ROBERT PECCIA & ASSOCIATES Safety Manual3 Safety Manual Robert Peccia & Associates According to...

APRROBERT PECCIA & ASSOCIATES

Safety ManualMay 2020

ROBERT PECCIA & ASSOCIATES

Safety Manual

Approved by:

Jeff Key, President

Date: May 1, 2020

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Safety Manual Robert Peccia & Associates

Table of Contents 1 Commitment to Safety ........................................................................................................... 1

2 Employee Rights and Employer Requirements ...................................................................... 2

3 Forms and Recordkeeping ..................................................................................................... 5

4 Safety in the Office ................................................................................................................ 7

4.1 Housekeeping: ................................................................................................................ 7

4.2 Fire and Earthquake Safety: ............................................................................................ 7

4.2.1 Fire Hazards & Fixes ............................................................................................... 7

4.2.2 Earthquake Safety .................................................................................................... 8

4.2.3 Emergency Action Plan ........................................................................................... 8

4.2.4 Exit Route Maps ...................................................................................................... 9

4.3 First Aid: ...................................................................................................................... 12

4.4 Ergonomics/Computer-Related Injuries: ....................................................................... 12

4.5 Safety Committee and Safety Meeting: ........................................................................ 13

4.6 Ladder Safe Usage: ....................................................................................................... 14

5 Safety in the Field ................................................................................................................ 15

5.1 Driving: ........................................................................................................................ 15

5.2 Personal Protective Equipment: .................................................................................... 16

5.2.1 Hard Hats .............................................................................................................. 16

5.2.2 Eyes, Ear, Hands and Foot Protection ................................................................... 17

5.3 Hazardous Materials: .................................................................................................... 17

5.4 Confined Spaces: .......................................................................................................... 18

5.5 Ergonomics: .................................................................................................................. 18

5.6 Animal Encounters: ...................................................................................................... 20

5.6.1 Domestic Animals ................................................................................................. 20

5.6.2 Wild Animals ........................................................................................................ 20

5.7 Railroad Safety: ............................................................................................................ 23

5.8 Inclement Weather: ....................................................................................................... 23

5.8.1 Lightning ............................................................................................................... 24

5.8.2 Winter Weather ..................................................................................................... 24

5.8.3 Heat Exposure ....................................................................................................... 25

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5.8.4 Flooding ................................................................................................................ 25

6 Safety Specific to Civil Projects .......................................................................................... 26

6.1 Trenches: ...................................................................................................................... 26

6.2 Wastewater Hazards: .................................................................................................... 27

6.3 Nuclear Densometer: .................................................................................................... 28

7 Safety Specific to Transportation Projects ........................................................................... 30

7.1 Work Zone Traffic Safety: ............................................................................................ 30

7.2 Airports: ....................................................................................................................... 30

8 Safety Specific to Surveying ................................................................................................ 33

8.1 Chainsaws: .................................................................................................................... 33

8.2 Remote Locations: ........................................................................................................ 34

8.3 Poisonous Vegetation: .................................................................................................. 34

8.4 Traffic Hazards: ............................................................................................................ 34

8.5 Falling Hazards: ............................................................................................................ 34

9 Safety Specific to Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) .................................................... 35

9.1 Vacuum Excavation: ..................................................................................................... 35

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 36

APPENDIX:

OSHA Form 301

Heat Related Illness Summary

Employee Acknowledgement Form

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1 Commitment to Safety Robert Peccia & Associates (RPA) is committed to providing a safe workplace for employees, in the office and in the field. Maintaining a safe working environment requires training and prevention efforts by management as well as compliance by employees.

RPA will provide safety information to employees and take measures necessary to help prevent workplace injury or illness, including allocating time and resources to safety education, training, and equipment.

Employees are expected to comply with safety standards set by federal and state laws, as well as standards set by RPA. This includes: using provided safety equipment, observing rules of conduct and safety, and refraining from abusing or destroying safety equipment. Employees are to report any safety questions or concerns to a member of the management team, any immediate supervisor, the Safety Coordinator, and/or member of the Safety Committee. The current safety committee members and Safety Coordinator can be found on the RPA intranet.

Safety compliance, accident prevention and reporting are crucial to maintaining RPA’s productivity, workplace standards, and credibility. Compliance and prevention promote better working conditions for everyone, and a more efficient, profitable business operation. Therefore, we ask your cooperation and support to help make all our jobs safe and effectual.

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2 Employee Rights and Employer Requirements

Under the Occupational Health and Safety Act, all employees have the right to a safe workplace. Additionally, all employees have the right to:

Be trained in a language and vocabulary they understand; Utilize safe tools and equipment that are properly maintained; Be provided required safety gear, such as gloves or a harness and lifeline for falls Be protected from toxic chemicals; Request an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspection, and speak to

the inspector; Report an injury or illness, and get copies of their medical records and exposure records (if

applicable); See copies of the workplace injury and illness log; Review records of work-related injuries and illnesses; Get copies of test results completed to find hazards in the workplace; Be warned of potential hazards by color codes, posters, label, or signs; and Be provided a workplace free from serious recognized hazards, that comply with standards,

rules, and regulations issued under the Act and OSHA.

According to Montana Code 50-71-201:

Each employer shall:

1. furnish a place of employment that is safe for each of the employer’s employees;

2. with the exception of footwear, purchase, furnish, and require the use of health and safety devices, safeguards, protective safety clothing, or other health and safety items, including but not limited to air masks, hardhats, and protective gloves, that may be required by state or federal law, the employer, or the terms of an employment contract unless the terms of a collective bargaining agreement provide otherwise;

3. adopt and use practices, means, methods, operations, and processes that are reasonably adequate to render the place of employment safe; and

4. do any other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life, health, and safety of the employer’s employees.


1. An employer who is the owner or lessee of any real property in this state shall not construct or cause to be constructed or maintained any place of employment that is unsafe.

2. Every employer who is the owner of a place of employment or lessee thereof shall repair and maintain the same as to render it safe.

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A person may not:

1. remove, displace, damage, destroy, carry off, or refuse to use any health and safety device, safeguard, protective clothing, or other health and safety item furnished for use by the person’s employer;

2. interfere with the use of any required health and safety device, safeguard, protective clothing, or other health and safety item by any other person;

3. interfere with the use of a method or process adopted for the protection of an employee in the place of employment; or

4. fail to do any other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life, health, and safety of employees.

To comply with the Montana Safety Culture Act (MSCA):

Every employer shall establish, implement, and maintain an educational based training program which shall, at a minimum:

1. Provide each new employee with a general safety orientation containing information common to all employees and appropriate to the business operations, before they begin their regular job duties.

2. Provide job or task-specific safety training appropriate for employees before they perform that job or task without direct supervision.

3. Offer continuing regular refresher safety training.

4. Provide a system for the employer and their employees to develop an awareness and appreciation of safety through tools such as newsletters, periodic safety meetings, posters, and safety incentive programs.

