' (GW vII, 900). He goes on to say that Emerson and Nietzsche cannot already have written everything of importance and essence because, although they have some things in common, the two writers are too dissimilar from each other. In various notes he discusses the question of originality in writing (TB I, 458, 490), and in the late I930s concludes that Der faktische Grundsatz der Literatur ist Wiederholung. Er wird karrikiert angewendet. Aber eine Wiederholung liegt schon im Gebrauch der Sprachwendungen u. im Sprachgeist. Est ist also eine Grenze zu ziehen. Offenbar sagt man auch unendlich seltener Neues, als man etwas neu gestaltet (Die Erfahrung mit Nietzsche, Emerson usw.) Der Begriffder Neugestal- tung diirfte von groBter Wichtigkeit sein! Was ist die Gestalt eines Gedankens? (einer Idee?).

(TB I, 913-14).

He sees the challenge in an ability to combine the same constant elements in an original and interesting way, to put new forms on old ideas.

Musil himself realized the problematic nature of his relationship to Nietzsche, writing in 1935 'es ist immer ein unklares gewesen, das in mir selbst Praformierte an mich nehmend, das Fremde beiseite lassend' (Briefe, p. 683). A few years later, he asks himself the question: 'Nietzsche. Habe ich in meinerJugend auch nur I/3 von ihm aufgenommen? Und doch entscheidender EinfluB' (TB I, 903). Musil's own acknowledgement that he adopted those ideas from Nietzsche with which he could identify and ignored all others is a fair appraisal of his Nietzsche-reception. For him, Nietzsche was above all else an original mind, a critic of convention, and the greatest moral thinker of the late nineteenth century (TB I, 743). Although in his youth Musil criticized Nietzsche for not having committed himself to any one set of doctrines, he came to regard this openness to possibilities as something positive and desirable. Nietzsche's influence on him spanned his lifetime. I have shown how ideas and phrases he quoted from Nietzsche in I902 cropped up again and again in his own writings in the 192os and 1930s. He also recognized Nietzsche as having been at the

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head of a trend whereby the barriers between the disciplines of art and philosophy were becoming more and more fluid, and himself combined talent in both areas. He admired Nietzsche's literary genius and talent of expression (in the I93os he considered trying to publish some aphoristic pieces in order to earn some badly- needed cash, and mentioned Nietzsche as his model for this style of writing - see TB I, 900; Briefe, pp. 549-50, 928-29, 976) and frequently quoted from his works. Musil achieved a differentiated understanding of Nietzsche's ideas, and Musil's writings are an illustration of the great variety of ways in which Nietzsche influenced him.

DUBLIN EMER HERITY


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