5. Provide periodic self-inspection for hazard assessment when the safety program is implemented, new worksites are established, and thereafter as is appropriate to the business operations, but at least annually, which:

i. Identifies hazards and unsafe work practices or conditions. ii. Identifies corrective actions needed. iii. Documents corrective action taken.

6. Include documentation of performance of activities listed in (1) through (5) above. This documentation must be kept by the employer for three years.

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All employers having more than five employees are to have a comprehensive and effective safety program which must include the following:

1. Policies and procedures that assign specific safety responsibilities and safety performance accountability.

2. Procedures for reporting, investigating, and taking corrective action on all work-related incidents, accidents, injuries, illnesses and known unsafe work conditions or practices.

3. Shall have a safety committee in place that complies with the requirements of the MSCA.

More information can be found in the Safety Committee section.

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3 Forms and Recordkeeping All records of work-related injury and illness must be maintained for at least 5 years. OSHA’s Form 301 must be completed after each work-related injury or illness. Employers must keep a yearly log of all work-related injuries and illnesses using Form 300 and submit Form 300A to OSHA by March 2nd annually. As of January 1st, 2015, all private sector employers must report all work-related fatalities within 8 hours to OSHA. Additionally, these employers will be required to contact OSHA within 24-hours for all work-related injuries that require inpatient hospitalizations, amputations or loss of an eye. Each February-April, employers must post a summary of injuries and illnesses from the previous year. Form 301 may be found in Appendix A. Updated forms can be found at: https://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/RKforms.html .

What qualifies as a recordable injury or illness?

Any work-related fatality; Any work-related injury or illness that results in days away from work, loss of

consciousness, restricted work, or job transfer; Work-related diagnosis of cancer, chronic irreversible diseases, fractures or cracked

bones or teeth, and punctured ear drums; or Any work-related injury or illness requiring medical treatment beyond First Aid.

What is First Aid?

Using a non-prescription medication at non-prescription strength; Administering tetanus immunizations (other immunizations, such as Hepatitis B vaccine

or rabies vaccine, are considered medical treatment); Cleaning, flushing or soaking wounds on the surface of the skin Using wound coverings such as bandages, Band-Aids™, gauze pads, etc.; or using

butterfly bandages or Steri-Strips™ (other wound closing devices such as sutures, staples, etc., are considered medical treatment);

Using hot or cold therapy; Using any non-rigid means of support, such as elastic bandages, wraps, non-rigid back

belts, etc. (devices with rigid stays or other systems designed to immobilize parts of the body are considered medical treatment for recordkeeping purposes);

Using temporary immobilization devices while transporting an accident victim (e.g., splints, slings, neck collars, back boards, etc.).

Drilling of a fingernail or toenail to relieve pressure, or draining fluid from a blister; Using eye patches; Removing foreign bodies from the eye using only irrigation or a cotton swab; Removing splinters or foreign material from areas other than the eye by irrigation,

tweezers, cotton swabs or other simple means; Using finger guards; Using massages (physical therapy or chiropractic treatment are considered medical

treatment for recordkeeping purposes); or Drinking fluids for relief of heat stress.

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Special recording criteria on Form 300 and 300A is necessary for: needlesticks and sharps, medical removal, hearing loss, and tuberculosis. Refer to the relevant OSHA standard for details (OSHA Injury and Illness Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements, 2018).

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4 Safety in the Office 4.1 Housekeeping:

All employees are expected to regularly attend to and tidy their own workspace. Housekeeping includes dust and dirt removal, appropriate storage, waste disposal, maintenance, and spill control. Upholding a degree of cleanliness minimizes accidents in the workplace, such as: tripping over objects, slipping on wet or dirty surfaces, puncturing or cutting oneself with sharp objects, being hit by falling objects, and presenting a fire hazard.

Regular housekeeping can also offer more effective use of space and a boost in morale for employees, in addition to a safer and healthier workplace for all employees.

4.2 Fire and Earthquake Safety: 4.2.1 Fire Hazards & Fixes

Waste and combustible materials o Avoid storing trash on site, or make sure it is in a designated area, away from

main buildings and sources of ignition. Flammable liquids and vapors

o Always ensure that containers holding flammable liquids or vapors are properly secured, and that spills are cleaned up immediately.

Dust build-up o Provide proper ventilation and regular housekeeping, especially with equipment

or machinery that heats up. Heat-generating objects

o Keep combustible materials away from heat sources and unplug any equipment that is not being used.

Faulty electrical equipment o Look out for signs of loose cabling, damaged plugs, and replace faulty equipment.

Electrical equipment should be regularly inspected by an electrician. Overloading power sockets

o Only use one plug in a socket and do not use appliances that total more than 13 amps or 3000 watts across the whole socket.

Smoking o RPA maintains smoke-free facilities. However, if you are in a rented space, use

the designated smoking area away from the main building and combustibles. Dispose of cigarettes properly and use provided bins.

Kitchens o Follow basic kitchen fire safety rules such as: wearing appropriate clothing and

keeping long hair out of the way, keeping electrical appliances away from water, turning pot handles inwards, placing combustibles away from heat sources, maintaining a clean kitchen environment, keeping a box of baking soda or ABC rated fire extinguisher nearby while cooking, and making sure all appliances are in working condition (Manley, n.d.)

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Human error and negligence o Provide education regarding fire prevention practices, fire extinguisher use, and

an emergency action plan. (Common Fire Hazards in the Workplace, 2013)

4.2.2 Earthquake Safety It is important to prepare for an earthquake by securing items that hang on walls, storing heavy and breakable objects on low shelves, practicing “Drop, Cover, then Hold On”, and understanding the emergency action plan.

During an earthquake:

Follow “Drop, Cover, then Hold On”. Drop to your hands and knees, cover your head and neck with your arms, and crawl only if you can reach better cover.

Hold on to sturdy furniture until the shaking stops. Do NOT run outside or use elevators. Expect fire alarms and sprinklers to go off. Be alert for falling rocks and landslides.

After an earthquake, check yourself for injury and aid others if you have training. Do not enter damaged buildings. If you are in a damaged building, go outside and quickly move away from the building. If you are trapped, cover your mouth and do not shout. Send a text, bang on a wall or pipe, or whistle so that rescuers can locate you (Earthquakes, n.d.). If aftershocks occur, “Drop, Cover, then Hold On” again (Earthquake Safety At Work, 2015). Follow the emergency action plan outlined in this manual.

4.2.3 Emergency Action Plan The emergency action plan includes procedures for reporting an emergency or fire, evacuating the workplace, and accounting for all employees.

Prior to an event that requires an emergency evacuation, such as fire or earthquake, all employees should review the evacuation routes on the provided maps, as well as note the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kits on each floor. In case of emergency, immediately dial 911. Any fires should be reported to the Safety Coordinator and/or the Operations Manager.

In the event of an emergency evacuation, employees should exit the building calmly, and meet at the designated safe zone in the respective employee parking lot. Coordinate with the other employees to try and account for all employees and report this information to the emergency responders.

Fire extinguisher use may be necessary in the event of a small, contained fire. Do not use a fire extinguisher if you do not have a clear escape route. Employees should make themselves aware of proper extinguisher operation, as described in this manual. Extinguishers should be replaced or refilled when necessary and only used for fires they are classified to extinguish. They should also be set at the recommended pressure level, have all undamaged parts, and be free from dust or grease.

The extinguishers in the RPA Helena and Kalispell offices are ABC certified. This means they are designed to put out fires ignited on ordinary materials, like cloth, wood, and paper,

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combustible and flammable liquids like grease, gasoline, and oil, and electrical equipment like appliances or tools. When operating an extinguisher, remember the word PASS:

Pull the pin. Point the nozzle away from you and release the locking mechanism.

Aim low, towards the base of the fire.

Squeeze the lever slowly and evenly.

Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

(Choosing and using fire extinguishers, n.d.)

4.2.4 Exit Route Maps Below are the evacuation routes with fire extinguisher locations marked for all three floors of RPA Helena. These maps are adequately posted on each floor near each stairway.

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Below is the evacuation route with fire extinguisher locations marked for RPA Kalispell. This map is adequately posted along the hallways of the office.

RPA Bozeman is currently located within a leased portion of an office space and is therefore not in charge of the posting of emergency exit plan(s), nor in charge of fire extinguisher locations and maintanence. For the benefit of RPA employees, below is the evacuation route with fire extinguisher locations marked for RPA Bozeman office.

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4.3 First Aid: For a comprehensive definition of first aid, return to the Forms and Recordkeeping section. First aid kits located in each kitchen area of each office location. A defibrillator is located in the 2nd floor kitchen (in the Helena office). First aid kits should be checked regularly, and employees should report any missing materials. RPA Helena has an eyewash station in the lab room, next to the garage, and showers in the 2nd floor bathrooms, should injurious corrosive materials be encountered. RPA Bozeman and Kalispell shall utilize their bathrooms and kitchen areas should corrosive materials be encountered. Every RPA fleet vehicle contains a Safety Box which comprises of:

Nuclear Densometer shipping form First Aid kit Flashlight with batteries Screwdriver Extinguisher Blanket Ice scraper Orange vest Flares/ Hazard Markers Roof-mounted strobe Shovel Jumper Cables Goggles Ear plugs Work gloves Nitrile gloves in bag (2) Aspirin (2) Duct tape

Any missing or used items should be replaced by any employee or reported to the Safety Coordinator for replacement.

According to OSHA standard 1910.151, “the employer shall ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation” (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1998). Employees with injuries or illness should report to a doctor as soon as possible. In case of emergencies, employees should be sent immediately to the nearest hospital.

At construction sites where infirmaries, clinics, hospitals, or physicians are not easily accessible, there must be a first aid kit and an individual who has a valid certificate in first-aid training from the American Red Cross, or equivalent, on site to deliver first aid if necessary. In areas where 911 is not available, the telephone numbers of nearby physicians, hospitals, or ambulances should be conspicuously posted (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1998).

4.4 Ergonomics/Computer-Related Injuries: Working at a computer can cause back, shoulder, and neck pains, headaches, eyestrain, and overuse injuries of the arms and hands. Proper furniture, better posture, and good working habits can help mitigate computer-related injuries (Victoria State Government, 2015).

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Choose a chair that supports spinal curves and adjust the height so that your feet rest comfortably, and your thighs are parallel to the floor. Your arms should rest gently on the armrests, with your shoulders relaxed. Standing desks are also provided upon request.

(Obtained from the UC Davis Ergonomics and Body Mechanics Program)

When speaking on the telephone, it is preferable to use the speakerphone or a headset to avoid neck injuries. Do not store items under your desk. There should be clearance for your knees, thighs, and feet. Keep the computer monitor about an arm’s length away, directly in front of you. Frequent breaks can help minimize eye strain and improve work quality (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016).

4.5 Safety Committee and Safety Meeting: The Montana Safety Culture Act recommends that companies with more than five employees establish a Safety Committee. RPA’s Safety Committee is composed of both employees and management and meets quarterly on the 2nd Wednesday in the months of January, April, July, and October. The Safety Committee goals include:

Assessing and controlling hazards, such as reviewing past accidents and planning for prevention in the future;

Assessing safety training and awareness topics; Developing safety rules, policies, and procedures; Educating employees on safety related topics; Evaluating the safety manual on a regular basis; Inspecting the workplace, including fire extinguishers and first aid kits; Keeping job-specific training current; and Motivating employees to create a safety culture in the workplace.

For questions and concerns, the following chain of command shall be observed:

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1. Employees will report to the Safety Committee. 2. The Safety Committee will report to the Safety Coordinator. 3. The Safety Coordinator shall report to the Operations Manager.

The Safety Committee is an essential part of preserving workplace safety for all employees. If you wish to join, please contact management.

4.6 Ladder Safe Usage: Ladders may be utilized by employees in a variety of circumstances. Whether on a job site or in the office, all employees must use safe practices with ladders to prevent injury. OSHA prescribes the following as general rules for usage of ladders:

1926.1053(b)(20): When ascending or descending a ladder, the user shall face the ladder.

1926.1053(b)(21): Employee shall use at least one hand to grasp the ladder when progressing up or down the ladder.

1926.1053(b)(22): An employee shall not carry any object that could cause the employee to lose balance and fall.

RPA requires that anyone in use of a ladder must follow the prescribed OSHA rules. If an employee is ascending or descending a ladder with an object that prevents the use of at least one hand grasping the ladder (i.e. heavy object, etc.), the employee shall utilize the “buddy system”. Another employee shall assist in handing the object up or down to maintain safe ladder usage in accordance with the OSHA rules. This policy extends to all field personnel, and all offices and archive spaces. RPA employees should never use a ladder in unsafe conditions (not properly secured, broken or damaged, risk of being knocked over etc.) either in the office, archives, or on a job site.

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5 Safety in the Field 5.1 Driving: Whether going to or from the office, heading to a site, or traveling to a conference, driving is a regular part of work-related life. Many dangers exist when driving, especially in the construction industry. This section will cover practices to prevent injury to you and those around you when driving.

OSHA requires that all vehicles available to employees be properly equipped with necessary safety mechanisms, such as seatbelts, windshield wipers, and at least two headlights and two taillights. OSHA also requires each of the following parts to be checked at the beginning of any driving shift: service brakes, parking brake, tires, horn, steering mechanism, coupling devices, seatbelts, operating controls, and safety devices. Any defects should be corrected before operation begins (Occupational Health and Safety Administration).

Following the provided tips and etiquette will not only make driving a more pleasant and safe experience for you, but also for others around you. It takes cooperation on behalf of all parties on the road to prevent accidents and injuries.

Tailgating is dangerous and disrespectful. Use the 3-second rule to determine a safe following distance: pick an object along the road. When the vehicle in front of you passes it, it should take at least three seconds for you to pass the same object. If not, you are at an unsafe following distance.

Speed is a major factor in the severity of roadway crashes. Do not exceed the speed limit, and only use the left lane when overtaking a slower moving vehicle. Use turn signals when passing, changing lanes, or turning.

Distracted driving poses a threat to your safety and the safety of other motorists. The RPA Policies and Procedures Manual prohibits employees from “using mobile electronic devices while driving, unless the vehicle and device are connected via Bluetooth for hands free operation. RPA is concerned for your safety and for the safety of other drives and pedestrians and using a mobile electronic device while driving can lead to accidents.”

Montana experiences severe weather during many months of the year, putting drivers at risk of dangerous conditions. Before you head out onto snowy roads, inspect your vehicle for tire condition and pressure.

Tire inflation pressure drops as the temperature does, so be sure to check that each tire is at the manufacturer’s recommended inflation pressure when the tires are cold (the vehicle has not been driven for at least three hours). The tread on tires should be at least 2/32 of an inch or greater on each tire. If a vehicle tires have less than adequate tire tread, please contact and notify the Safety Coordinator or the Administrative Staff of the problem.

Keep a shovel, broom, ice scraper, jumper cables, flashlight, and blankets in your vehicle during winter months. For a list of the items included in RPA’s fleet vehicle Safety Boxes, visit the First Aid section. When going on longer trips or driving in sparsely populated areas, consider also bringing a cellphone with charger, water, food, and necessary medicine.

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Drive slowly and cautiously, increasing your following distance from vehicles in front of you. Slick roads can make it difficult to stop suddenly.

In the case of an emergency, do not leave your car or overexert yourself. Make your vehicle visible by adding bright markers or keeping the interior lights on. To avoid carbon monoxide poisoning, do not run your car for long periods of time in an enclosed space (U.S. Department of Transportation, n.d.).

5.2 Personal Protective Equipment: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required by law whenever significant hazards, capable of causing injury, are present in the workplace (OSHA, 2007). This is highly relevant to construction work. Basic PPE information is provided below, but it is the responsibility of the supervisor on site to confirm that PPE is being properly used, maintained, and stored. RPA will purchase and furnish all required PPE, with the exception of footwear.

Safety is of utmost importance to RPA. If any specialty safety equipment is required beyond the normal PPE supplied by RPA please contact the Safety Coordinator. The Safety Coordinator will coordinate the obtaining of the safety equipment.

5.2.1 Hard Hats Hard hats are required whenever there is potential for falling objects from above, bumps to the head from fixed objects, or of accidental head contact with electrical hazards. Inspect hard hats routinely for dents, cracks, or deterioration. Hard hats should be replaced after a heavy blow or electrical shock (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.).

Both the shell and the suspension need regular inspection and maintenance to preserve the condition of the hat. Inspection should occur before each use. Heat and UV light can damage the

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shell, so do not transport in rear windows of vehicles or other areas of direct sunlight. Do not add or use accessories without first checking with the manufacturer. Only wear the hard hat as directed by the manufacturer (Government of Canada, 2016). Hard hats also have an expiration date stamped on the shell. Additionally, the suspension has an expiration stamped within it. Hard hats with expired shells or suspensions should be discarded and replaced.

It is RPA’s policy that hard hats shall be worn on all construction sites.

5.2.2 Eyes, Ear, Hands and Foot Protection Safety glasses or face shields are to be worn anytime there is a risk of foreign objects entering the eye, or when exposed to electrical hazards. The specific type of protectors should be selected based on anticipated threats.

Hearing loss is common within the construction industry. Earplugs or earmuffs should always be used in high noise work areas, and they should be cleaned and replaced regularly.

Hand protection varies based on the job. For example: heavy-duty rubber gloves for concrete work and welding gloves for welding. Gloves should fit snugly and securely.

Fluorescent vests, class 2 or 3, must be worn when exposed to traffic or heavy machinery to improve visibility. Class 3 visibility materials have at least 1,240 square inches of background materials and 310 square inches of retroreflective materials, compared to class 2 with 775 square inches of background material and 201 square inches of retroreflective materials. It is RPA’s policy that all employees shall wear a minimum of class 2 vests on construction sites or when exposed to moving vehicles or equipment. Class 3 will be required at nighttime, in high crash areas, or when no physical barrier exists (ATSSA, 2009).

Workers should wear slip and puncture-resistant work shoes or boots on the job. Steel or protective-toed boots may be worn around heavy machinery or falling objects to prevent crushed toes (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.).

5.3 Hazardous Materials: A hazardous material is any item or agent, whether chemical, biological, radiological, or physical, that has the potential to harm humans, animals, or the environment by itself or through interactions with other factors (Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, n.d.).

It is the employer’s responsibility to identify and communicate any possible hazardous materials in the workplace, as well as grant access to any individual medical or exposure records. When initial site preparation begins, employers shall categorize any potential hazardous materials and develop safety procedures to address and avoid exposures.

A few common circumstances where exposure to hazardous materials may occur are: in confined spaces, around contaminated soil, contact with unsanitary bathroom facilities, during the use of hazardous chemicals (including degreasing agents, gases, solvents, and glues), unintended contact with dangerous coatings, metal containing alloys, concrete, and silica, when working near or inside older buildings and structures, and exposure to radiation (see also Nuclear Densometer: section below) (Construction Safety Council 4100, 2012).

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All hazardous waste sites must be evaluated in accordance with OSHA standard 1910.120, including a general, preliminary, and hazard identification analysis. The following information shall be obtained by the employer prior to allowing employees to enter a site:

The location and approximate size of the site. Description of the job activity to be performed. Duration of the planned job activity. Site topography and accessibility by air and roads. Safety and health hazards expected at the site, and their chemical and physical properties. Pathways for hazardous substance dispersion. Present status and capabilities of medical assistance that will provide emergency care if

necessary.

Based on the results of the site evaluation, proper PPE should be determined and enforced. Once hazardous substances are identified, employees should be trained on the health risks related to their work and conduct that will mitigate injury or illness. Medical surveillance must be undergone for individuals who are at risk of hazardous substance exposure (OSHA, 2013).

5.4 Confined Spaces: A confined space is a space whose configuration and/or contents may present special dangers not found in normal work areas. Confined spaces may be poorly ventilated and, as a result, contain insufficient oxygen or hazardous levels of toxic gases. Working in a tight space can prevent a worker from keeping a safe distance from mechanical and electrical hazards in the space. Fumes from a flammable liquid that is used in a poorly ventilated area can reach explosive levels. Such hazards endanger both the workers in the confined space and others who become exposed to the hazards when they attempt to rescue injured workers. In a number of cases, rescue workers have themselves died or been injured because they did not have the training and equipment necessary to conduct the rescue safely. Confined spaces such as manholes, storage tanks, and pipelines are frequently encountered on job sites, and can pose a significant health risk for those who enter.

It is RPA’s policy that employees shall not enter confined spaces. If a specific job necessitates the entry into a confined space, Employees shall contact the Safety Coordinator to set up training courses and obtain all required safety equipment. This coordination shall occur prior to each entry of any confined spaces, in order to determine the status of employee training and safety equipment. All employees who enter or assist with confined spaces shall be required to complete confined space training.

5.5 Ergonomics: Ergonomic problems can contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in workers. Risk factors include:

Exerting excessive force Repetitive or similar tasks Maintaining the same posture for a long period of time / working in an awkward posture Localized pressure on the body or part of the body, such as against edges or using the

hand as a hammer Cold temperatures

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Vibration Combined exposure to multiple factors

If there is evidence of the development of MSDs, seek immediate and proper health care to assess, diagnose, and treat any potential disorders. Early intervention can limit the severity and duration of an injury, as well as reduce workers compensation claims (OSHA, n.d.).

To control MSD hazards, engineering, administrative, and PPE solutions can be put into practice. The following chart provides examples of each:

Type of Control Workplace Examples

Engineering Controls (implement physical change to the workplace, which eliminates/reduces the hazard on the job/task)

Use a device to lift and reposition heavy objects to limit force exertion

Reduce the weight of a load to limit force exertion Reposition a work table to eliminate a long/excessive

reach and enable working in neutral postures Use diverging conveyors off a main line so that tasks

are less repetitive Install diverters on conveyors to direct materials toward

the worker to eliminate excessive leaning or reaching Redesign tools to enable neutral postures

Administrative and Work Practice Controls (establish efficient processes or procedures)

Require that heavy loads are only lifted by two people to limit force exertion

Establish systems so workers are rotated away from tasks to minimize the duration of continual exertion, repetitive motions, and awkward postures. Design a job rotation system in which employees rotate between jobs that use different muscle groups

Staff “floaters” to provide periodic breaks between scheduled breaks

Properly use and maintain pneumatic and power tools

Personal Protective Equipment (use protection to reduce exposure to ergonomics-related risk factors)

Use padding to reduce direct contact with hard, sharp, or vibrating surfaces

Wear good fitting thermal gloves to help with cold conditions while maintaining the ability to grasp items easily

(Obtained from OSHA)

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5.6 Animal Encounters: Both domestic and wild animals may be encountered while in the field. It is important to treat every animal as a health hazard, no matter how friendly or tame they may seem.

5.6.1 Domestic Animals When an aggressive dog is encountered, do not run away or scream. Stay calm, move slowly, and do not make eye contact with the dog. If you are bitten, see a doctor, especially if the bite is deep, you can’t stop the bleeding, or if there are any signs of infection. To care for a dog bite injury, keep it elevated, wash the bite with soap and water, apply a sterile bandage, and apply antibiotic ointment daily (Dog Bites, n.d.).

5.6.2 Wild Animals Never approach a wild animal. If you encounter an animal that seems agitated or ready to attack, make yourself appear bigger to deter the animal from charging. The only exception to this rule is bears. Give the animal ample room to escape immediately.

In the case of a bear encounter, obey the following rules of conduct to avoid injury:

Try to maintain a safe distance from bears, at least 100 yards. Stay calm and behave in a non-threatening manner. Speak softly and do not make eye contact. To distract the bear’s attention, throw a backpack or other object on the ground as you

slowly back away. Do not run or climb a tree. If the bear charges you, use bear pepper spray if you have it. As a last resort, curl up in a

ball or lie face down. Cover your head and neck with your arms and hands. Wait until you are sure the bear is gone to move (Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks, n.d.).

Ten snake species are present in Montana. Of these, only the western rattlesnake is venomous. Bites are extremely rare, and a rattlesnake will only bite if it feels threatened. However, in areas where snake densities are high, one should take care to not provoke snakes, travel with companions, carry a cell phone, and be informed of snakebite first-aid. Snakebite experts recommend the following steps, in the event of a bite:

Any physical exertion should be avoided, as increased circulation leads to increased absorption of the venom.

Remove rings, bracelets, and other constricting jewelry or clothing. Keep the bitten area lower than heart level and immobilize it using a splint or sling. Do not apply a tourniquet or try to suck out the venom. Seek out medical assistance as quickly as possible (Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks,

n.d.).

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(Maxell)

There are two venomous species of spiders in Montana, and only the black widow, pictured below, is native.

(Marx, 2017)

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The other venomous spider, the brown recluse, is not native to Montana and can only establish itself indoors (Black, 2014). Nevertheless, bites do sometimes occur, and it is important to be informed of proper treatment. For nonvenomous spider bites:

Elevate the area and apply an ice pack. Take an antihistamine. Keep the area clean and apply an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection.

If you believe you’ve been bitten by a venomous spider, seek immediate medical treatment (How to Identify and Treat Spider Bites, n.d.).

Brown recluse spider. (Merchant, n.d.)

Ticks also present a safety hazard through tick-borne pathogens. The most prevalent of these is Lyme disease and rocky mountain spotted fever. Early recognition and treatment of Lyme disease decreases the risk of serious complications or chronic illness. Thus, it is important to be aware of the most common symptoms of tick-borne illness:

Fever/chills Aches and pains, including headaches and fatigue Rash, in a “bullseye” shape for Lyme disease (pictured below)

(CDC, 2015)

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The most effective safety practice for tick-borne illness is prevention. The following personal protection measures will help prevent tick bites:

Wearing light-colored clothing so ticks can be more easily seen and removed. Wearing long-sleeved shirts and tucking pant legs into socks or boots to prevent ticks

from reaching skin. Wearing shoes that cover the entire foot and ankle. Wearing a hat. Using insect repellents on exposed skin. Showering, washing, and drying clothes at a high temperature after outdoor exposure. Checking the body carefully for ticks, and if found, carefully removing with tweezers. Do

NOT use alternative methods of tick removal such as matches, nail polish, or petroleum jelly.

If a tick bite occurs, monitor the area closely to see if a rash develops. If you experience any symptoms or develop a rash, seek immediate medical attention (OSHA, 2002).

5.7 Railroad Safety: Job sites may occur near railroads. Thus, it is important to be aware of potential hazards before work begins. Many railroads have specific safety requirements and regulations and should be consulted before in work in conducted within railroad right of way.

The following guidelines are general safety guidelines for working near or on railroad tracks:

Remain alert around live tracks and expect movement from on-track equipment at any time.

Look both directions before approaching a track. Always wear the appropriate PPE. Class II vests are required when within 25 feet of the

track, and Class III may be required by client of local authority. A watchman/lookout may be designated to watch for approaching trains and warning

workers to move to a place of safety (Dewberry, 2016). Never cross in front of oncoming traffic unless you are absolutely certain there is enough

time and space to do so. Stay at least 30 feet from the track while equipment is passing and warn your coworkers

to do so as well. Watch out for protruding structures or other hazards on passing equipment. Do not interact with on-track equipment unless your job requires it. Use good judgement and common sense in dealing with railway hazards.

Certain railroads require E-Rail Safe Badges to work within the railway right of way. Prior to working within a railway right of way, contact the Safety Officer and/or Survey Group Manager to determine the required safety training and certifications.

5.8 Inclement Weather: Whether it’s summer heat waves or winter blizzards, the weather in Montana can be severe and unpredictable. This presents a significant hazard to field workers.

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5.8.1 Lightning Construction work accounts for 11% of all work-related lightning fatalities. Lightning strikes can occur outside of the areas of heaviest rainfall, and even up to 10 miles outside of any rainfall. Thus, it is important to stay aware of changing weather conditions, communicate with coworkers, and seek out safety whenever signs of a storm present themselves.

If you hear thunder, there is also lightning. Seek immediate shelter in a fully enclosed building. If buildings are not accessible, vehicles with all windows rolled up can be used for shelter as well. If no shelter is readily available and you are caught outside in a thunderstorm, avoid open spaces, isolated tall trees, hilltops, utility poles, cell phone towers, cranes, large equipment, ladders, scaffolding, rooftops, and water or bodies of water. Do not shelter in sheds, pavilions, tents, or covered porches as they do not provide adequate protection from lightning. Find areas of dense smaller trees surrounded by larger trees, or low-lying areas such as valleys or ditches (OSHA, 2016).

If someone is struck by lightning: Call 911 immediately. If necessary, move the victim to a safer location. Lightning often causes heart attack. Check the victim for a pulse and breathing. If the victim is not breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Start CPR if the victim

does not have a pulse (CDC, 2014).

5.8.2 Winter Weather Workers may be exposed to cold weather hazards such as cold stress, driving and work zone hazards, and slips on snow and ice during the winter months of outdoor work.

Work zone traffic danger increases when roads are snowy or icy, as drivers may skid or lose control of their vehicles more easily. Therefore, it is important to properly set up work zones with traffic controls identified by signs, cones, barrels, and barriers to protect workers. Workers exposed to vehicular traffic should wear the appropriate high visibility vest at all times. For more information on winter weather driving safety and preparedness, visit the Driving section.

To prevent slips and falls, workers should wear proper footwear, such as insulated and water-resistant boots with good rubber treads. When walking on icy or snow-covered walkways, take short steps and walk at a slower pace so you can react quickly to a change in traction (OSHA, n.d.).

Any worker exposed to cold air temperatures is at risk of cold stress. Wind speed, wetness/dampness, improper clothing, exhaustion, predisposing health conditions, and poor physical conditioning are all risk factors for cold stress. Permanent tissue damage and even death can occur through trench foot, frostbite, and hypothermia, all types of cold stress.

To prevent cold stress, employees should: Select proper clothing for cold, wet, and windy conditions. Monitor their physical condition. Take frequent breaks in warm, dry areas. Schedule work during the warmest part of the day. Work in pairs.

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Utilize engineering controls such as heaters. Drink warm, sweetened beverages to increase body temperature.

In case of a hypothermia emergency: Call 911 immediately. Move the worker to a dry, warm area. Replace wet clothing with dry clothing and wrap the entire body in blankets and a vapor

barrier (e.g. tarp, garbage bag). If help is more than 30 minutes away:

o Provide warm, sweetened drinks if victim is alert. o Place warm bottle or hot packs in armpits, sides of chest, and groin (OSHA, n.d.).

5.8.3 Heat Exposure Every year, dozens of workers die, and thousands become ill from heat-related illness. Both are preventable with proper training and safety precautions.

The best way to prevent heat exhaustion and stroke is to recognize the early symptoms. If you notice any of the following symptoms, take a moment to rest in the shade, cool off, drink water, and let your body recover:

Headache, dizziness, or fainting Weakness and wet skin Irritability or confusion Thirst, nausea, or vomiting

Some signs of heat stroke that require immediate medical attention are: Feeling confused and unable to think clearly Passing out or collapsing Having seizures or fits Stopping sweating

A few risk factors that can increase susceptibility to heat-related illness are: Not being acclimated to working outdoors or in the heat. Drinking alcohol or taking drugs. Not being physically fit. Wearing heavy, dark, or tight clothing. Having heat-related symptoms the day before (Cal OSHA, 2011).

Heat cramps and heat rash are also symptoms of heat-related illness. More information on first aid for heat-related illness can be found in Appendix A.

5.8.4 Flooding If work is occurring in an area susceptible to flooding, the employee and/or Group Manager should monitor NOAA Weather Radio or commercial radio or television stations for information about flood watches and warnings. If flash flooding becomes a possibility, be prepared to move to higher ground immediately. In all cases, be prepared to evacuate before water levels rise and potentially cut off evacuation routes (OSHA, n.d.).

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6 Safety Specific to Civil Projects 6.1 Trenches: Trenching and excavation are among the most hazardous construction operations. Cave-ins pose the greatest risk and cause dozens of fatalities each year. Other potential hazards include falling, falling objects, hazardous atmospheres, and occurrences involving equipment.

The following regulations apply to trenching:

Do not enter unprotected trenches. Trenches greater than 5 feet (1.5 m) deep require a protective system, such as shoring, sloping, or shielding.

Materials used for bracing and shoring shall be in good, serviceable condition. Trenches greater than 4 feet deep must have adequate means of entry and exit, such as a

ladder, located within 25 feet of all workers. Heavy equipment and surcharge loads should be kept away from trench edges. Know where underground utilities are located. Low oxygen, hazardous fumes, and toxic gases should be tested for prior to worker entry. Work should not occur under raised loads. Excavations or trenches twenty feet or greater

in depth must have a protective system designed and inspected by a registered professional engineer.

Any RPA employee required to enter an excavation deeper than 4 feet shall complete, at a minimum, a course covering the following:

Specific OSHA Requirements. Soil types and testing. Sloping and benching. Protective systems selection. Safe work practices.

Prior to work that may require entering any trenches, contact the Safety Officer to obtain the coursework information and training meeting these minimum requirements. Users must receive triennial training (once every three years) prior to entering any trenches.

Employees are to utilize any and all other measures to complete inspections, surveys, etc. without entering a trench or excavation. It is typically the Construction Contractor’s responsibility to conduct work on projects in accordance to OSHA requirements and provide safe trenches and excavations. RPA Employees shall not enter any trench or excavation that does not meet minimum safety requirements described above and all OSHA requirements which are enumerated within the safety training course.

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(Construction Safety Council, n.d.)

.

6.2 Wastewater Hazards: Biological hazards, such as parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses present a threat to the health of workers exposed to sewage or wastewater. Other hazards include drowning, trench collapses, falls, confined spaces, and exposure to chlorine or hydrogen sulfide gas. Careful work practices and proper use of PPE can help protect against these hazards, such as:

Training and education about hazards on the job; Frequent hand washing with clean water; Use of gloves, goggles, face shield, water-resistant suit, or respirator (depending on the

job); Utilizing areas meant specifically for eating and smoking; Keeping equipment clean and changing out of clothes when dirty; Showering before leaving work; Receiving up-to-date vaccines, such as tetanus and diphtheria.

(The Center to Protect Workers' Rights, 2004)

RPA offers compensation for recommended vaccines for any employees who are in contact with wastewater or other biological hazards. The recommend vaccines for wastewater workers include: Tetanus, Polio, Typhoid Fever, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B. Employees are highly encouraged to be properly vaccinated, but RPA does not require employees to be vaccinated.

According to OSHA standard 1910.120, any employees who are exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous substances, including hazardous waste, and who are engaged in one of the following operations are expected to comply with 24- or 40-hour HAZWOPER certification training and 8-hour refresher courses every 12 months:

Clean-up operations, voluntary or required, conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;

Corrective actions involving clean-up operations at sites covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976;

Operations involving hazardous wastes that are conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal facilities;

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Emergency response operations for releases of, or threats of releases of, hazardous substances regardless of the location of the hazard (OSHA, n.d.).

6.3 Nuclear Densometer: A nuclear densometer, or nuclear gauge, is a tool used to measure soil density, soil water content, or bituminous asphalt density.

Only authorized users may operate or transport a nuclear densometer. Authorized users include only Certificate Holders having completed the Nuclear Gauge Safety Radiation Certification Course, including periodic refresher coursework to include U.S. D.O.T. HAZMAT certification. Certificate Holders must have their training and experience approved by the Radiation Safety Officer.

To ensure the safe use of a nuclear densometer, obey the following guidelines:

Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and recommendations, including cleaning and maintenance.

Before transporting the densometer, check that each source is in the fully shielded position and that the source rod is locked in the shielded position.

Always lock the densometer in the transport case. The nuclear gauge must always remain under “double lock” control (i.e. locked to pick-up within transport case and locked within topper, locked to trunk by chain and locked within the vehicle, etc.).

To prevent shifting or movement in a vehicle, block and brace the densometer and lock the portable gauge to the vehicle.

Do not touch the unshielded source rod and keep all body parts outside of the radiation field from an unshielded source.

Do not look under the gauge when the source rod is being lowered into the ground. If it is necessary, follow the manufacturer’s guidelines to minimize radiation exposure.

Follow the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) protocol during all use. Time, distance, and shielding are the direct ways to limit radiation exposure. Limit your time utilizing the nuclear gauge. Increase your distance from the gauge, especially during travel and in between tests. Radiation exposure follows the inverse square rule, meaning doubling your distance from the gauge will ¼ your exposure. Utilize the gauge shielding to limit exposure. Keep the source fully retracted within the gauge when not in use. When the gauge is in use limit your time utilizing. Step away from the gauge a short distance while it is running. Then immediately retract the source prior to recording results.

Users must wear their dosimetry badges at all times. Do not store your badges with the gauge. When not in use, the badges may remain with the Radiation Safety Officer.

When the gauge is not in storage, always keep it within constant view and immediate control. Do not walk to another area of the job site while leaving a gauge unsecured. Keep unauthorized individuals away from the gauge.

When not in use, the densometer must be securely locked in the operator’s vehicle. The densometer must be returned to its proper locked storage location at the end of the

work shift. Users on temporary job sites lasting longer than a single day must maintain the double lock requirement when storing the gauge overnight. The gauge must return to

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the permanent storage location when not in use (weekends, etc.), and/or when the temporary job is completed.

A sign-out sheet and logbook are posted within the gauge storage room. Users must complete the date of sign-out, the name or names of authorized users who are responsible, and the temporary job site where the densometer will be used.

Users must complete the Shippers Declaration Form prior to all transportation. The forms are included within each company fleet vehicle for completion. If utilizing a personnel or rental vehicle, users must contact the Radiation Safety Officer to obtain a form prior to transportation.

In case of an emergency where the source fails to return to the shielded position or the densometer is damaged:

Contact the Radiation Safety Officer – contact information is listed within the protected envelope inside each gauge box.

Secure the area within 15 feet of the densometer. Do not use or move any equipment or vehicles involved in the accident until they are

evaluated for contamination. Keep the area of the accident site under constant surveillance. Do not allow anyone to enter the area until the radiation levels are known, and

emergency assistance arrives. Conduct a radiation survey as quickly as possible.

For any questions or concerns on nuclear safety, report to the designated Nuclear Safety Officer. Exposure records (dosimetry reports) are distributed quarterly to all users with current dosimetry badges. For access to historic exposure reports please contact the Radiation Safety Officer.

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7 Safety Specific to Transportation Projects 7.1 Work Zone Traffic Safety: To ensure the safety of workers and the public, work zones need traffic controls identified by signs, cones, barrels, and barriers. A traffic control plan should be developed before work begins to guide drivers through and around work zones. Control plans and mechanisms may vary based on:

The type of roadway; Volume and speed of the traffic; Type of job and how long it will last;

Speed can present a major hazard in work zones. A few methods to reduce driver speed in work zones include:

Using pilot cars; Adding portable rumble strips to roadways; Mounting portable radar units on construction vehicles; Aggressively enforcing speed limits in work zones; Doubling fines for speeding (AFSCME, 2010).

Use the following tips to decrease the likelihood of accidents in work zones:

Stay alert, and do not turn your back to traffic. Do not make sudden movements that might confuse a motorist and cause an accident. Have an escape route plan in case of an errant vehicle. Protect yourself—get out of the way of errant vehicles. Warn other workers of errant vehicles. Use a Truck Mounted Attenuator (TMA) during installation and removal. Use a spotter. Always wear High Visibility Safety Apparel when working in or near a roadway. Install as many of the traffic control devices as possible from the shoulder. Ensure that proper lighting is available for nighttime installation and removal of

temporary traffic control devices (ATSSA, 2012).

Flaggers must be trained or certified, wear high visibility clothing with a fluorescent background made of retroreflective material, and use authorized signaling methods (OSHA, Work Zone Traffic Safety, n.d.). For more information on proper safety equipment, visit the PPE section of the Manual.

7.2 Airports: Work on airport sites presents unique safety challenges. It is important to be aware of hazards that may vary depending on the specific project.

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For example, some airports may remain active during construction or phases of construction. And, even though a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) may be issued, pilots may not check the NOTAM. And certain aircraft (agricultural sprayers) are not required to have or use aviation radios. Thus, staying alert to potential aircraft traffic greatly increases the safety of a worksite. The following guidelines can also help you stay safe when working at an airport:

Refer to the project-specific Construction Safety Phasing Plan. Coordinate the issuance of NOTAMs with the Airport Manager. Check airport specific NOTAMs. Notify the Airport Manager when you intend to enter the airport environment and the

expected duration of the work. Inquire with the airport on training, security and access requirements for commercial

service airports. (Note that badging may be required.) Leave gates the way you find them. If in doubt, close the gate to prevent the public from

inadvertently entering the airport. Deploy required vehicle marking devices. Usually this consists of a rotating beacon

(supplied in all RPA vehicles). Turn on headlight and hazard lights. Unless closed by NOTAM and physical X’s, always park unattended vehicles outside the

“ Runway Object Free Area”. Whether or not a runway is closed, always stop at the hold line, roll down the windows

and listen for aircraft engine noise, look above the horizon in both directions and announce your intentions via Unicom before entering the runway environment. Inquire with the Project Manager about the likely aircraft patterns and wind preferences for each airport.

Ensure subcontractors (geotechnical, biolgists, etc) and contractors are aware of the safety requirements and closure conditions of the airport.

Always yield to aircraft traffic whether it is landing, taking off or taxiing. Be cognizant or Foreign Object Debris (FOD). When traveling outside that paved

surfaces of an airport, bringing FOD such as mud and rocks onto the surfaces introduces safety concerns to aircraft because of the potential of nicked propellers or ingestion by jet engines. If your work (or yielding to aircraft) necessitates leaving the pavement, either remain off the pavement or check your back trail when returning to the pavement. Shovel and sweep and FOD you’ve introduced.

Check for soft conditions before leaving a paved surface with a vehicle. The FAA requires relatively smooth surfaces on the shoulders of runways and taxiways. Introducing ruts in the shoulder could put an airport out of safety compliance and RPA out of favor with the Manager.

Be aware of pavement edge lights and other fixtures. These items are relatively small and sporadically placed and therefore can easily be forgotten and run over by vehicles.

Have a Unicom radio and monitor the airport’s Unicom frequency. Know the appropriate phraseology for airport radio communications and the various

airport operational surface designations.

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Never cross into an ATC (Air Traffic Control) Controlled Movement Area, usually marked with a dashed line, without ATC clearance.

Do not place equipment in front of signs or other navigation aids that are next to active areas.

Do not drive through barricades without ATC clearance. Clearly identify construction areas to prevent inadvertent access into runway areas

(OTW, 2016).

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8 Safety Specific to Surveying 8.1 Chainsaws: Chainsaw use is inherently dangerous. Proper PPE and safe operating procedures can minimize potential injuries. All employees who use or are with employees using a chainsaw shall be trained in CPR and First Aid.

The following first Aid supplies shall be accessible when using a chainsaw:

1. Gauze pads (at least 4 x 4 inches). 2. Two large gauze pads (at least 8 x 10 inches). 3. Box of adhesive bandages (band-aids). 4. One package gauze roller bandage at least 2 inches wide. 5. Two triangular bandages. 6. Wound cleaning agent such as sealed moistened towelettes. 7. Scissors. 8. At least one blanket. 9. Tweezers. 10. Adhesive tape. 11. Latex gloves. 12. Resuscitation equipment such as resuscitation bag, airway, or pocket mask. 13. Two elastic wraps. 14. Splint. 15. Directions for requesting emergency assistance.

Before using a chainsaw:

Complete an approved chainsaw safety course – contact the Safety Officer for information.

Make sure controls, chain tensions, bolts, and handles are adjusted according to manufacturer’s instructions and functioning properly.

Keep the chain sharp and the lubrication reservoir full. Always start the saw on the ground or another firm support, and at least 10 feet from the

fueling area, with the chain’s brake engaged.

When using a chainsaw:

Keep dirt, debris, small tree limbs, and rocks away from the saw’s path. Look for any metal in trees before cutting.

When carrying the saw on uneven terrain, engage its chain brake or shut it off. Always maintain secure footing and keep your hands on the saw’s handles. Hand, foot, leg, eye, face, hearing, and head protection should be worn when operating

the saw. Do not wear loose-fitting clothing. Watch for branches that may spring out when cut.

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Be cautious of saw kick-back. Do not saw with the tip and keep tip guard in place (OSHA, n.d.).

8.2 Remote Locations: When work occurs in remote locations, it is important to be prepared for emergencies. All equipment, including vehicles should be tested before the journey begins. Bring a spare tire, a first aid kit, food, water, a GPS system, and a phone (Brownlee, 2013). For more information about outdoor hazards, visit the Inclement Weather and Animal Encounters sections.

8.3 Poisonous Vegetation: Skin irritation may result from touching poisonous vegetation or handling clothing or tools that have come into contact with poisonous vegetation. It is important to learn to identify poisonous plants, so that they may be avoided. If contact does occur, treat the reaction with first aid materials (Dewberry, 2016).

(Pettit, 2017)

8.4 Traffic Hazards: Surveyors are killed every year in traffic accidents. For more information on relevant safety procedures, visit the Work Zone Traffic Safety section.

8.5 Falling Hazards: Appropriate precautions should be taken whenever a falling hazard is present on the job site, and site-specific safety requirements should always be followed. When working at six feet or higher, fall protection is required. Guardrails, safety nets, and personal fall arrest systems are all appropriate means of fall protections (Dewberry, 2016).

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9 Safety Specific to Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE)

9.1 Vacuum Excavation: Vacuum excavation is a means of soil extraction through vacuum using pressurized water or air. The following guidelines are recommended for operating vacuum excavation technology:

Only a Competent and Qualified Worker should operate vacuum excavation equipment. Excavation equipment should always be operated in accordance with the manufacturers

operating instructions. When using pressurized water wands with a straight-tipped nozzle, water pressure should

not exceed 2,500 psi. Below a depth of 18 inches, water pressure should not exceed 1,500 psi. Pressure measurements should be continually monitored with a pressure gauge.

When using a spinning nozzle, water pressure should not exceed 3,000 psi. The pressurized air or water wands should always be in motion during excavation.

Aiming directly at the underground facilities should be avoided. A distance of 8 inches should be maintained between the end of the pressure wand nozzle

and the underground facility and/or subsoil. An Emergency Shut-off Device should be immediately available at the point of

excavation. Underground utilities should be located prior to excavation. If damage to underground facilities and/or coatings on these facilities occurs while using

vacuum-excavation technology or any other method of excavation, the excavator should contact the facility owner/operator.

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Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (n.d.). Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved May 31, 2018, from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10768

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1998, June 18). Medical services and first aid. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9806

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40


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41


Appendix

1


1


Heat Related Illness

Illness Symptoms First Aid*

Heat stroke

Confusion

Fainting

Seizures

Excessive sweating or

red, hot, dry skin

Very high body

temperature

Call 911

While waiting for help:

Place worker in shady, cool area

Loosen clothing, remove outer clothing

Fan air on worker; cold packs in armpits

Wet worker with cool water; apply ice packs, cool

compresses, or ice if available

Provide fluids (preferably water) as soon as possible

Stay with worker until help arrives

Heat exhaustion

Cool, moist skin

Heavy sweating

Headache

Nausea or vomiting

Dizziness

Light headedness

Weakness

Thirst

Irritability

Fast heart beat

Have worker sit or lie down in a cool, shady area

Give worker plenty of water or other cool beverages to drink

Cool worker with cold compresses/ice packs

Take to clinic or emergency room for medical evaluation or

treatment if signs or symptoms worsen or do not improve

within 60 minutes.

Do not return to work that day

Heat cramps

Muscle spasms

Pain

Usually in abdomen,

arms, or legs

Have worker rest in shady, cool area

Worker should drink water or other cool beverages

Wait a few hours before allowing worker to return to

strenuous work

Have worker seek medical attention if cramps don't go away

Heat rash

Clusters of red bumps on

skin

Often appears on neck,

upper chest, folds of skin

Try to work in a cooler, less humid environment when

possible

Keep the affected area dry

* Remember, if you are not a medical professional, use this information as a guide only to help workers in need.

2


1


Acknowledgement

I, , hereby acknowledge receipt of the Robert Peccia and Associates Safety Manual, and have read and understand the manual.

Date: Signed:

Original Acknowledgement is to be retained in employee personnel records

Copy to be retained electronically in the Safety Committee Directory

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